1 m i t i n t e r n a t i o n a l c e n t e r f o r a i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n human factors...

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

M I T I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r A i r T r a n s p o r t a t i o nM I T I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r A i r T r a n s p o r t a t i o n

Human Factors Considerations in Future Oceanic Air Traffic Control System

Architecture

Hayley J. Davison, Margret Dora Ragnarsdottir, & R. John Hansman

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyUniversity of Iceland

January 10, 2003

MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Future Oceanic Air Traffic Control System Architecture Project

Academic: University of Iceland and MIT

Government: CAA of Iceland and FAA

Research program to evaluate Human Factors in Future Oceanic Air Trans-portation Systems Architecture

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Motivation

Increased traffic and emphasis on safety in the oceanic environment demand: Reduced separation minima More efficient routing

Oceanic air traffic control systems and processes are evolving and new technologies (e.g. ADS), integrated information systems, and new procedures will likely be incorporated.

This new environment will influence the tasks of the controller and pilot, therefore human factors considerations should be integrated into the design from the beginning

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Key Issues

What are potential changes in operational role of controller and pilot?

How will the new oceanic environment influence workload under normal and non-normal operations?

What are costs and benefits associated with the new oceanic environment in areas such as situation awareness, training, skill maintenance, and vigilance?

How to transition from a procedure-based system to one where the new oceanic environment provides more accurate & frequent aircraft position information?

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Tasks

Phase I (2002-2004) – Assess human performance impacts of advanced technologies and compare with the ICAA Future Oceanic Air Traffic Control Workstation including the impact of ADS-B Task 1 –Analysis of Oceanic ATC to define a concept validation

framework for future oceanic operations (using Integrated Human-Centered Systems Approach).

Task 2 – Field observations of Oceanic ATC operations for familiarization and to support and refine the analysis.

Task 3 – Develop a concept validation strategy for near and far term enhanced oceanic operating environments.

Task 4 – Address human performance issues. Task 5 – Complete analysis tailored to address the derived

higher priority HF issues. Task 6 – Plan for prototyping and evaluation phases.

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Oceanic ATC Initiatives – World

(ITC/ITD)ITC/ITD

ITC/ITD

(DARP)

DARP(UPR)

(RHSM)RHSM

(RHSM)

RVSM

RVSM

RVSM

(RVSM)

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Integrated Human-Centered Systems Approach

An Integrated Human-Centered Systems Approach is suggested as the basis for Evaluation of the effect of new technology on the current

oceanic environment and; Recommendations for design of future information

systems

Human considered a functional (but stochastic) component of a closed-loop information system

Identify the interfaces between the human and the system when solving the task.

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Steps in Integrated Human-Centered Systems Approach

Step 1: Model the System & Operator(s) as a closed-loop feedback process

Step 2: Determine information that the Operator requires to perform the task

Step 3: Use information requirements to determine Display/Automation specifications

Step 4: Develop prototype system

Step 5: Perform simulation evaluations

Step 6: Perform integrated system testing

Step 7: Perform system evaluation

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Oceanic ATC Activities

Oceanic ATCActivities

Information Management

Maintain minimum separation

Handle emergencies

Manage traffic

Coordination

(FAA, 1994, 2000, 2002)

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Current Controller-centered Control Loop Model

Surveillance(e.g., ADS)

Flight Plan

Voice (if available)

AOC

Controller

WORKSTATION

Core info. System

e.g. Host

(if available)

Voice

ACARS (Datalink)

Initialclearances

AIRCRAFT

PILOT Displays

Controls

Controller

Facility 2

Facility 1

Controller

Aircraft 1Aircraft 2

Aircraft n

VOICE COMMUNICATION

Data link(if available)

COMM. RELAY SERVICE, e.g. ARINC

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Influence of Structure on Complexity Management

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Current Controller Cognitive Model

WORKSTATION

Facility 1

CONTROLLER

L2 - Gather & Comprehend

Information

L3 - Project to identify conflict

Plan possible solution

Implement action

Situation Awareness

CommunicateUpdate/enter information

L1 - PerceiveReceive

InformationSample

Information

Sector Plan HeuristicsMental Model

VOICE COMMUNICATION

CONTROLLER

CONTROLLER

Facility 2Voice (if available)

AOC

ARINCHost

PILOTAircraft 1…n

Surveillance(if available)

Data link(if available)

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Current & Future Technologies – Oceanic Air Traffic Control Workstation

Information displayed to the ATC

Current situation

Facility 1

CONTROLLER

Gather & Comprehend Project

Implement action

Situation Awareness


PerceiveReceive

InformationSample

Information


VOICE COMMUNICATION

CONTROLLER

Plan

Weather Display

Flight Strip

Txt msg Display

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Current & Future Technologies – Oceanic Air Traffic Control Workstation

Information displayed to the ATC

Future situation

Facility 1

CONTROLLER


Implement action

Situation Awareness


PerceiveReceive

InformationSample

Information


VOICE COMMUNICATION

CONTROLLER

Plan

WORKSTATION

Weather Display

Flight Strip

Situation Display

Txt msg Display

WORKSTATION

Weather Display

Flight Strip

Situation Display

Txt msg Display

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Current & Future Technologies – Communication System

Information from the aircraft to the controller

Current US situation

Facility 1

CONTROLLER


Implement action

Situation Awareness


PerceiveReceive

InformationSample

Information


VOICE COMMUNICATION

CONTROLLER

ARINC

PILOT

Aircraft 1…n

AIRCRAFT

Plan

Txt msg Display

Weather Display

Flight Strip

Voice to TextVoice to Text RadioRadio

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT



Current Iceland situation

Facility 1

CONTROLLER


Implement action

Situation Awareness


PerceiveReceive

InformationSample

Information


VOICE COMMUNICATION

CONTROLLER

PILOT

Aircraft 1…n

AIRCRAFT

Plan

ARINC

Voice to Text Radio

Flight Strip

Situation Display

Txt msg Display

Weather Display

FDPS

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT



Future situation

Facility 1

CONTROLLER


Implement action

Situation Awareness


PerceiveReceive

InformationSample

Information


VOICE COMMUNICATION

CONTROLLER

ARINC

PILOT

Aircraft 1…n

AIRCRAFT

Plan


WORKSTATION

Weather Display

Flight Strip

Situation Display

Txt msg Display

WORKSTATION

Weather Display

Flight Strip

Situation Display

Txt msg Display

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Current & Future Technologies – Oceanic Air Traffic Control Surveillance

Information accessible by the pilot

Current Situation

WORKSTATION

Facility 1

CONTROLLER


Implement action

Situation Awareness


PerceiveReceive

InformationSample

Information


VOICE COMMUNICATION

CONTROLLER

ARINC

PILOT

Aircraft 1…n

AIRCRAFT

Plan

TCAS

VHF

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Current & Future Technologies – Oceanic Air Traffic Control Surveillance

Information accessible by the pilot

Future Situation

WORKSTATION CONTROLLER


Implement action

Situation Awareness


PerceiveReceive

InformationSample

Information


VOICE COMMUNICATION

CONTROLLER

ARINC

PILOT

Aircraft 1…n

AIRCRAFT

Plan


Facility 1

TCAS

VHF

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Controller’s Projection Task

Projection Definition: Extrapolation of the system dynamics over a period of interest

ATC Projection Task Critical because of its role in conflict prevention Unique due to the controllers’ ability to deliver commands

that reduce the uncertainty of the future state of the aircraft

Facility 1

CONTROLLER


Implement action

Situation Awareness


PerceiveReceive

InformationSample

Information


VOICE COMMUNICATION

CONTROLLER

Plan

WORKSTATION

Weather Display

Flight Strip

Situation Display

Txt msg Display

WORKSTATION

Weather Display

Flight Strip

Situation Display

Txt msg Display

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Domestic vs. Oceanic Projection Domestic

Spatial projection (mostly perceptual training) Command/Surveillance loop quick Interface aid: 5 mi rings on the radar screen in

TRACON Oceanic

Mostly time-based projection, in the process of trying to understand this cognitive process for oceanic

Command/Surveillance loop slow Procedural aids

• Head-on conflict: plotting locations and expected trajectory with grease pencil on erasable map to determine whether additional means of separation besides altitude needed

• In-trail conflict: phasing time of arrival at position report points

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Types of Projection

ADS enables radar-quality updates on the situation display

High-quality situation display encourages change in procedures from time-based to spatial-based separation

Innately different mental computation used in the two types of projection: Time-based projection (Non-

surveillance oceanic separation requirements, Minutes-in-trail req.)

Spatial-based projection (Surveillance separation requirements, Miles-in-trail requirements,)

Space required between aircraft

Time required between aircraft

Current locations

Projected locations

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Structure

Need to understand the influence of structure How the change in procedures due to the introduction

of ADS will change the structure

WORKSTATION

Facility 1

CONTROLLER

Gather & Comprehend

Information

Project to identify conflict

Plan possible solution

Implement action

Situation Awareness


PerceiveReceive

InformationSample

Information


VOICE COMMUNICATION

CONTROLLER

Airspace

Regulations

Procedures

Structure

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Structure Influence on Projection

Constraints influence type of projection used: NAT Oceanic: 60 nm lateral separation, 1000 ft vertical

separation (RVSM), 10 minutes in trail Separation assurance over oceans provided solely by flight

strips (not situation display) in New York

Structural aids to cognitive tasks Standard Flow abstraction

• North Atlantic Tracks System: provides lateral template with minimum 60nm between each track

Grouping abstraction• Flight Strip Bay organized by lateral, then time, then vertical

Critical points abstraction• Entry & exit points onto and off tracks

• Position report points

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT North Atlantic Tracks

E 310 320 330 340 350 360D 310 320 330 340 350 360C 310 320 330 340 350 360

360 370 380 390 F

F 310 320 330 340 350

370 380 390 D

370 380 390 E

B 310 320 330 340

A 310 320 330 340 350 360 390 A

G 320 340 360 G

W 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 W

Y 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 YZ 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 Z

350 360 370 380 390 B

370 380 390 C

X 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 X

Track entry points

Track exit points

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Flight Strip Bay Organization

23.30°N/60°S 27.28°N/55°S 31°N/50°S 34.45°N/45°S 38°N/40°S

Tim

e

Alti

tude

LongitudeE W

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Preliminary observations of oceanic functions affected by future technologies

In an ADS supported environment the information is fed directly into the workstation which

• Pulls the controller out of the loop possibly negatively affecting Situation Awareness.

• Makes the commercial operator redundant. By using an integrated Oceanic Air Traffic Control

Workstation which includes and displays all relevant information to the controller the

• Workstation can better support the controller e.g. by conflict probing.

Providing ADS information could innately change the projection task of the controller from a time-based projection to a spatial-based projection, so

• Consideration should be given to the type (spatial or time) of separation requirements given to the controller in the future and what decision support tools best support the type of projection required

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Preliminary observation of oceanic functions affected by future technologies (cont.)

Structure-based abstractions (standard flows, grouping, critical points) play a role in managing the complexity of the oceanic airspace given the current limitations in surveillance, thus

• Understanding of the benefits of structure-based abstractions in the current environment would aid in understanding the underlying cognitive processes of the controller

• Consideration could be given to need for development and training of new abstractions to cope with the future environment

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT

Preliminary observation of oceanic functions affected by future technologies (cont.)

With more information about the traffic within their airspace, pilots will be better able to decide where to move within the airspace (user preferred routing, free flight) which In the near term:

• Raises authority issues.• Causes concern in a mixed equipage environment.

In the far term• Provides opportunities for aircraft self-separation.

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT Next steps

Gather more detailed information on Oceanic Air Traffic Control by site visits, for further development of the model.

Do a comparative analysis of the oceanic facilities Investigate the US vs Icelandic procedures NAT/PAC

Facilitate integration with the new US oceanic system with other newly developed systems FAA Tech Center ATOP tests Lockheed Site visits

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MIT MIT ICAT ICAT References

Hansman, R.J., Kuchar, J.K., Clarke, J.-P., Vakil, S., Barhydt, R., and Pritchett, A. (1997). Integrated Human Centered Systems Approach to the Development of Advanced Air Traffic Management Systems http://atm-seminar-97.eurocontrol.fr/hansman.htm

Reynolds, T.G., Histon, J.M., Davison, H.J., and Hansman, R.J. (2002). Structure, Intent and Conformance Monitoring in ATC. Air Traffic Management Research Conference 2002, Capri, Italy.

Hansman, R.J. (2002). Human Factors Considerations In Future Oceanic Air Transportation System Architectures Which Include Automatic Dependant Surveillence. (Amended 4/5/02). Unpublished research proposal.

1 m i t i n t e r n a t i o n a l c e n t e r f o r a i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n human factors...

Documents

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oceanic environment

current oceanic environment

analysis of oceanic

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new environment

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