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Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung multireligiöser und multiethnischer GesellschaftenMax Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity

Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity

Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung multireligiöser und

multiethnischer Gesellschaften

How urban actors respond to diversity

Maria Schiller, Alexandre Tandé, Karen Schönwälder,Julia Martínez-Ariño, Christian Jacobs, Michalis Moutselos

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Structure

1. Outline MPI MMG and CITYDIV project2. Point of departure for today’s

presentation3. Controversies in the literature4. Selected findings from Survey in German

cities

Schiller, Martínez-Ariño, Tandé & Schönwälder: How Urban Actors Respond to Diversity

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Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity

Multi-disciplinary, globally comparative, empirical research & theory-development on (new) dynamics of diversity

• established 2007 in Göttingen• Three departments• 51 full-time research staff, 7 research

assistants, 27 non-scientific staff, various short/long-term visitors

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Department for Socio-Cultural Diversity▪ Anthropology ▪ Sociology▪ Political Science ▪ Geography▪ Social Psychology

Research themes:Institutions & organizationsEncounters & representationsFlows, dynamics and urban space

Research in Johannesburg, Juba, Goma, Cape Town, Moscow, Istanbul, Nairobi, Mumbai, Singapore, Lagos, Montreal, Brussels, Addis Ababa, Jakarta, New York, London, Paris, Berlin and a number of German and French cities

Director:Steve Vertovec

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The CityDiv team

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1. Cities are becoming more diverse

• Ongoing processes of diversification– http://media.mmg.mpg.de/

• Research at the MPI MMG: – Global Divercities project, African cities, European cities (GER – FR)

Name: Title

Large German Cities

Population of ‘migrant background’ 2011

Frankfurt 42,7%

Stuttgart 38,6%

Nuernberg 36,2%

Mannheim 35,7%

Wiesbaden 33,4%

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II. Policy changes

• in Germany: acceptance of immigration-related diversity -- ‘Willkommenskultur’

• in France: mixed picture

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III. A trend towards governance

Local (urban) governance is characterized by the involvement of representatives of the public,

private, voluntary and community sectors in the process of policy decision. In the local setting,

governance can be understood as the implementation of a particular arrangement of formal institutions or informal arrangements, including the involvement of citizens, local associations, interest groups and private actors, to attain a common

purpose, such as the delivery of public services or projects promoting local development.

(Guarneros-Meza & Geddes 2010: 15)

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Overarching question

How do cities implicitly and explicitly shape structures of diversity?

Survey 20 large cities in France + 20 large cities in GermanyIncluding a range of corporate and collective actorsPossibility to compare across cities, across states, across types of actorsIndividual subprojects

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Cities differ in many ways

How do cities differ in their strategic responses to diversity?

First details of larger comparative project

Points of departure for today

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Controversies in the literature

• Debate on relevance of national vs. local level:Dominance of the nation-stateCities matter

• Discontent with state of comparative researchSingular cities used as examples of national

characteristicsLack of systematic comparative researchLimited attention for different policy areas and

implementation

Schiller, Martínez-Ariño, Tandé & Schönwälder: How Urban Actors Respond to Diversity

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According to what logic do cities differ?

A.Eigenlogik der Städte: the intrinsic logic of each city

B.Structural conditions and problems vary across cities

C.Political constellations and strategic choices • market-oriented • social/rights-based

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Selected findings

• Urban responses to diversity: Cities: differing or unique?Diversity: market or social rights logic?

• Our survey20 largest cities in Germanycorporate & collective actorsAnswers: n=383 (response rate > 40%)

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"Cities can respond in different ways to the challenges of demographic change and an increasing diversity of the population. Which of the following options should your city choose? Please evaluate …"

a) Attract skilled labour from abroad.

b) Preserve its relative homogeneity.

c) Present itself as a disability friendly city.

d) Present itself as attractive for senior citizens.

e) Attract families.

f) Attract individuals who want to practice an alternative lifestyle.

g) Make city life more attractive for middle-class people.

Question 1

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Q.1#Option a: Attract skilled labour from abroad

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Should the city attract qualified workers from abroad?Graphs by CityCodeLeft bar: not suitable; Middle bar: maybe; Right bar: suitable.

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050

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Should the city keep population relatively homogeneous?Graphs by CityCode

Q.1#Option b: Preserve its relative homogeneity

left: not suitable; middle: maybe; right: suitableLeft bar: not suitable; Middle bar: maybe; Right bar: suitable.

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Q.1#Option c: Present itself as a disability friendly city

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Perc

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Should the city present itself as worthy of living for People with Disabilities?Graphs by CityCode

Left bar: not suitable; Middle bar: maybe; Right bar: suitable.

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Housing mix

A.The city should intervene in the housing market in order to ensure that people of different social and ethnic backgrounds live together in the neighbourhoods.

81%

B.The city should leave it to the people themselves and the housing market to determine where people live.

19%

Question 2

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Housing Market InterventionGraphs by CityCode

Q.2: Housing mix

Left bar: leave to market; Right bar: intervene to create mix.

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“Now we are going to present you a couple of controversial views on local policies. Please, tell us with which one you agree more. Here we are interested in your personal opinion.”

Hiring for the city administration

A.Recruitment for the city administration should solely be based on suitability and qualifications.

58%

B.When recruiting for the city administration, increasing the share of currently disadvantaged groups should be an important consideration.

42%

Question 2

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City Administration HiresGraphs by CityCode

Q.2: Hiring for city administration

Left bar: qualifications only; Right bar: consider representation of disadvantaged groups

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Conclusion

• Do cities differ?Yes and No

• According to what logic do cities differ?Some evidence of a market-oriented logicBut also some orientations towards rights-

based/social motivation

• More analysis to follow

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Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity

Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung multireligiöser und multiethnischer Gesellschaften

Hermann-Föge-Weg 11, D-37073 Göttingen, Germanytel. +49/0 551 4956-0, fax +49/0 551 4956-170

Email: schiller@mmg.mpg.de; tande@mmg.mpg.dewww.mmg.mpg.de

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Cities have become diverse

City Population of ‘migrant background’ 2011 (census data)

Frankfurt 42,7%

Stuttgart 38,6%

Nuerberg 36,2%

Mannheim 35,7%

Wiesbaden 33,4%

Munich 33,2%

Duesseldorf 32,5%

Bielefeld 32,5%

Wuppertal 32,1%

Cologne 31,6%

Bonn 30,6%

Duisburg 30,1%

Hannover 29,4%

Karslruhe 29,3%

Dortmund 28,2%

Essen 24,6%

Bochum 22,9%

Muenster 19,5%

Leipzig 7,9%

Dresden 7,5%

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CityDiv project: Interventions into Structures of Diversity at the City Level

A new reality:a. diversity in the populationb. policy changes, in Germany acceptance of

immigration-related diversityc. "governance", the changing state

What impact do these changes have on the ways in which cities respond to diversity? How do cities respond to diversity (perceive it, shape it)?How is diversity represented in city governance?

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Overarching question

How do cities implicitly and explicitly shape structures of diversity?

cities = all corporate and collective actors involved in local governanceexplicit/implicit policies = with explicit reference to ‘diversity’, ’intercultural’,…or without such referencestructures of diversity = composition, spatial distribution, and life chances of a diverse population