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Mr. Shields Regents Chemistry U08 L02

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Periodic Table-The periodic table has 115 natural and man made elements

- 1 through 118- 1-92 are naturally occurring- 23 are man made- 113, 115, 117 not yet produced- 112 of 115 are named

(112=Copernicium Cn)

- Everything above 83 is radioactive

- Through 112: 2 liquids, 11 gases, 99 solids

- 86 of the 112 named elements (78%) are metals!

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The GasesThe GasesAt STP we know there are 11 gases and 2 liquids

- 6 Noble gases - These gases are all monoatomic- He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

- 5 other elements are gases- These gases are always diatomic- H2, N2, O2, F2 and Cl2

- Mercury and Bromine are liquids

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Periodic Table

-Elements that have similar chemical properties are aligned in COLUMNS called GROUPS

The periodic table also organizes the elementsin ROWS called PERIODS

- There are 18 groups and 7 periods

- Groups are numbered 1-18

- Periods are numbered 1-7- corresponds to principle energy levels

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Column numbering (1 18) is from left to right

Period numbering (1 7) goes from top to bottom

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The Inner Transition ElementsThe Inner Transition ElementsLook at the bottom of the periodic table:

Notice the group of elements known as the LanthanidesAnd Actinides are separated From the main periodic table.

This is done strictly to help organize the periodic table.

- Table would be too large if we included them

Lanthanides/Actinides fit into period 6 & 7- These two groups are known collectively as

the INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS

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Lanthanides

Actinides

Pulled to the bottomto help Reduce Table size

These groups of elementsActually belong here

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Periodic Table Columns

- Numbering of Columns from 1 – 18 is new since mid 1980’s

-Tall columns on left and right originally numbered IA-VIIIA-These are the current Groups 1,2, 13-18- Known as the REPRESENTATIVE OR MAIN GROUPS

- Short columns in middle were originally numbered IB-VIIIB- Corresponds to Current Croups 3 – 12- These are known as the TRANSITION METALS

- Let’s see what this looks like…

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Transition Elements

Representative or Main Group

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

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PERIODSPERIODS

The rows of the periodic table are called PERIODS- Presently there are 7

The length of each period grows in size as we go fromPeriod 1 to 7

- Period 1 2 elements- Period 2&3 8 elements- Period 4&5 18 elements- Period 6 32 elements- Period 7 25 (up to element 111)

The change has To do with the Filling of the s,p,d,f sublevels

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PeriodsPeriodsThe periods of the periodic table represent theNumber of principle energy levels contained by the atoms in that row.

For example,K has electronsIn the 4th PrincipleEnergy level:

K = 2-8-8-1

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BlocksBlocks

As we’ve discussed before, electrons fill orbitals in specific sublevels.

This leads toSections of thethe periodic tablebeing designated as“Blocks” based onwhat sublevelis being filled.

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Some Characteristics of BlocksSome Characteristics of Blocks

S Block: - Elements in group 1-2 are very reactive metals- Group 1 metals are so reactive they are never found free in nature

D Block: - Transition metal compounds are very colorful- Copper compounds tends to form blues- Chrome compounds tend to form yellows

P Block: - Contains a mix of metals, metalloids, and non-metals

F Block: - All of the Actinides metals are radioactive

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Common Family NamesCommon Family Names

Recall that the vertical columns of elements are calledGroups.Groups.

They are also known as familiefamilies because the elementsIn any given column have similar chemical Properties

Elements forming a Family havespecific Common names.Common names.

The Smiths

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Common Family Names

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Group #

Transition Metals

Family Names

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We’ve discussed how the periodic table is organized by:

1)Atomic number2)Groups and periods3)Family names4)Block names based on which sublevels are

filling5)The representative or main group elements

vs transition & inner transition elements

And lastly, the periodic table is also organized by

6) CLASSIFICATION of the elements

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Classification by element type:By far ….Metals are the majority (abt 80%)

85 7

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Properties of Metals & Non-MetalsProperties of Metals & Non-Metals

MetalsMetals Non-MetalsNon-Metals

LUSTER HIGHHIGH LOW (or None)LOW (or None)

DEFORMABILITY Malleable & DuctileMalleable & Ductile BrittleBrittle

CONDUCTIVITY OF

HEAT AND ELECTRICITY

Good to ExcellentGood to Excellent Poor or Non-ConductorPoor or Non-Conductor

PHASE at STP Solid (except Hg)Solid (except Hg) Gas or Solid (except Br)Gas or Solid (except Br)

Ion FORMATION Loses eLoses e-- to form to form positive ionspositive ions

Gains eGains e-- to form negative to form negative ionsions

IONIZATION ENERGY Low (lowest is Fr)Low (lowest is Fr) High (noble gases are High (noble gases are the highestthe highest

ELECTRONEGATIVITY Low (lowest is Fr)Low (lowest is Fr) High (highest is F)High (highest is F)