1 nanometer = 0.001 micrometer

1 micrometer = 0.001 millimeter

So

1 nm = 0.000001 mm

Chromosome

Supercoils

Coils

Nucleosome

Histones

DNA

double

helix

Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) - a group of polymers made of nucleotide monomers that….

Functions=1.stores hereditary information by2. instructing the building of proteins

Ex. DNA= Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA= Ribonucleic Acid

Double helix = DNA’s twisted ladder shape

ghr.nlm.nih.gov

www.accessexcellence.org

4 Nucleotides (monomers )A=Adenine bond w/ 2 hydrogen bondsT=Thymine

G=Guanine bond w/ 3 hydrogen bondsC=Cytosine

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu

Parts of Nucleotide (monomer)=• Sugar• Phosphate ladder sides• Nitrogen base

(4 types; A, T, G, C) ladder steps

DNA Code = recipe for making proteins stored in sequence (order) of nucleotide monomers

like letters for word meanings; CAT vs TAC

msu.edu

mhhe.com

Structure Determined by…James Watson and Francis Crick with the evidence from Rosalind Franklin in 1953

jonahprobell.com/famous_photos

DNA Forms

Genome

www.sciencephoto.cm

Chromatin (unwound)

(wound)

DNA Forms Definitions• Genome = full set of chromosomes in

nucleus (46 for humans; 23 from each parent)

• Chromosome = One strand of DNA that coils into an X during cell division. Each contains many distinctive genes.

• Chromatin =Loose uncoiled DNA for access to genes

• Gene =A section of a chromosome that codes for one protein; includes start & stop instructions

• Nucleotide Monomer = Building block of DNA made of a sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base (4 kinds)

AnalogyLibrary

one book

open book

one recipe in book

one letter

Evolutionary Importance• All species have same DNA structure & same DNA recipe code translation into protein

• All species use DNA as molecule of inheritance (you get your genes from your ancestors)

• = all species have a common ancestor (evolution).

maddoxdna.com boards.ign.com

Replication= Process of copying DNA to make 2 identical copies

• When? Right before cell division (mitosis)

• Why?Give new cells a DNA copy

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Semi-Conservative process• Semi-conservative- one

half is old DNA and one half is the copy.

• What is made? Identical copies of chromosomes (sister chromatids)

www.britannica.com

Steps of Replication• Helicase enzyme

unzips hydrogen bonds

• DNA polymerase add free nucleotides to one side

• Ligase checks/ fixes errors and glues things together

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://faculty.irsc.edu

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de

Protein Synthesis

faculty.irsc.edu

http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/appendixa.asp

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/aminoacids/dna1.html

http://www.biologyreference.com/Mo-Nu/Nucleotides.html

accessexcellence.org

What is the structure in the box called?

What is the group of polymers it belongs to?

Which structure is the deoxyribose sugar?

The order of them from top to bottom is T-A-G-C. What would be the order of the complementary strand?

A

B C

The entire molecule is called

The monomer in the circle is called a

What is the name of the entire process demonstrated in the illustration?

What are the objects labeled A?

How do the two strands compare when this process is complete?

When in the cell cycle does this process take place?

A

B C

What is the name of the entire process demonstrated in the illustration?

What are the objects labeled A?

During which phase of the cell cycle does this process take place?

This process happens in preparation for cell division called

A

B C

http://www.histol.chuvashia.com/atlas-en/cytol-en.htm C

B

A

Which lettered cell is in prophase?

Which lettered cell has sister chromatids splitting?

What phase is this cell in?

What are the structures label A?

A

uic.edu

BC

A

All the structures collectively in box A are called….

Structures B are called?

Structure C is called?

The purpose of structure C is?