1 phare advanced tools (pats) by i. wilson, pats project leader eurocontrolby eurocontrol

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PHARE Advanced Tools (PATs)PHARE Advanced Tools (PATs)

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I. Wilson, PATs Project LeaderI. Wilson, PATs Project Leader

EUROCONTROLEUROCONTROL

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IntroductionIntroduction

Overview of Advanced Tools Overview of Advanced Tools Technical concepts of the tool-set Technical concepts of the tool-set Very brief description of each tool Very brief description of each tool Tools used in the PHARE DemonstrationsTools used in the PHARE Demonstrations Then I will discuss some of the issues raised and Then I will discuss some of the issues raised and

lessons learntlessons learnt

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Arrival managerArrival manager AMAM (DLR then NATS)(DLR then NATS) Conflict probeConflict probe CPCP (NLR)(NLR) Cooperative toolsCooperative tools CTCT (CENA) (CENA) Departure manager Departure manager DMDM (CENA)(CENA) Flight path monitorFlight path monitor FPMFPM (NLR)(NLR) Negotiation managerNegotiation manager NMNM (NATS)(NATS) Problem solverProblem solver HIPSHIPS (EEC)(EEC) Tactical load smootherTactical load smoother TLSTLS (EEC)(EEC) Trajectory predictor Trajectory predictor TPTP (DERA then NATS)(DERA then NATS)

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Tools ConceptTools Concept

The aircraft defines its most efficient trajectory The aircraft defines its most efficient trajectory The ground systems apply constraints for deconfliction and The ground systems apply constraints for deconfliction and

sequencing.sequencing. The trajectory used by the ground system shall wherever possible be The trajectory used by the ground system shall wherever possible be

the trajectory generated by the aircraft Flight Management System.the trajectory generated by the aircraft Flight Management System. Trajectories shall be generated taking into account constraints for the Trajectories shall be generated taking into account constraints for the

entire flight.entire flight. Planner controllers take deconfliction actions as far ahead as Planner controllers take deconfliction actions as far ahead as

possiblepossible Sector - Sector transfer of control is automated and ‘silent’Sector - Sector transfer of control is automated and ‘silent’

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Tools Technical ConceptTools Technical Concept

Tools are not standaloneTools are not standalone Tools provide services to each otherTools provide services to each other In the PHARE CMS Architecture ‘Server’ tools provide In the PHARE CMS Architecture ‘Server’ tools provide

information to ‘client’ tools using ‘events’ alerting the information to ‘client’ tools using ‘events’ alerting the client tool to the informationclient tool to the information

One event such as a new trajectory can cause a cascade of One event such as a new trajectory can cause a cascade of events through the systemevents through the system

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Trajectory Predictor (TP)Trajectory Predictor (TP)

Primary tool in the systemPrimary tool in the system Based on EFMS trajectory predictorBased on EFMS trajectory predictor Generates trajectory for modelling by tools and Generates trajectory for modelling by tools and

controllercontroller Trajectory generated using aircraft state data, Trajectory generated using aircraft state data,

performance data and route and profile constraintsperformance data and route and profile constraints Possibly too accurate. Possibly too accurate.

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Conflict Probe (CP)Conflict Probe (CP)

Activates every time there is a new trajectory Activates every time there is a new trajectory Compares active trajectoriesCompares active trajectories Compares ‘alternate trajectories’ with active Compares ‘alternate trajectories’ with active

trajectoriestrajectories Reports conflicts-found and conflict-cleared to the Reports conflicts-found and conflict-cleared to the

other toolsother tools Uses ‘geometric’, ‘nominal path’ and ‘probabilistic’ Uses ‘geometric’, ‘nominal path’ and ‘probabilistic’

detection algorithmsdetection algorithms

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Negotiation Manager (NM)Negotiation Manager (NM)

Manages trajectory negotiationManages trajectory negotiation Sends constraint list to aircraft when negotiation Sends constraint list to aircraft when negotiation

requested by other tools requested by other tools Checks downlinked aircraft trajectoryChecks downlinked aircraft trajectory Up-links accept after controller agreement if necessaryUp-links accept after controller agreement if necessary Activates down-linked trajectory and trajectories of Activates down-linked trajectory and trajectories of

non-datalink aircraftnon-datalink aircraft Initiates and manages inter controller co-ordinationInitiates and manages inter controller co-ordination Must allow multiple users (multi-threaded)Must allow multiple users (multi-threaded)

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Departure Manager (DM)Departure Manager (DM)

On receipt of the initial trajectory sequences traffic for On receipt of the initial trajectory sequences traffic for runways. This involves:runways. This involves: Using the CFMU slots and other requests for departures set a Using the CFMU slots and other requests for departures set a

departure rate (passed to a ‘runway sequence object’)departure rate (passed to a ‘runway sequence object’) Choosing the most optimal sequence based on least delays and Choosing the most optimal sequence based on least delays and

best runway utilisation and no conflicts on the SIDsbest runway utilisation and no conflicts on the SIDs Imposing push-back time and Scheduled Time of Departure Imposing push-back time and Scheduled Time of Departure

based on sequence and taxi time from gate to runwaybased on sequence and taxi time from gate to runway Accepts controller input for runway, sequencing or STD changesAccepts controller input for runway, sequencing or STD changes

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Arrival Manager (AM) Arrival Manager (AM)

On receipt of the initial trajectory sequences traffic for On receipt of the initial trajectory sequences traffic for runways. This involves:runways. This involves: Using the controller set ‘base flow rate’ (this could come from Using the controller set ‘base flow rate’ (this could come from

Departure Manager and ‘runway sequence object’)Departure Manager and ‘runway sequence object’) Choosing the most optimal sequence based on least delays and Choosing the most optimal sequence based on least delays and

best runway utilisationbest runway utilisation Imposing gate time constraint for Scheduled Time of Arrival.Imposing gate time constraint for Scheduled Time of Arrival. Accepts controller input for runway, sequencing or STA changesAccepts controller input for runway, sequencing or STA changes Identifies holding aircraft and creates appropriate Stack Identifies holding aircraft and creates appropriate Stack

Constraints for safe separationConstraints for safe separation

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Co-operative Tools (CT)Co-operative Tools (CT)

Purpose to provide an ‘automated controller assistant’Purpose to provide an ‘automated controller assistant’ Think like a controller Think like a controller Filter PROSITs which include problems as well as Filter PROSITs which include problems as well as

conflictsconflicts Provide a simple Look-ahead functionProvide a simple Look-ahead function Provide an agenda functionProvide an agenda function Allow close co-operation between PC and TC Allow close co-operation between PC and TC

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Problem Solver (PS)Problem Solver (PS)

Purpose to provide interactive graphical capability to Purpose to provide interactive graphical capability to solve conflicts in all dimensionssolve conflicts in all dimensions

Highly interactive closely coupled to HMIHighly interactive closely coupled to HMI

Concept issues Concept issues Trajectories were edited on screen but ‘constraints’ were Trajectories were edited on screen but ‘constraints’ were

passed to Trajectory Predictorpassed to Trajectory Predictor Trajectory being edited for 10 minutes in future was overlaid Trajectory being edited for 10 minutes in future was overlaid

over current radar picture with potential for temporal over current radar picture with potential for temporal

confusionconfusion

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Flight Path Monitor (FPM)Flight Path Monitor (FPM)

Checks each radar position report against the 4D Checks each radar position report against the 4D trajectory for that flighttrajectory for that flight

Reports deviation from trajectories in all dimensions to Reports deviation from trajectories in all dimensions to other tools and controllersother tools and controllers

Accepts designation of ‘significant points’ from Accepts designation of ‘significant points’ from controllers and tools and signals when each point is controllers and tools and signals when each point is passedpassed

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Tactical Load Smoother (TLS)Tactical Load Smoother (TLS)

Purpose to identify heightened levels of ‘complexity’ or Purpose to identify heightened levels of ‘complexity’ or workload ahead of timeworkload ahead of time

Allow Multi-Sector Planner to reduce forecast sector Allow Multi-Sector Planner to reduce forecast sector workload to within capabilityworkload to within capability

Produced a ‘coefficient of complexity’Produced a ‘coefficient of complexity’ Essential tool in an exception management environmentEssential tool in an exception management environment

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Tools HierarchyTools Hierarchy

Arrival Manager

Departure Manager

Problem Solver

Negotiation Manager

Cooperative Tools

Tactical Load Smoother

Conflict Probe

Flight Path Monitor

Trajectory Predictor

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Tools in PD/1Tools in PD/1

Problem Solver

Conflict Probe

Flight Path Monitor


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Deconflictor

Tools in PD/2Tools in PD/2

Arrival Manager

Negotiation Manager

Conflict Probe

Flight Path Monitor


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Tools in PD/2+Tools in PD/2+

Arrival Manager

Problem Solver

Negotiation Manager

Conflict Probe

Flight Path Monitor


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Tools in PD/3 CENATools in PD/3 CENA

Departure Manager

Problem Solver

Negotiation Manager

Cooperative Tools

Conflict Probe

Flight Path Monitor


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Tools PD/3 EECTools PD/3 EEC

Arrival Manager

Departure Manager

Problem Solver

Negotiation Manager

Cooperative Tools

Tactical Load Smoother

Conflict Probe

Flight Path Monitor


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Stack Manager

Tools PD/3 NLRTools PD/3 NLR

Arrival Manager

Problem Solver

Negotiation Manager

Conflict Probe

Flight Path Monitor


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Conceptual Issues (1)Conceptual Issues (1)

Systems Analysis and Design rule: Systems Analysis and Design rule: “Automate the FUNCTION not the Procedure”“Automate the FUNCTION not the Procedure”

In ATM procedure is an overused term - for a controller a procedure In ATM procedure is an overused term - for a controller a procedure is made up of a set of tasksis made up of a set of tasks

SIDs, STARs and Airways are also SIDs, STARs and Airways are also proceduresprocedures Should these controller and airspace procedures be automated?Should these controller and airspace procedures be automated? The function required is to provide safe, orderly, economic and The function required is to provide safe, orderly, economic and

expeditious ATM with sufficient capacityexpeditious ATM with sufficient capacity Automate the required Automate the required functionsfunctions not the existing procedures not the existing procedures

designed for the manual functiondesigned for the manual function

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Letters of Agreement - Standing Agreements - Letters of Agreement - Standing Agreements - Standard Levels etc. Used to avoid ‘surprising’ the Standard Levels etc. Used to avoid ‘surprising’ the adjeacent controller. Not adjeacent controller. Not requiredrequired when there is access when there is access to a trajectory. to a trajectory.

Controller Roles - all partners thought they had the Controller Roles - all partners thought they had the same PC/TC concept, but they did notsame PC/TC concept, but they did not

Temporal Splits in Layered Planning affects what was Temporal Splits in Layered Planning affects what was ‘team approach’ to problem solving‘team approach’ to problem solving

‘‘Operational Gap’ of PD/3 due to temporal splitOperational Gap’ of PD/3 due to temporal split

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What What isis a conflict ?- the ‘snitch patch’ mentality a conflict ?- the ‘snitch patch’ mentalitycollision avoidance vs separation maintenance collision avoidance vs separation maintenance what are the separation standards what are the separation standards forfor ? ?

Trajectory prediction ‘errors’ and guidance ‘errors’ and Trajectory prediction ‘errors’ and guidance ‘errors’ and uncertaintiesuncertainties

Every constraint on a flight has a cost for Every constraint on a flight has a cost for bothboth ground ground and airand air

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ArchitectureArchitecture

Architecture exports its ‘world-view’ to the Applications Architecture exports its ‘world-view’ to the Applications Legacy systems based on ‘Servers’ tend to be less Legacy systems based on ‘Servers’ tend to be less

scalable, and unsuited to ‘intelligent’ controller scalable, and unsuited to ‘intelligent’ controller workstations automated toolsworkstations automated tools

Real Object Oriented Design based systems are better Real Object Oriented Design based systems are better suited to the distributed intelligence.suited to the distributed intelligence.

Performance and scalability requirements should be Performance and scalability requirements should be given a higher priority in choice of architecturesgiven a higher priority in choice of architectures

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Performance IssuesPerformance Issues

Tool Performance in most cases was not a problem. Tool Performance in most cases was not a problem. BUTBUT Trajectory Predictor was too slow (possibly too accurate)Trajectory Predictor was too slow (possibly too accurate) Arrival Management re-sequencing had to be limitedArrival Management re-sequencing had to be limited

Without exception, Without exception, ALLALL simulations and demonstrations had simulations and demonstrations had performance problems. performance problems.

Architectures suited to systems without automated support will Architectures suited to systems without automated support will almost certainly almost certainly notnot be capable of the performance required be capable of the performance required with the implementation of automated toolswith the implementation of automated tools

Operational system implementers of distributed intelligent Operational system implementers of distributed intelligent systems systems MUSTMUST learn from this issue learn from this issue

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Automation IssuesAutomation Issues

Automated tools can only reduce controller workload if Automated tools can only reduce controller workload if the controller lets them do some of the work.the controller lets them do some of the work.

Controllers who do not let the tools do some of the Controllers who do not let the tools do some of the work have work have moremore work than without the tools work than without the tools

Restrictive or prescriptive automation - unwelcomeRestrictive or prescriptive automation - unwelcome Permissive or assisting automation - welcomePermissive or assisting automation - welcome Not Not DeDe-skilling - -skilling - ReRe--skilling - automated tools are skilling - automated tools are

more powerful and require careful and correct use. more powerful and require careful and correct use. Misuse can have rapid and wide impactMisuse can have rapid and wide impact

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System TrustSystem Trust

Legal liability is an issue that is a concern - but Legal liability is an issue that is a concern - but controllers will controllers will stillstill feel responsible for any incidents feel responsible for any incidents

Trust on 3 levelsTrust on 3 levels Is the System Is the System ReallyReally right ? right ? Will the System fail ?Will the System fail ? What do What do II do do whenwhen it fails or goes wrong ? it fails or goes wrong ?

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Is the System Really right?Is the System Really right?

System behaviour unlike a controller’s System behaviour unlike a controller’s undermines trustundermines trust

Intermittent performance Intermittent performance undermines trustundermines trust

Lack of ‘picture’ information Lack of ‘picture’ information undermines trustundermines trust

Mismatching conflict detection Mismatching conflict detection destroys trustdestroys trust

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Will the System fail ?Will the System fail ?

Experience with personal computers and monolithic Experience with personal computers and monolithic legacy systems -legacy systems -Computer crashes Computer crashes regularregular occurrence occurrence

Well designed distributed systems Well designed distributed systems shouldshould not not experience such total failuresexperience such total failures

With layered planning - conflicts are cleared well With layered planning - conflicts are cleared well ahead of current time - more stability and time to ahead of current time - more stability and time to recover from minor failures.recover from minor failures.

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What do I do when it fails?What do I do when it fails?

The assumption must be that any system The assumption must be that any system will will failfail Future research will need to identify the Future research will need to identify the acceptable acceptable

loading of an ATM System that relies on automated loading of an ATM System that relies on automated support to raise capacity above that of an unsupported support to raise capacity above that of an unsupported controllercontroller

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Areas for ResearchAreas for Research

Better linking of algorithms at conceptual level especially Better linking of algorithms at conceptual level especially trajectory generation and conflict detectiontrajectory generation and conflict detection

More efficient More efficient operational System operational System architectures - architectures - not just use of ‘buzz-words’not just use of ‘buzz-words’

Data-link and Trajectory NegotiationData-link and Trajectory Negotiation Controller techniques for use of automated tools Controller techniques for use of automated tools Metrics for exception management systemsMetrics for exception management systems REAL LIVE TRIALS - lack of trust in simulations - REAL LIVE TRIALS - lack of trust in simulations - there there

is nothing more convincing or testing than a live flight trial is nothing more convincing or testing than a live flight trial of an advanced systemof an advanced system

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SummarySummary

The tools defined in 1989- 1992 made a complete tool-The tools defined in 1989- 1992 made a complete tool-set, nobody has identified a missing tool set, nobody has identified a missing tool

The tools all worked although they showed the The tools all worked although they showed the mismatching concepts of the partnersmismatching concepts of the partners

Architecture has a profound affect - it exports its view Architecture has a profound affect - it exports its view of the function to the applicationsof the function to the applications

Advanced systems have to be Advanced systems have to be trustworthytrustworthy to become to become trusted.trusted.

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1 phare advanced tools (pats) by i. wilson, pats project leader eurocontrolby eurocontrol

Documents

trajectory negotiation

new trajectory

efficient trajectory

linked trajectory

client tools

efms trajectory predictor

overview of advanced

tools technical concept