1 photo: africa renewal vol22 no 2. july 2008 implication of global credit crisis on microfinance...
TRANSCRIPT
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Photo: Africa Renewal Vol22 No 2. July 2008
Implication of Global Credit Crisis on Microfinance Delivery
Mary Ellen Iskenderian, President & CEOFebruary 23, 2009
Women’s World Banking
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Women’s World Banking: Who We Are
WWB Global
40 Staff, Experts in Microfinance
Network Members
30 Microfinance Providers 21 countries
24 Other Financial Institutions Additional 9 countries
Services
Customer analysis and insightsProduct designMarketing and distribution strategiesLinkage to capital marketsPeer-to-peer learningKnowledge creation and dissemination
WWB Network Impact
Directly
11 MILLION POOR ENTREPRENEURS
Indirectly
ANOTHER 10 MILLION
FOR TOTAL IMPACT OF OVER
21 MILLION CLIENTS
GLOBAL NETWORK = Leveraging convening power, communication channels, and reputation to promote women as entrepreneurs, leaders and innovators
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WWB Core Network Members and Reach
Asia = 10, Africa = 8, LAC = 7, MENA and Eastern Europe = 5
30 Core Network Members in 21 Countries
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Our Mission
Our Impact
To expand the economic assets, participation, and power of poor women as entrepreneurs and economic agents by opening their access to finance, knowledge and markets
Largest network in microfinance, built over 30 years
Majority of WWB members are among the three highest-rated microfinance providers in their countries
75% of their clients are women
WWB members grow by an average of 30% each year
$2 billion in outstanding loan portfolio
Women’s World BankingMission and Impact
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Impact of Global Credit Crisis on Microfinance
Finance Finance• Increased Cost of Funding
•Structured Market slowdown/shutdown
•Existing relationships with investors largely unaffected but re-pricing happening per market conditions
•MFI demand for funds rising and many development finance institutions reaching their lending limit
•Decreased remittances
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Impact of Rising Fuel & Energy Prices on Microfinance
• Increased operating expenses (electricity, transportation, etc)
Offices closed on Saturdays
Transportation costs serious issue for MFIs with operations in areas outside cities
•Household expenses have increased, microentrepreneur margins down, especially for those who have operations outside their home
•Clients express difficulty reaching branches to receive services/repay loans
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Impact of Food Prices on Microfinance
Food • Food price increases add strain to the work of credit officers who need to prioritize interest collection over the clients’ household pressures
•Clients prioritize needs associated with food over repayment of interest on loans (or vice versa)
• Food consumption changes due to costs (Grameen Foundation: ‘MFI expressed concerns as their borrowers are eating less and less’)
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Financial Crisis: Impact on Developed Markets
US recession continues and deepens• Equity markets down over 30%• Real consumer spending down 3.1% q/q, largest decline since 1980
US credit markets• Cost of borrowing up despite reduction in Fed Funds rate• Spreads on single A corporates are 600-700 over 3-5 year Treasuries for a total cost of
borrowing in the 9-10% range. Spreads are up close to 400 bps since August 2008 Europe economy stagnant
• Real GDP fell 0.5% y/y, saar in 3Q08, compared with rising 7.9% y/y, saar in 1Q08 European credit markets
• 3-month LIBOR has fallen to 2.7%, down from a high of 4.8% in early October. Asia
• “Japan is in a shallow recession…the economy will likely not soon recover as long as external demand remains subdued.” (JP Morgan)
International capital is tighter, slower and more expensive.
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Financial Crisis: Impact on Emerging Markets
India• Government is actively trying to boost liquidity and overseas fund inflows. • Since October 2008, the Reserve Bank of India has cut interest rates by 150 bps,
while simultaneously relaxing external commercial borrowing restrictions to $500MM per borrower per year.
Pakistan• Pakistan continues to face economic and political challenges, resulting in a 600 bp
rise in borrowing costs and further fx deterioration. The BoP situation is worrisome. China
• Increased domestic demand will offset some G3 export decline, but aggressive monetary and fiscal polices are forecasted to foster GDP growth.
Africa • Some African governments are raising their capital adequacy requirements (eg,
Ghana) in response to the global financial crisis. PAR in Morocco has risen sharply but remains in line elsewhere in the region.
Economic slowdown of emerging markets is negatively impacting MFIs.
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Financial Crisis: Impact on Microfinance Providers
Loan renewals at higher interest rates with commercial and development institutions
More expensive / inflexible guarantee requirements
Increasing unavailability of local currency funding and lenders unwillingness to expose themselves to FX risk
As a Result, MFIs are:
• Curtailing business growth• Increasing monitoring from management
Increased cost of funds is a reality and need to be incorporated in MFIs’ growth projections.
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Clients Express Discontent-MFIs Look for Sensible Solutions
Clients request higher loan amounts to keep up with increased costs of goods and services
MFIs in turn are:
• Monitoring portfolios closely and questioning current business practices
• Reluctant to increase loan amounts-Can clients repay these higher loan amounts?
• Trying to respond with innovative solutions, while weighing the costs
Curtailed growth is leading to less outreach.
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Case Study-Kenya
Power consumption bills have tripled in single householdsCost of electricity expected to increase further if rains fail as most of the electricity is hydro generated
Inflation has more than doubled in one year due to high fuel & food prices
Consumption goods have doubled in price, while purchasing power is same
Kenya is among the 42 African nations where skyrocketing prices have resulted in public demonstrations and protests
“We need to raise 32 Billion shilling to meet the shortfall required in meeting the food requirements of more than 10 million Kenyans”. President Kibaki
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Case Study: Ghana
Inflation reached 18.1% as of December 2008, driven partly by a weaker cedi, which pushed up local prices for imported goods
Credit squeeze attributed largely to political jitters during an election year, and increased competition due to many new entrants in the banking industry
Credit situation expected to deteriorate with reduced remittances and declining demand for Ghana exports
Bank of Ghana has increased the minimum capital requirement for obtaining a Class 1 banking license (universal banking) to GH¢60 million, up from GH¢7 million. Existing banks are required to attain a minimum capitalization of GH¢ 60 million by December 31st 2009. Non-Bank Financial Institutions (NBFIs) and finance houses will increase from GH¢1.0 million and GH¢1.5 million respectively to between GH¢7 million.
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Managing the Crisis: WWB’s Recommendations to its MFI Partners
Continually monitor current and projected business plans
Have ALCO/Liquidity Treasury committees meet regularly
Closely monitor expenses per credit officer for efficient liability management
Stay close to the client to ensure MFI is providing best competitive products and services
Conduct more robust credit analysis of loan renewals
Proactive Client Monitoring and Close Screening of Costs
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Longer-term Solutions: Savings
“What MFIs can do to mitigate liquidity risks, my proposition is thus: Be savings led and inspire your clients to save, match savings with loans, avoid funding mismatch, develop an array of savings and deposit products, be market and fund driven, never depend on bank loans, rely less on donor and oversee funds, do not compete with commercial banks, avoid high volume loans, lend
short and lend small, slow down on lending-race up to savings.”
C.J. Agwu, Agric Banking FMFB, Lagos Nigeria.
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WWB’s Experience With Savings
Savings Product Design
Implementation in the Dominican Republic, Benin
Savings Demand Research Pakistan, Indonesia
“How-To” Guide for Introducing Voluntary Savings
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How WWB is helping Network Members Navigate Challenging Times
More frequent communications
Updating funding information• Network Members capital needs (debt/equity)• Checking in with investors more frequently (local/international)• Monitoring the macroeconomic environment
Introducing network members to donor capital
Leveraging Loan Guarantee Program to protect or develop new local funds
Addressing portfolio quality concerns
Offering contingency planning assistance
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Presented by Women’s World Banking www.womensworldbanking.org
“As MFIs, we make the best of new crises by looking for new solutions…”
(Kenyan Network Member)
Prognosis for the Future