1 photo: bbsweb.net child migration. 2 migration’s changing age structure: a field-building...
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Migration’s changing age structure: a field-building opportunity
Project to synthesize existing information, explore potential opportunity for impact
Research on child
outcomes
Research on migration
Scholars
Data
Research
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End Goals• Future of Children volumes
– Is there enough credible research ?
• Is there a foundation/need to forge a child centric migration agenda?
– Practical and research
• How to sustain momentum?
– Data needs and opportunities
– Research and intervention agenda?
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Synthesis Papers: Step # 1
• Overall Objective
To assess the state of knowledge about migrant youth and children in academic research about migrant youth and children in developing countries/industrialized countries (mainly but not limited to Europe)
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Anticipated Outcomes
• Development of a framework matrix to conceptualize relevant research topics
• Review existing academic literature
• Assess available data to study child and youth migration
• Identify key researchers
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Guiding Questions
• What topics have been explored most thoroughly and which remain understudied?
• Does adequate data exist to accurately evaluate the growing and changing roles of migrant youth?
• Who is doing the highest caliber research about migrant youth, and for which countries?
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Child-Centric Questions
• How does migration influence well-being of children and youth? – Presumes modeling of the auspices of
migration; – Comparison to nonmigrants
• How do migrant children and youth fare in their host countries? – Comparisons to nonmigrant youth at
destination
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Migrant Youth in Developing Countries
Andrea Rossi
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ROSSI--Definitions
• Population: children & youth (0-18; 24)• Types of Movement
– Duration (temporary, permanent)– Spatial (internal, international)
• Child Centric• Accompanied vs unaccompanied• Second generation • Foster arrangement• Left behind (one or both parents)• Voluntary/forced
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Organization of Findings
• Migration types: (comparison groups)– Children Left Behind (non migrant youth?)– Forced Migration and Trafficking (??)– Migrant children in developing nations (host
country youth?)
• Methodological challenges– Endogeneity of migration decision – Data limitations – Defining migration households
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Children Left Behind via remittances
1. Child health: – Birth weight; underweight; infant mortality– Mechanisms: Social remittances + income
2. Educational outcomes– Drop out; enrollment duration– Mechanisms: income (+); child replacement for
adult labor (-) – Comparison group: children of nonmigrants
(selection?)– Mixed results: most positive, some negative
(age dependent)
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Children Left Behind via remittances
3. Youth labor force activity– Parent absence child labor replacement– Market & family time reallocation – Effects depend on rural/urban residence
4. Socio-Emotional Costs– Underspecified, but presumed to be negative– Highly dependent on age at parent migration
and duration
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Children Left Behind
5. Gender and family structure– Can mediate the consequences of migration
for young people via resource and time allocation
– depends on which parent migrates and remits
– If moms have a say in resource (remittance) allocation
– Open questions: Parental time channel and child outcomes
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Forced Migration
• Forced migrants and refugee youth
– characterized as vulnerable youth but no systematic empirical evidence
• Victims of trafficking:
–mainly qualitative data
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Migrant Children in LDC’s
• Destination countries: stock and age composition of foreign born (though no indication of numbers)
• Impacts:
1. Health
2. Education
3. Economic activity
4. Psycho-social
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Migrant Children in LDCs
1. Health impacts• Survival advantages but mechanisms not
always clear (rural/urban)• Migration for health care, though speculative• Migration and health risks: ambiguous,
depending on conditions at origin and destination and auspices of migration
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Migrant Children in LDCs
2. Education Outcomes– Sparse empirical evidence for LDC’s– Discussion of hypothetical links and
appropriate comparison groups3. Employment Outcomes
– Sparse empirical evidence for child labor in LDCs; suggestive case studies, but no meta analysis
– Most studies focus on older age groups (e.g. McKenzie)
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Migrant Children in LDCs
4. Psycho-Social Impacts
–Greatest dearth of information; hypothetical channels for outcomes
–Disruption effects
–(Non) Adaptation [cultural conflict]
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Challenges for Child Centric Migration Research
• Data:
– Migration questions in ongoing surveys
– Migration context: family vs. individual (child)
• Estimation and counterfactuals– Endogeneity of migration decision– Relevant reference groups and comparisons
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Conceptual Considerations1. Migrant children and youth
– Youth as category of all migrants vs. migrants as a category of all youth?
– Definition refinements—e.g., 2nd generation– International vs. internal migrants—do
outcomes differ?
2. Age– profiles of migration more informative than
migrant stock figures– Timing of migration crucial for assessing
outcomes
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Conceptual Considerations
3. Decision unit: “Bring back the family”
– Why do children migrate? (tied, autonomous, forced)
– How does the family figure in the decisions for youth/child migration?
– How to represent the family/household for conceptualizing child/youth migration decision-making?
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Findings and Questions
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Migration
Family Structure
Child Welfare
Remittances