The Pattern of Space Overseas Housing of Ethnic Tionghoa Case Study House - shops in the Makassar City

Mieke Choandi, Ir., MT.1

Lecturer majoring in Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Tarumanagara UniversityAddress Email : mieke_choandi@hotmail.com or mieke@untar.ac.id

A b s t r a c t

Ethnic Chinese as immigrants, always living in the area along the coast near the port, which makes it easier for them to trade and doing business. The success of they trade need a place to live. Factors trade souls to make them think forming an efficient homes in order to control trade, their wealth, distance and the family. In consideration of this, the Chinese ethnic community building applying

the basic principles of the right to a habitable building and commerce, which is known as the house-shop (Shop), is typical of residential of ethnic Chinese which always seen in the Chinatown and as a "landmark" of Chinatown in a city, which is found in almost all the cities and ports all along the coast.Makassar City located along the coast Makassar strait. Most of the immigrants are from the South Tiongkok (Hokkian, Hakka/Khe), they worked as the traders and businessmen and lived in a house-shop in Chinatown area, near the Seaport Soekarno-Hatta Seaport, which stretches along the coast.The shop building lined in a row around The Market Butung (the oldest market built early 19th century), which along jl. Butung, jl. Central Sulawesi, jl. Nusantara, and surrounding area. Occupants of the shop is a first generation immigrant and a ful-blooded Chinese community (original). Which proved, the women inhabitants in this region Hokkien nation tribes, have small legs and dress shape models of Thong-Sam and also have a bun. As immigrants, they settled in the Makassar city. Is the pattern and function of the building has undergone and is influenced by local architecture? This paper attempts to explore the application of the configuration space for ethnic Chinese immigrants in shop building in Chinatown Makassar.

Key words : ethnic chinese, migrants, the pattern users space, the shop

Background

Chinatown is always can be found along the entire city in Indonesia, this region have an average trade center functions, settlements and other Facilities for ethnic Chinese. Chinese immigrants mostly from along the Yellow river (Hwan Hee) and the Yangzi river, Hua tribes called Huaxia tribes2 , spread to the south and southeast China up to the west. The major causes of immigration to outside of China to the west3; 1) The battle that has never finished. 2) The War between the tribe. 3) Encouraged seek a better life (trade, craft development). 4) Labor Shortages in Southeast Asia, an example mining in Bangka, Belitung, plantation in Medan. Since then, transmigration took place in large-scale out of China. When shipping to evolve,, the Hua crossed oceans to Southeast Asia, one of the Indonesian state.In short, since the 5th century AD, the Chinese community are familiar with the archipelago (Handinoto, 2009) 4. 7th century the ethnic Chinese emigrated to State of Indonesia to trade activities, fairly succeed. According to the old records of China said that the kingdoms in the Archipelago has been closely linked with the ruling dynasties in China5, which feeds the trade and traffic of goods and people from China to the archipelago, and otherwise (Wordpress.com , 2010) 6. The success of ethnic Chinese trade in the 11th century, attracted the ethnic Chinese to began live / settled in Indonesia, the main job is trade.7

1 Ir. Meike Tjoandi, MT. Lecturer in Architectural Design, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Architecture, University of Tarumanagara. Jakarta. Indonesia. Staf Pengajar Perancangan Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Arsitektur, Universitas Tarumanagara. Jakarta. Indonesia.

2 http://tionghoa.org/the-history-of-china/san-huang-wu-di/62-tiga-raja-dan-lima-kaisar

3 Liang U. 2012. Bagaimana Penyebaran Tionghoa Bisa Sampai Indonesia. Posted by Michael Steven. http: //mikeportal.blogspot. com /2012/09/bagaimana-penyebaran-tionghoa-bisa-sampai-indonesia.html

4 Handinoto. 2009. Perkembangan Bangunan Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia. Surabaya. Univ. Petra;intiasari.

5 FER BAS. 2012. Perkembangan Pemukiman Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia http://febasfi.blogspot.com/2012/11/perkembangan-pemukiman-etnis-tionghoa.html

6 http://penerbitininnawa. Wordpress.com. 2010 7 Leo, Suryadinata. Etnis Tionghoa dan Pembangunan Bangsa, 1999, Jakarta : Pustaka LP3S.

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Almost all big cities in Indonesia is located along the coast possessed traces of the presence of ethnic Chinese, including Makassar. It was proven by the existence of cultural treasures and architecture around the region. The arrival of ethnic Chinese in the city of Makassar, the exact time of the reign of the Kingdom of Gowa, in its glory days, Makassar city became a crowded maritime center in the archipelago, is implied in the footsteps of history in the form of text on a headstone in the Chinese cemetery in Makassar (now Central Market) which states, ethnic Chinese 've come to Makassar since the 14th century8.(Daeng Gassing, 2013). Historians Dr. Edward L. Poelinggo-mang (Unhas) in his book, "Assimilation in Makassar (Pembauran di Makassar)" wrote: there are four cluster Chinese ethnic came to Makassar with different cultural background, namely Hokkian, Hakka, Cantonese and Hainan that have different languages accents (dialects). All came from the south plains China near the city of Macao. Tionghoa ethnic entered the city of Makassar in 1618 through join venture, such as loji. If trading and shipping companies in the Makassar city being traced, the Arabs has taken spices through the Chinese ethnic from VII and VIII century. The triumph of Gowa being extended to9 South Sulawesi area which ports10 will no longer show vivid limits separation, so it makes traders and Chinese ethnic shipping harbored at Makassar sea-ports, known as " Soekarno-Hatta Airport Makassar Sea Port (Pelabuhan Laut Makassar Soekarno- Hatta) ". This is where they build houses and place of trading/ business.

This paper fills with description based from observation result of Chinese ethics architecture concept in Chinese areas, as a check on the utilization and drawing up space on the merger function building, known as the shop. Scientist David G. Kohl government (1984:22) said, there are four basic concept11 of Chinesse architecture: courtyard, the emphasis of the roof, exposure of structural elements, and the use of color. But Chinese ethnic architecture in South East Asia region in the book "Chinese Architecture in The Straits settlements and Western Malaya" ;12 with courtyard, gable form roof with curved upward end, open structure elements and the usage of primary colors. Koentjaraningrat (1999) & Antariksa (2010)13 frequently had done researches said that Chinese village in the cities have the form of row houses which was the opposite way of shopping center, under one roof, and did not have a courtyard. There is no roof in the middle part of the house. The front room of the house is always used as a living room and a place for an ash table (prayer). There are aisle with bedroom on the left and right side. The shape of the roof is always pointed at the ends (Chih-Wei), included carvings on the pillars and beams. The interesting part is whether the Chinesse ethnic immigrants formed a Chinese ethnic villages lined along the highway, close to the port, build by using the characteristics of Chinese architecture, with a combined function, and how they divide/ arrange the room according to their function.

Chinese dwelling in the Makassar city

Initially, the Chinese Makassar Village is located in the fortress region of Sumba Opu, which is used as the center of the Gowa kingdom triumphed, which characterized by the presence of commercial port in Jeneberang river. Chinese ethnic came and settled around the fortress of Sumba Opu by working as a merchant, sailor and farmer, and live mingled with the local population. The kingdom of Gowa fell by the Dutch, the crowded center was transferred, the Chinese ethnic was allocated in the area that is called Chineese Wijk ( Chinesse Village), banned interaction with local people, all life movement being regulated and supervised very tightly. Until now, the region known as "Chinatown" of Makassar, which bordering with the Arab villages and Melayu Village. Chinese areas are located along Pasaarstraat street (now Nusantara street) which was a trading center and government offices, government offices were facing with chinesse ethnic shops. The

8 Gassing, Ipul. 2013. Jejak-Jejak Tionghoa Di Makassar. http://daenggassing.com/2013/03/07/jejak-jejak-tionghoa-di-makassar/

9 First occupied by Ming Dynasty descent, Now The symbol Established http://beta.beritakotamakassar.com/index.php?option=read&newsid=47617 ;

10 Reid, Anthony. 1999. Of the expansion Until condition: Network global trade Southeast Asia 1450-1680s. Volume II. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

11Khol, David G. (1984), Chinese Architecture in The Straits settlements and Western Malaya: Temples Kongsis and

Houses." Heineman Asia, Kuala Lumpur.

12 David G. Khol . 1984. "Chinese Architecture in The Straits settlements and Western Malaya :: Temples Kongsis and Houses". Heineman Asia, Kuala Lumpur.

13 Space. 2010. See a Chinese Area History and Architecture http:blogspot.com.

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beginning Chinese ethnic spreading was throughout Makassar and other districts in South Sulawesi, when restrictions on the region for the ethnic Chinese were eliminated 14. According to Reid (2004:139), the trade relations between the Makassar with Java and the Malays have occurred during a few centuries before 16th century in the southern coast South Sulawesi. Because the vendors must come and restock supplies along the south coast of South Sulawesi in an effort to find spices in Maluku Islands, the routes has been opened since 16th century. Later of 16th century until early of 17th century (1546-1565), Makassar became the center of commerce for European and Chinesse. In 1619, Tionghoa ethnic establish a trading representative in Makassar. (Reid, 2004, 156).15

Around 17th century Makassar has been formed physical structure city, with straight line roads, parallel to the shore line and longitudinal north-south direction. Four main road that stretch, at the western most is Cinastraat (Passerstraat) now become Nusantara Street, Templestraat (now Sulawesi Street), Middlestraat (now Bonerate Street) and Burgherstraat (now Jampea Street). Chinatown is located along Pasaarstraat Street (now Nusantara Street) is the center of commerce and government offices, government offices are on the opposite side of Chinese ethnic owned shops. Early Tionghoa ethnic spread throughout Makassar and other districts in South Sulawesi, when restrictions on the region for the Tionghoa ethnic were eliminated 16. Until now this area known as "chinatown" of Makassar, which bordering with Arab Village and Melayu Village.

Around 17th-centur

Figure 1 : Melayu Village - City of Makassar (documents KITLV)17

Source http://makassarnolkm.com/kota-makassar-di-akhir-abad-17-dan-awal-abad-18/

Handinoto (1990:5) & Antariksa (2010), said that city type during the colonial era in terms of city planning and building; there are city spatial square, mosques, government offices, prisons, and chinatown. Until now, the chinatown of Makassar still has the characteristic of colonial era city, such as; markets (Butung Market as town square), mosques, Immigration office, police station and prison, Soekarno-Hatta Port, and building of house-shop (the home-business), or buildings with Chinese character in a row along the main road of the area (Nusantara Street, Butung Street, Sulawesi Street) with application of chinesse culture. Physically, the shape of the building seem obvious with a curved roof, parallel gable gavel, balconied, the use of very simple ornaments on the roof, arcade, windows and doors using wood with a wooden hinge system, etc.

Shape of Chinese Ethnic Buildings in Chinatown of Makassar

Since the 11th century, Chinese ethnic peoples start to settle in Indonesia, and the main job is trading. Since Makassar made as free port, Chinese ethnic merchants returned rapidly, including Singapore vendors. At that moment, the Chinese ethnic residential was built around the port area; around Sulawesi Street, Butung Street (the city's oldest trading center of Makassar and Soekarna-Hatta Seaport), Nusantara Street, Gunung Bulusaraung Street and Ahmad Yani Street. This area is called Company Town or Chinatown.18

14 Opsit

15 Reid, Anthony. 1999. Of the expansion Until condition: Network global trade Southeast Asia 1450-1680s. Volume II. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

16 Opsit

17 Warga Makassar. 2012. Makassar City in the late 17th and early 18th century. Sejarah Budaya. http://makassarnolkm.com/ City of Makassar-in-the century-17-and-first-century-18/

18First occupied by Ming Dynasty descent, Now The symbol Established

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land and sea borders

Tionghoa ethnic coming to Makassar through Soekarno-Hatta seaport, aimed to deal in order to achieve a prosperous life. While engaged in a trade, they also think of a living place, the practical way buildings are designed for combined function, hence as a residence(dwelling) also business/trade, known as house-shop (SHOP). The basic principle of Chinese Ethnic buildings is effective in very limited land use, means forming a mass of the shop building that long and narrow (rectangular). The building of ethnic Chinese adopting the form of local residential buildings in the neighborhood. Physically clearly seen, when the Dutch Colonial building housing for its citizens, ethnic Chinese community inside the fort following the pattern of the Dutch housing residents, the buildings side by side with no storey, narrow building width (5-8 m') facing to the canal/highway. This kind of building is called type Stads wooningen/home town. This pattern evolved into a pattern of shop building located in Chinatown (Widayati 2003).19

The shop building lined along the Nusantara street, Sulawesi street, Butung street, Bonerate street, and Jampea street, near around the Soekarna-Hatta Seaport, which is known as "Chinatown". With the flow of time, the trading activity is much higher / larger than the habitation activity, which is resulting in the need much larger area to trade, resulting of changes and additions use of space and spatial arrangement.

The concept of ethnic Chinese Building

Scientists David G. Kohl government (1984:22) 20, said:

The fundamental concepts of Chinese architecture -- fourfold: the courtyard,nya of the roof, exposure of structural elements, and the use of color"

Characteristics of Ethnic Chinese architectural which located in Southeast Asia, is written in the book "Chinese Architecture in the Straits Settlements and Western Malaya"21; 1) Had acourtyard; open space is more privacy, usually combined with a garden. 2) The form of the roof of the building; gable with the edge of the roof (either the top or the bottom of the roof) curved upwards, called "Ngang Shan". 3) Elements of the open structure; the structure with decorative ornament on wood construction (ethnic Chinese expertise), seen in the details of constructive supporting the roof called "Tou Kong", a meeting between the column-beam. Stacking roof truss shown openly. 4) The use of color; color of the ethnic Chinese architecture is very meaningful symbolic. A specific color given on specific elements of the building. Commonly used primary colors; red and golden yellow.

According to the Vasanty in Koentjaraningrat (1999) & Antariksa (2010)22 mentioned; in the towns, the ethnic Chinese buildings form a row of building which facing the highway of a shopping center, under one roof, has no yard. In the middle of the house there is roofless area to plant crops, wash the dishes, and drying the clothes as substitute yard. The front room is always the living room and a gray table Ancestors (prayer desk). There is a aisle which is right-left are the bedrooms. At the rear there is a kitchen and a bathroom. Origin of the Characteristics of Chinese ethnic (ancient), the form of the roof is always pointed at the ends (Chih-Wei), included carvings in the pillars and beams. Widodo in Lilananda (1990: 51-52) says the characteristics of the ethnic Chinese house; 1 Zoning is quite clear between the public, semi-public, private, and service; 2. the existence of dark alley (alley) as the circulation; 3. the presence of courtyard as a link between the home front and the rear. 23

Djin Gin Su (1964) in Antariksa (2010) explained the physical characteristics of Chinese architecture; 1). Pattern of the building layout and environment reflection harmony, balance, harmony with nature 2). The existence of a terrace/a balcony as a transitional space. 3). The building system structure, the framework system in standard

http://beta.beritakotamakassar.com/index.php?option=read&newsid=47617 ;

19 Widayati, N. & Sumintardja, D. 2003. The Settlement China in West Jakarta ( Early ideas Concerning the evaluation Governor's decree No. 475/1993). Technology Journal study, 5 (1): 1-24.

20Khol, David G. (1984), Chinese Architecture in The Straits settlements and Western Malaya: Temples Kongsis and

Houses." Heineman Asia, Kuala Lumpur.

21 David G. Khol . 1984. “Chinese Architecture in The Straits Settlements and Western Malaya :Temples Kongsis and Houses”. Heineman Asia, Kuala Lumpur..

22 Antariksa. 2010. Melihat Sejarah dan Arsitektur Kawasan Pecinan. http:blogspot.com

23 Lilananda, R.P. (1998). Inventarisasi Karya Arsitektur Cina di Kawasan Pecinan Surabaya. Penelitian. Tidak dipublikasikan. Surabaya: Universitas Kristen Petra. hal.51-52. http://blogspot.com

26 Antariksa. 2010. Melihat Sejarah dan Arsitektur Kawasan Pecinan. http:blogspot.com4

modular and various sizes of modules. 4). The angle has a support (console) at roof section called Tou-Kung. 5). The form of the roof; There are two types of structures, there are Tai Liang – a system of the lowest pole and beam is placed at the top of the column in the direction of the width of the building. Chuan Dou - The columns are set up towards tranvesal and each other in the belt (Knapp, 1986: 6-7) 24. 6). The use of colors, each color gives meaning. Typically uses primary colors; yellow, blue, red, white, black, very closely related to the natural elements such as; water, wood, fire, metal and earth. 7). The gate is face to face with the road which facing south. 8). Details of the balcony, using a form of a mock chrysanthemum or tortoises (the meaning of a long life).E.Tjahjadi, Cs. (1999), the identity of "China Town" has; characteristics of historic neighborhoods, community and formed a group of ethnic Chinese with the specific character of the building, simple upto complex decoration, the elements on the gate as a place of activity. In identifying ethnic Chinese architecture through the characteristic look of the building, the pattern of organizing space and the building area developmen patterns.

G.Liu (1989) in the book "Chinese Architecture" written that Chinese architecture can be seen: a) The organization of space is very simple. b) The basic concept of space using "Jian- 間"/"Keng"/"bay-room" as a standard unit, which repeatedly developed into a mass of buildings or groups of building. c) "Jian- 間"/"Keng" is a rectangular room lined by wall/limited by columns. Psychologically forming a space/a hall/"ting- 亭", using standard units along the longitudinal axis (longitudinal and horizontal repeated constantly).

The concept of "Jian- 間 "/"Keng" is the concept of the Shang Dynasty. The spaces are arranged at equal intervals, always use odd multiples of producing a wide span. The concept of spatial organization variation applied to the hall, couryard, the number of units of space, etc. A "Jian- 間"/"Keng" can change the function, the space can be used as a living room, a prayer room / table prayer, workspace, etc. The shape of space is always the same. Between the two spaces is always linked by porch/a circulation can be a path /corridor.

Opinions of Tjahyono Gunawan (2012), Space as a space. In the repertoire of the Chinese language, the space is expressed in two words. "Jian- 間" is 1) a meaningful understanding compound, flowing and ready to change. 2) shows a modular grid. Building with three jian, meaning that consists of three modular grid, there are at home siheyuan- 四合院 (four coupling unit buildings), or sanheyuan- 三合院 (three copies) / sanjianzhang-shuangloklou 三 間 张 双 落 楼 (zhang shuang lou).

Qin Jian Chen in Gunawan (2012); The building of the Chinese people could consist only one jian- 間. The more Jian- 間, position of the occupants is higher/more important, because jian- 間 can represent the user/owner. Jian- 間 understood as the space between things/absence (absent) in between something.

 

Picture 2 : sanheyuan - 三合院 (three-fold) with cortyard

The concept of Chinese architecture heavily influenced by the culture and customs of the tribe. The concepts and patterns of mass of the building can not be the same, even they living together in the southern region of

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5

Courtyard1

Sanheyuan 三合院(three-fold)

One j ian(間)

China. The characteristics of Chinnese architecture in each tribe of ethnic Chinese25 have: a) A Courtyard. b) in one house consists of two or three rooms. c) brick house, roof with staircase. d) The plains of south coast (The Southern Coast) using of enclose structure (weizi). e) Decorating of the roof made of wood. f) roof construction using timber and roof. g) Forms of space, use module/standard space dimensional is jian. h) Jian is space is at a specified interval columns, have a particular size (in width, long & height). i) Number of jian always odd. Number of even jian avoided because of the shape asymmetry and uncertain.

Case Study House shops in Makassar

A Chinese areas

Photo 3 :  Chinese areas in Makassar situation ( th. 1998-An ) Source: mieke (1969)

Chinatown areas of Makassar is 44 hectares, was turned into a symbol for the wealth of the established Chinese descent. Chinese residents consists of four tribes; Cantonese (goldsmith), Hainan (coffee shop), Hokkien, and Hakka / Khe (traders). Originally ethnic Chinese community settled clustered behind Jampea Street and Bonerate Street as residential areas, offices, and restaurants. Later lived in three villages, there are Sulawesi Street, Irian Street in the village of Ende, Patuluan and New Malay (along the coast Losari). On the Nusantara Street and Sulawesi Street were crowded by the house, office, and an area where used for trading by the Chinese people and indigenous king's family (noble). 26

25 Architecture China 4000 BC. http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CGUQFjAD&url =http 3A%2F2Fraziq_hasan.staff.gunadarma.ac.id%2FDownloads%2Ffiles%2F13338%2FARSITEKTUR%2BCINA.pdf&ei=46nET8CFLcWIrAeN-6TcDw&usg=AFQjC-ymy0hrnuq

26First occupied by Ming Dynasty descent, Now The symbol Established http://beta.beritakotamakassar.com/index.php?option=read

&newsid=47617 6

SHOP

Soekarno – Hatta

SH

House-Shop Area

Serang

street

Soekarno – Hatta Seaport Area

Pelabuhan

Butung Stree S

H

Coffe Shop

The multi-ethnic settlement area in the sub-district Wajo around the port, is a Chinatown area including the area of "Makassar in The Past". The Chinatown area side by side to the Port of Makassar is the forerunner to the development of four ethnic; Chinese, Arabic, Malay, and Indian / Pakistani, who came to Makassar since hundreds of years ago. 27

Chinatown area in Makassar as a case study, the location on Nusantara Street (at the intersection/junction between Butung Street and Nusantara Street), is a junction that connecting the main road (the road skewer, see figure 3 - plot no.1). The House-Shop building belonging to businessman which is the first immigrants (from South China), stay at this House-Shop since 1930 to 1998. Now, all House-Shop parallel to the Soekarno-Hatta Seaport has taken over for the expansion of the port. Along Nusantara Street, Sulawesi Street, and Butung Street is a Chinatown area, the entire building in this area is House-Shop building type. The conditions of this area is always crowded (24 hours). Every day buzzes with commercial activity, this region is the center of wholesale and retail trade. On the Road Butung there is an old market called "Market Butung" (built 1917), the main trade is textiles in addition to vegetables. Among the House-Shop, there is a coffee shop, when the ship leaned in Seaports of "Soekarno-Hatta", the shop will be open until late at night,.

Posisi and form The mass buildings

The layout buildings' Nusantara no. 331, And set him before roads in Chinese areas of Makassar at a crossroads between precisely way Nusantara with way Butung (see figure 3 steps 1). The titles of a house function shops, the main activity is trade.

Physical form the building, has a wide buildings 5.00 m', length of the building 33.00 , m' plus long-term terrace 2.00 m'. Mass form building four square with a comparison 1 : 7, the form narrow, and long-term is used the land of maximally and characteristic Chinese architecture .

Picture 4  : Sketch buildings Companions First, around the year 1940 - 1960 'anJl. Nusantara no. 331 - Makassar, South Sulawesi (Source: mieke)

 Picture 5 : situation and are seen as The Pasaarstraat (way Nusantara)

27China Town, http://aroelaidah.wordpress.com/2010/01/25/china-town/

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Courtyard

One " Jian.

Beginning of the 20th century (documents KITLV)28

The pattern order The House Building-shop

Picture 6 : Picture Sketch house building shops way Nusantara no. 331, Makassar

Picture 6 : patterns make-up Space in house building shops way Nusantara, Makassar

Opinion g.liu (1989), "Jian-間" as standard units, can be developed and repeatedly to one of the group mass buildings. Jian-間 is grid modular, a concept means compound, rivers and ready to change. The shop uses the concept of "Jian-間" as standard unit/grid modular, the foundations 5.00m' x 5.00m'. A massive jian is not the same, but is still being underground was located at a longitudinal, repeatedly elongated and horizontally will continually29 be at a specified interval has columns. The shop is composed of a series grid modular became a mass buildings. Basic pattern flows to Jian- 間 back and change the space in accordance with the requirements. Divided into 2nd floor, floor space used shop-zone public, semi-public service, fifth floor and was worn live-

28 Warga Makassar- In Sejarah Budaya, winmail.dat. October 12, 2012. Chinese culture traces In Makassar. http://groups. Yahoo.com per group/budaya_tionghua/message/63318

29 Gunawan Tjahjono. 2012. Jian, Keantaraan concept as the Chinese People: An Introduction to Bong 墓 , Keng 間 (Jian), and Bio 廟 . National Seminar on "Chinese architecture in Central Java". Architecture Department Faculty of Engineering, and Tarumanagara University. Jakarta.

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The private (bed room

The Semi-Status

Public Space

The Private (bed room

The Semi-Public

Room service (Kitchen

Public Space (shops,

Balcony

zone semi-public, semi-status and status. Number of Jian-間 use multiple odd (7 jian) to produce landscape wide. When the need room for business, changes space; the prayers, guest room changed into a space business, family room after courtyard 1 changed so guest room, development zone is still unclear, jian 1 terrace, jian 2 & 3 space business, jian 4 function (courtyard), jian 5 guest room, jian 6 courtyard 2 (wash, matress), jian 7 kitchen and dining room. Zone that happened jian 1-3 public, jian 4 park, jian 5 public, jian 6 park, jian 7 service. 2nd floor; jian 1 balcony, jian 2 status, jian 3 semi-public, jian 4 park, jian 5 semi-status, jian 6 park, jian 7 status.

The pattern room order form of "jian-間" is still clear only the amount varied (figure 6). Massive changes "jian-間 " due 2 things; a) influence pattern structure/locale local space. b) because the needs space, "jian- 間 " changed its function as ; terrace and guest room is used as working room (trade), courtyard remains as courtyard, family room turned over to be the first etc. zone structure and function room to hirarkhi floor space; 1 - the front as public space - terrace, cocktail shop, and the work (storage). The semi-public a courtyard 1 and guest room. Space (dining room semi-private) and service (Kitchen) and courtyard 2 is used as a dressing room and bathroom window shopping. The same form rectangular, different massive space. Top floor as a house. The layout household located in the "jian-間" of the two (public space). Main bedroom used by orag accepted companions of old () is located in the euro zone most front (Chinese ethnic culture. After courtyard 1, zone learning space (semi Status). Courtyard 2, is still as service area. Zone room located in the "Jian-間" most end (companions youngest). The clarity placement and the use space highly choreographed proceedings in accordance with hierarchy, the occupant position companions accepted and the young ones. Space Zone business per trade, courtyad first as a hedge public space with the status companions. Between two rooms are linked serambi/open verandah/aisle function as path circulation (± 1.00 m'. All the space / 'jian-間" have a high ceiling around 4.20 - 5.00 m'. All the space has been prepared in interval that period (see figure 6).

In one house, if "Jian-間" more and more, more than and important position its inhabitants. Number of Jian-間 represents social and economic status its owner. Of ethnic Chinese Indonesians who have a form of "jian-間 " multilevel seven or more, and have two courtyard, including ethnic Chinese who succeeded in trade, charitable activities status is visible.

It seems The building

Picture 7 : Shopping Center for Chinese Makassar beginning of the 20th century (documents KITLV)30

The cana Shop ethnic Chinese face to face Dutch government offices.

Source: http://www.kabarkami.com/bangunan-di-jalan-nusantara-dulu-dan-sekarang.html

The buildings along the way Nusantara mixed; 1) berloteng without balcony without arcade, 2) berloteng with balcony without arcade, 3) berloteng without balcony berarcade. The Third form of giving colors by itself in the region Chinese Area in. Motif baluster balcony crisan flower use synthetic or turtles land, which has the meaning a long life. buildings no. 331, Berlonteng, berbalkon with the merger motif turtles and crisan flower..

Element Buffer roof

30 iPul Gassing. Mar-7-2013. Jejak-Jejak Tionghoa Di Makassar, http://daenggassing.com/2013 /03/07/jejak-jejak-tionghoa-di-makassar/

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Ber-balcony Ber-balcony and owning arcade /

Picture 8 : detail Buffer roof (Tou Kong) simple The house building - shop is very simple31

Cantilever roof, use of supporting a canopy most simple. Another thing with buildings pagoda / places of worship buffer roof multilevel and motif. Buffer attai utilized on the roof terrace buildings.

Roof

Using the wooden material roof construction and roof. Roof house building shops ethnic Chinese use of a canopy " Ngang Shan ", the roof saddle at the top and the curved form beneath them over. The structure is open to house building shops are not included decorated with ornaments and various kinds.

Picture 9 : roof Architecture China types of roof "Ngang Shan", a canopy plana on the other end roof top - under-shaped stave churches over.

Source: http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2011/05/10/menelusuri-jejak-tionghoa-di-jakarta-363698.html

The use Colors

House Building shops ethnic Chinese do not apply use colors, depending on each individual owner of the house-shop.

Conclusion

The house building stores Nusantara no way. 331 Still to apply the pattern the structure and use the rule in a building ethnic Chinese, it was proven :- A comparison width and length mass buildings 1:7, the use of land is as much as possible, form the mass

buildings four square.- Ber-courtyard two with connecting open verandah space with serambi/wide 1.00 m'.- Shop ethnic Chinese in studying abroad is still using "Jian- 間 " as a basis for standard units or "Grid

Modular" in the formation of space, different even though the amount. - The Formation the concept of "Jian- 間 " the house building shops clear along the axis longitudinal,

repeatedly elongated and horizontally will continually. The halls has been prepared in interval that period, multiple odd (7 jian) in producing a glowing landscape wide.

- Forms and space ; use modular/standard room dimensions basic "Jian-間". The form is always the same square.

- Roof buildings; plana dome with the tip over, by using ornaments are very, very simple. The concept of "Jian-間 " is applied in the formation of the building a house-shop. As it requires space and space, has changed its function. But the distribution zone on implementing highest priority must always be in their use hirarkhi has just found. Even then, form and structure space the concept of "Jian-間" does not change, only a massive vast space can be changed (with the needs). The pattern interval in a longitudinal to be applied.

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31 Ibid

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T h e r o o f t o p - u n d e r

c u r v e d k a t a s .     And br ing  

Roof plana, bent over

Architecture China 4000 BC. http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CGUQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fraziq_hasan. staff. gunadarma.ac.id %2FDownloads%2Ffiles%2F13338%2FARSITEKTUR%2BCINA.pdf &ei =46nET8CFLcWIrAeN-6TcDw&usg=AF qjcneqfs ua6r4uq80woe4a-ymy0hrnuq

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