1. population.ppt

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Population

Explosion

The world’s population is growing EXPONENTIALLY.

This means that the growth rate has become increasingly rapid.



Population Growth

Exponential growth produces aline that becomes steeper over

time, taking the shape of a J

Today population growth ratesare slowing down, so the

shape of the graph is levelling

off into an S curve.



The population grows if

the birth rate is higher

than the death rate =

NATURAL INCREASE

The number of births

per thousand

per year

The number of deaths

per thousandper year The population declines if

the death rate is higher

than the birth rate =

NATURAL DECREASE

BIRTH RATE -

DEATH RATE



Stage 1High birth rate - many childrenneeded to help with farming. No

family planning.

High death rate – disease, famine,

little medical knowledge Example – remote groups e.g.

Amazon Indians



Stage 2High birth rate - many childrenneeded to help with farming. No

family planning.

Falling death rate – improvements

in medical care, water supply and

sanitation Example – Afghanistan

Total rising steadily



Stage 3

Falling birth rate - improved medical

care and diet. Fewer children dying sofewer needed.

Example – Brazil

Slowly falling death rate –

improvements in medical care,

water supply and sanitation

Total rising steadily



Stage 4 Low birth rate - family planning,good health, later marriages

Example – UK, USA

Low death rate – good healthcare,

Reliable food and water supply

Growth rate

Slowing down



Stage 5

Example – Germany, France,

Japan

Death rate steady –

good healthcare, reliable food

and water supply

Birth rate is now below

Death rate so the population

is decreasing in totalPopulation

declining

Natural

decrease



A population pyramid

shows the proportion of

males and females in

each age group.

Population structure is

the % of the population ineach age category.

The population structure

of a country is shown bya population pyramid.

A census is a count of the

population. In the UK this

takes place every 10 years.



The population pyramid

of an LEDC is typically

a triangular shape.

- The STRUCTURE of the population shown by this

pyramid has:

A large number of

children and young

people

Few elderly people



- The REASONS for the population STRUCTURE

shown below are:

High birth

rate

High death

rateLow life

expectancy

High infantmortality rate



The STRUCTURE of the population shown by this

pyramid has:

Few children and

young people

Many elderly

people

More elderly

women than men

The population

pyramid of anMEDC has a

more

rectangular

shape



- The REASONS for the population STRUCTURE

shown below are:

Low birth rate

Low death

rateLong life

expectancy



How does each of these factors affect population growth?



Achieving highly in any career demands a large time

commitment, leaving less opportunity for taking maternity

leave or caring for children. Some women make deliberate

choices regarding not having children or having them later,

and these increase as an economy develops.

People migrate from countryside



Factors affecting

population growth

Agricultural

changeUrbanisation

EducationEmancipation of

women

Improved technology

improves yields &

saves labour

Workers freed up to

work in industry –

migrated to towns

People migrate from countryside

to towns for jobs & better

education opportunities. Child

labour of less value

Children

become an

economicdisadvantage.

Education improves

standard of living

Fewer children

mean more

opportunities foreach one.

As a country

develops &

education improves,

opportunities for

girls increase.

More women

participate in paid

work

Working women have

less opportunity for

having children Some ‘career’

women choose

not to have

children

Larger

families

becomeuncommon



LEDCs

For many countries the rate of population growth

is crippling and presents many problems resulting

in low living standards and poverty.



A population policy is a government

strategy for reducing birth rate.

There are variations in the strength

of population policies between

countries.

Arrange the population policies

opposite into order from

weakest strongest

A - Free contraceptives

B - No policy e.g. Saudi Arabia

C - Sterilisation may be

compulsory

D - Some family planning &

education

E - Strict policy supported bypunishment e.g. China

F - Money and other rewards

for small families



A sustainable population is one whose growth and development is

at a rate that does not threaten the success of future generations.



Why did China need to introduce this policy?

When was it introduced?

What are the key elements of the policy?

How is it enforced?

What are the problems and benefits of the policy?

What changes have been made to the policy in the 1990s and2000s?



If you have only one child you get:

• Free education for that child

• Family allowances

• Priority housing

• Pension benefits

Women must be 20 before they marry and

men 22. Couple have to ask permission to

have their one child.

If you have two children you get:

• No free education• No allowances

• No pension benefits

You also have to pay a fine



Shanghai family planning officials will provide counselling and

advice to people who want to have a second child.



Changes to China’s One Child Policy

in the 1990s and 2000s

• Young couples who are both only children are allowed two

children, but government workers must set an example and stick

at one.

• With increasing wealth more people are able to break the rules,

pay the fine and take the other consequences of having a secondchild.

• There are some exemptions for rural communities where more

help is needed on the farms, and ethnic minority groups to

ensure the ethnic group continues.



27 / 7 / 2009



Kerala has achieved a very low birthrate due to its high priority on education.

Both boys and girls are educated well.

Many girls go on to study at university

With a good education women can

get better jobs with higher wages

and don’t need to have a lot of children

to help earn money for the family.

Education leads to better knowledge of

diet and healthcare so fewer children die.

Working women also have less time to

have children and look after them.



High cost of medical care,

free prescriptions,

eye tests etc.

Hospital beds blocked by

many elderly people

Cost of free buspasses, TV licences

etc.

Fewer people working

and paying taxes

More elderly people with a vote

in elections. The government need

to take account of their needs.

Not enough younger

working people to dothe jobs required



People must work

longer and retire

later

People must payhigher taxes to cover the

cost of extra pensionsImmigrant workers needed to

fill the gap in the labour force

Encourage a

higher birth rate toincrease the counties

population



How to

increase a

countriespopulation

High family

allowances

Ban

contraceptives

Crèches at place

of work

Awards for

‘super mums’

e.g. in France

3 year job protection

for mothers

Tax incentives

Accepting

immigrants

Advertising e.g.

The Shetland Isles



The problems of an

ageing population are

similar in both the UKand Sweden, BUT their

strategies to cope with

an ageing population

are very different.



PROBLEMS:

HEALTH AND FITNESS – an ageing population leads to an increase in

degenerative diseases such as cancer, heart disease, arthritis and

dementia.

HOUSING - many elderly people have specific housing needs, such as

homes without stairs or wider doorways to accommodate wheelchairs.

INCREASING CARE NEEDS - most elderly people need increasing levels

of care over time. They may eventually move into shelteredaccommodation or nursing homes.

PENSIONS - as more and more people live longer lives, they will claim

their state pensions and other benefits for longer.

FEWER WORKERS - as the UK’s population continues to age there willbe a smaller and smaller working population and a larger dependent one.

These problems will eventually affect the country’s economy and its future

development. Less income tax from a smaller working population will reduce

its ability to pay for the increasing demands of healthcare, pensions etc.



Strategies in the UK to cope with an ageing

population

In 2009 the British government launched a strategy called ‘Building

A Society For All Ages’. It’s intention was to help the UK to adapt toits ageing population. The strategy covered 6 key areas.

Ideas within the strategy include:

• Offer free NHS health checks from 40 – 70 to encourage people to

maintain and improve their health and fitness.

• Provide financial help for grandparents who care for grandchildren.

• Review the age at which people retire.

• Provide extra winter fuel payments.

• Working with developers and architects to build

homes suitable for older people e.g. with doorways

wide enough for wheelchairs.

St t i i S d t ith i



Strategies in Sweden to cope with an ageing

populationAnother way of coping with an ageing population is to encourage

people to have more children. This will eventually change the country’spopulation structure, increase the working population, and increase the

country’s ability to pay for pensions etc.

Sweden has adopted this approach, which is called PRO-NATALIST.

The Swedish government has introduced a range of benefits to encourage

couples to have more children.

13 months paid paternity leave for fathers at 80% of

their salary.

Extra money for couples if there is less than a 30 monthgap between children.

Child benefit is paid for each child.

Sick child care - 120 paid days per child per year.

All day childcare and all-day schools for all.



When did migration from eastern Europe begin?

Who migrates?

What type of work do they do?

What benefits do the eastern Europeans bring to the UK?

What problems are created?

What is likely to happen in the future?

Wh d h E i h UK



Where do the European migrants to the UK come

from?



Problems for the

losing countryProblems for the

receiving country

• Loses people of working

age

• Loses most educated

people

• Families are split up

• An elderly population

left behind

• Migrants often live in low

quality, overcrowded areas

• May not be enough jobs for

the local population

• Migrants tend not to integrate

leading to racial tension

• Language difficulties

• Migrants put a strain

on resources e.g.

schools and health care



Advantages for the

losing country

Advantages for the

receiving country

• Reduces pressure

on jobs

• Loses people of

child bearing age

so the birth rate

declines

• Overcomes job

shortages

• Migrants preparedto do dirty, unskilled

jobs

• Cultural benefits e.g.

Indian restaurants and

The Notting Hill Carnival

• Could increase the

number of skilled

workers e.g. doctors



Refugee are people who

are forced to leave their

country in fear of their lives

e.g. through war or a natural

disaster.



Most refugees are made to flee their

homes by human or po l i tical ratherthan by natural causes.

POLITICAL

• religious, politicalor racial persecution

• civil war

NATURAL

• environmental disasterssuch as floods, drought,

earthquakes and

volcanic eruptions.

Natural cause - Montserrat 1997



H / liti l f t F b 2003



Human / political factors - February 2003

Asylum seekers are …….



...... people who are at risk if they stay in their own country.

They become refugees when they settle in another country.

1/3 of immigrantsinto the EU claim

to be a asylum

seekers

Some economic

migrants have claimed to

be asylum seekers

believing this would give

them a better chance of

staying in the EU.



Today, the wars in Iraq

and Afghanistan in which

EU forces are involved,

provide most asylum

claims.

Afghanistan September 2001 - Human / political factors



Refugees cling to an overcrowded truck as

they arrive at a refugee camp in Pakistan



2 million Iraqis have left

their country, some forneighbouring countries,

some for the EU

Sweden isparticularly



particularly

generous to

asylum seekers.

By 2007, 70,000

Iraqis lived there

The Netherlands,Germany, Greece,

Belgium and the

UK have given

homes to another

70,000

Iraqis are the

largest group

currently

seeking refuge

in the EU

1. population.ppt

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