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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationPrejudicePrejudice

PrejudicePrejudice is a system of is a system of negative beliefs, feelings, and negative beliefs, feelings, and action-orientations regarding a action-orientations regarding a certain group or groups of certain group or groups of people.people.

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationPrejudicePrejudice

Prejudice- Prejudice- means “prejudgment”, and unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group--often a different cultural, ethnic or gender group. It is a mixture of beliefsbeliefs (overgeneralized - stereotypes), emotionsemotions (hostility, envy, or fear), and predispositionspredispositions to action (to discriminate).

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationPsychology of PrejudicePsychology of Prejudice

The psychology of prejudice examines The psychology of prejudice examines the subjective state of individuals, the subjective state of individuals, noting three levels of prejudice:noting three levels of prejudice: CognitiveCognitive EmotionalEmotional Action-orientationAction-orientation

Some possible causes are self-Some possible causes are self-justification, personality, and frustration justification, personality, and frustration aggressionaggression

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationPsychology of PrejudicePsychology of Prejudice

CognitiveCognitive- person’s beliefs and perceptions of - person’s beliefs and perceptions of group as threatening/non-threatening, inferior/ group as threatening/non-threatening, inferior/ equal, seclusive/intrusive, impulse gratifying, equal, seclusive/intrusive, impulse gratifying, acquisitive, or possessing positive or negative acquisitive, or possessing positive or negative characteristicscharacteristics

EmotionalEmotional - feelings that a minority group - feelings that a minority group arouses in an individualarouses in an individual

Action-orientationAction-orientation - positive or negative - positive or negative predisposition to engage in discriminatory predisposition to engage in discriminatory behavior.behavior.

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationPsychology of PrejudicePsychology of Prejudice

Self-JustificationSelf-Justification- denigrating a person or group to - denigrating a person or group to justify maltreatment of them, leading to prejudice and justify maltreatment of them, leading to prejudice and discrimination against members of another groupdiscrimination against members of another group

Authoritarian personalityAuthoritarian personality - harsh parental - harsh parental discipline, child tends to be insecure and nurture much discipline, child tends to be insecure and nurture much latent hostility against the parent. As an adult, may latent hostility against the parent. As an adult, may demonstrate demonstrate displaced aggressiondisplaced aggression against a powerless against a powerless group to compensate for their feelings of insecurity and group to compensate for their feelings of insecurity and fear. fear.

FrustrationFrustration - result of relative deprivation in which - result of relative deprivation in which expectations remain unsatisfiedexpectations remain unsatisfied

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationSociology of PrejudiceSociology of Prejudice

The sociology of prejudice examines the The sociology of prejudice examines the objective conditions of society as social objective conditions of society as social forces behind prejudiced attitudes.forces behind prejudiced attitudes.

Some possible causes are--Some possible causes are-- SocializationsSocializations CompetitionCompetition Conformity to social norms Conformity to social norms

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationStereotypeStereotype

A A stereotypestereotype is an overcomplicated is an overcomplicated generalization by which we attribute generalization by which we attribute certain traits or characteristics to any certain traits or characteristics to any person in a group without regard to person in a group without regard to individuals differences.individuals differences.

Once established, stereotypes are difficult Once established, stereotypes are difficult to eradicate, as several studies have to eradicate, as several studies have shown.shown.

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationEthnophaulismsEthnophaulisms

EthnophaulismsEthnophaulisms are derogatory words or are derogatory words or expressions used to describe racial or ethnic expressions used to describe racial or ethnic groups.groups.

Ethnic humor is often at the expense of a Ethnic humor is often at the expense of a particular group, but may also serve to particular group, but may also serve to strengthen group cohesiveness, dissociate strengthen group cohesiveness, dissociate oneself from stereotypes of one’s group, or oneself from stereotypes of one’s group, or affirm oneself by pointing out the absurdity of affirm oneself by pointing out the absurdity of one’s predicaments..one’s predicaments..

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationSocial PrejudiceSocial Prejudice

Television plays a major roll in shaping Television plays a major roll in shaping attitudes and perceptions. attitudes and perceptions.

Studies find television usually Studies find television usually perpetrates stereotypes as well as perpetrates stereotypes as well as reaffirming viewer attitudes.reaffirming viewer attitudes.

One study showed one-fourth of One study showed one-fourth of respondents believed TV depicted respondents believed TV depicted reality and influenced their racial and reality and influenced their racial and ethnic attitudesethnic attitudes

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationSocial PrejudiceSocial Prejudice

Greater interaction and education do not Greater interaction and education do not necessarily reduce the level of prejudice in necessarily reduce the level of prejudice in a society.a society.

Use of cooperative learning technique in a Use of cooperative learning technique in a classroom setting has demonstrated an classroom setting has demonstrated an effective means of promoting better effective means of promoting better intergroup understanding and self-esteemintergroup understanding and self-esteem

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationDiscriminationDiscrimination

DiscriminationDiscrimination is an action or practice is an action or practice of differential and unequal treatment of of differential and unequal treatment of other groups of people, usually along other groups of people, usually along racial, religious, or ethnic levels.racial, religious, or ethnic levels.

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationDiscriminationDiscrimination

Like prejudice, Like prejudice, discrimination discrimination also exists at also exists at different levels of different levels of intensityintensity::

Verbal expressionVerbal expression AvoidanceAvoidance ExclusionExclusion Physical abusePhysical abuse ExterminationExtermination

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationEthnoviolenceEthnoviolence

EthnoviolenceEthnoviolence is a new term describing a is a new term describing a wide range of behavior against a particular wide range of behavior against a particular group.group.

Merton explains how social-situational Merton explains how social-situational variables can influence the relationship variables can influence the relationship between prejudice and discriminationbetween prejudice and discrimination

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationEthnoviolenceEthnoviolence

The International Scence boxed feature The International Scence boxed feature discusses institutional discrimination discusses institutional discrimination against the Irish in Northern Ireland. against the Irish in Northern Ireland. (pg. 101)(pg. 101)

Think about what must be done to Think about what must be done to lessen the prejudice and discrimination lessen the prejudice and discrimination that sow the seeds of violence in that sow the seeds of violence in Northern Ireland.Northern Ireland.

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationAffirmative ActionAffirmative Action

From its origins in 1941 through the From its origins in 1941 through the present, affirmative action programs present, affirmative action programs have been controversial.have been controversial.

Supreme Court rulings in the late 1970’s Supreme Court rulings in the late 1970’s and 1980’s upheld the principle of and 1980’s upheld the principle of affirmative action but since 1989, a affirmative action but since 1989, a more conservative court has been ruling more conservative court has been ruling against ‘race-conscious remedies’.against ‘race-conscious remedies’.

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and DiscriminationAffirmative ActionAffirmative Action

Evidence about the program’s success is Evidence about the program’s success is mixed.mixed.

Minority group opponents call affirmative Minority group opponents call affirmative action ‘misplaced condescension’ that has action ‘misplaced condescension’ that has poisoned race relations.poisoned race relations.

Negative public opinion polls and proposed Negative public opinion polls and proposed legislation suggest the real possibility of legislation suggest the real possibility of significant changes to come.significant changes to come.

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Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and Discrimination What is prejudice? What are some of its What is prejudice? What are some of its

manifestations.manifestations. What are some of the possible causes of What are some of the possible causes of

prejudice?prejudice? What role do the media play in combating or What role do the media play in combating or

reinforcing stereotypes?reinforcing stereotypes? What is discrimination? What are some of its What is discrimination? What are some of its

manifestations?manifestations? What is the relationship between prejudice What is the relationship between prejudice

and discrimination?and discrimination? Discuss the pros and cons of affirmative Discuss the pros and cons of affirmative

action.action.