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GRADE 10-SCIENCE MERVIN SIRIWARDANA PRESIDENTS GIRLS’ COLLRGR-KURUNEGALA

Introduction

The environment consists of living things and non-living things. It is difficult to

identify living things from non-living things by observing the external

features of them. There are some common characteristics of living organisms

that can be used to identify them from nonliving things. All living organisms

show one or few living characteristics.

Why do we cannot understand that only by observing the external features, one

cannot get a confirmation about life?

Because there are some instances whether they are living or non living.

Examples

1. Hen egg - Even after few weeks, if the egg is incubated, a chick with living features will be

born.

2. A tissue which is obtained from an organism and stored under special preservation methods

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3. A fossil about thousands of years old.- ……………………………………………………………

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Common characteristics of living organisms, 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-….……………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-….……………………………………………………………………………………………………

5-………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6-………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7-………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8-………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CELLULAR ORGANIZATION All living organisms are made up of one cell or many cells.

According to the cellular organization, there are two types of organisms.

1-……………………………………………………………….

2-…………………………………………………………….…

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KURUNEGALA DEVELOPMENT UNIT-PGS-KURUNEGALA

PRESIDENT GIRLS’ COLLEGE-KURUNEGALA

GRADE 10 UNIT 8-Assignment

Characteristics of organisms

SCIENCE

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1. Unicellular organisms.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………… ………………………………………………………………..

Eg : -

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Unicellular organisms show organelle level organization.

2-Multi-cellular (many celled) organisms.

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Activity -01

Observe the uni-cellular organisms

Materials Required - Pond water sample or hay extraction, A light microscope, Prepared slides

of different cells

Method-

1. Observe a water sample obtained from a pond or a hay extraction under light microscope.

Identify micro-organisms and illustrate them.

2.Observe the prepared slides of different cells in the laboratory and identify them

Multi-cellular organisms

Appearance of uni-cellular organisms through light microscope

• In a unicellular organism, organelle level organization can be seen.

Multi-cellular organisms

What are the organizational levels of the organisms?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The origin of a multi-cellular organism is from a single cell, It is zygote.

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The zygote which is the product of the fertilization of an egg with a sperm.

• The cell …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• The tissue ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Types of tissue of human body

Fluid tissue -Blood tissue -

Other tissue – Nerve tissue , muscle tissue , bone tissue ,

• The organ - …………………………………………………………………………………………………

Examples for organs - Brain , stomach , heart

• The systems ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Ex-Digestive system, Blood circulatory system

Blood circulatory system and how it becomes complex from cellular level to system level

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Different cells in the human body

➢ Compare these cells with fig.8.4 on page no 142 of the text book part I.

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Nutrition

The process by which the energy and the materials are obtained for the maintenance of life is

known as nutrition.

Why do we energy?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

How do we get energy?

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Modes of nutrients There are two types. 1.Autotrophs 2.Heterotrophs

Autotrophs Heterotrophs

The Organisms that produce their own food

or the nutrients by themselves

The food produced in the leaves get stored in

stems, roots and fruits.

All green plants and most of the bacteria are

autotrophs.

Animals are heterotrophic as they utilize food

produced by plants or organic compounds

with other living origins.

Two types

1. photoautotrophics 2. Chemoautotrophics

Differences of photo-autotrophic and chemo-autotrophic

photo-autotrophic chemo-autotrophic

Chemosynthesis is a process by which some

organisms, such as certain bacteria, use

chemical energy to produce carbohydrates.

Past paper MCQ

1.Select incorrect statement among the followings.

1. Green plants are autotrophic 2. Only green plants are autotrophs.

3. Green plants are known as producers. 4. By photosynthesis trap the solar energy.

Food web shows the connection between these modes of nutrition

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1.1.Mention the three types of organisms according to the modes of nutrition.

a-………………………… b-………………………….. c-……………………………..

II.What are known as autotorphs?

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III.Give examples for that.

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IV.What are the two groups of that?

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2.The animal that cannot produce their food are known as heterotrophs.

They depend on the food produced by other organisms.

I.Mention the special name of them. …………………………………………………………

II.Make a food chain as a consumer eagle.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………...

Respiration

What is this cell organelle?

What is the function of this organelle?

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What is known as respiration?

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Function of ATP during respiration

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Steps of the respiration

Model MCQ

6' The process by which the stored food is transformed into energy inside the cells is known as.

1' nutrition 2' reproduction 3' respiration 4' excretion

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Respiratory movements

The respiration, which is an important characteristic of life, cannot be observed directly. But it

can be observed using respiratory movements of some organisms.

Activity related to the respiration

Activity 01

1.Experiment to show the release of CO2 during respiration

• What is the first step of the above set up?

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

• Then what will happen in the system?

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• i. What can you observe in the bottle A,B and D when the water tap opened (6 Marks)

A-' ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

B- ………………………………………………………………………………………………

C- ………………………………………………………………………………………………

• What can you done get the very accuracy result of this experiment?

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Activity 02.

Experiment to show absorption of oxygen in respiration

• CO2 released during respiration of seeds in apparatus A dissolves in KOH.

• The O2 in the flask is absorbed by the seeds for respiration.

• To fill that gap, (reduction in volume of air) air in the tube flows into the flask. The

water column in the glass tube is drawn up.

• So it is clear that O2 is absorbed for respiration of organisms.

• No such change in B setup as absorbed volume of O2 is equal to the released volume of

CO2.

Two assumptions are made in this experiment.

(i) Volume of CO2 in the flasks is negligible.

(ii) In respiration absorbed volume of O2 is equal to the released volume of CO2

1.What is the purpose of connecting rubber tube to the conical flask through the cork?

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2.Explain the reason for water level in the tube of set up A goes up?

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3.How do you clearly say that O2 is absorbed for respiration of organisms?

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Past paper questions.

Describe the necessity of the respiration for the human body.

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Let’s learn another common characteristic of organisms.

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Irritability and Co-ordination

Stimulus -

…………………………………………………………………………………………

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Eg:- ……………………………………………………………………………………

Responses –

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Eg:- ……………………………………………………………………………………

Irritability

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Co-ordination

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……………………………………….. ……………………………………………… The ability to respond to stimuli receives from internal or an external environment is known

as irritability.

Animals also have irritability Plants have irritability

Stimulus and response

Stimulus

A change which is strong enough to bring

about a response is known as a stimulus.

Response

The reactions according to the changes in

the environment are known as responses.

This hand does not

have irritability.

This hand have

irritability.

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EXCRETION

Anabolism

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Ex-……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Catabolism

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Ex-……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Metabolism

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Excretion

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Excretory materials

Different ways of excretion of a living being

Excretory

material

Content Excretory organ

Plants also do excretion. Isn’t it? ………

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Movement Organisms show movements for following requirements.

Food, protection, reproduction

During locomotion, the whole organism or a part of the organism is moved.

Ex-Whole organisms moved- Tiger,Whale

Part of the organisms move – Plants ,Sea anemone

Animal Locomotors organ

Amoeba

Paramecium

Clamydomonas

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Fish

Birds

Cangaroo

Snake

Horse

Human

Examples for growth movements of plants

1.The shoot apex of a plant grows towards light.

2.The root apex towards the gravity

Reproduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Advantage of the reproduction

1.Survival of the organisms

Reproduction

Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction(vegetative reproduction)

By fertilization male gamete and a single organism can produce an identical new

female gametes form zygote new offspring without the contribution of

. another organism

Ex-Plants produce new plants by roots

Growth and Development Growth and development can be expressed in three steps.

1. Irreversible increase in size of the cell

2. Increase in number of cells by cell division

3. Cell differentiation

Growth …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Cell growth …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Development ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Activity

Growth and development of living organisms are not the same things.

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Observation of plant growth using auxanometer

1.How indicator moves? ………………………………………………………………………………

2.How do you tie the thread to the apex of the plant? ……………………………………………

3.Write one disadvantage of this activity…..………………………………………………………..

4.Which type of plant most suitable for this activity? ………………………………………………

Human growth and development

Plant growth and development

Growth and development of other organisms 1.Growth of fungus

Observe a white thread like mass on a pile of decomposing garbage. It is the somatic part

(growth part) of a fungus. Later it transforms into mushrooms which are structures of sexual

reproduction.

Fungi grow in to mushrooms

2.Lichen – Grow on a jak tree’s trunk

3.Ferns and orchids grow on a wall,

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4.Mealy bugs on chili or papaw plants, small, fragile white eggs on leaflets of Sesbania and

identify their living or non living nature.

Some non-living things show, living features in the environment.

1.Formations of rocks by aggregation of soil, growth of crystals are some examples.

2.Waves appear in reservoirs show a movement.

Discuss how this movement and growth is different from that of living organisms.

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Virus

1.They are very small and can be observed only through the electron microscope and are about

1/1000th of the size of a bacteria.

2. They show living or non-living features according to their status.

3.A virus is not considered as a cell. They are composed of a nucleic acid enclosed by a protein

capsid.

4.The nucleic acid may be DNA or RNA. Viruses with different shapes and sizes have been

identified.

5. Viruses do not possess any organelles for metabolic reactions. A virus becomes active only

inside the host cells.

6.Viruses do not possess any organelles for metabolic reactions. A virus becomes active only

inside the host cells.

Structure of a virus as a model observed through electron microscope

• A virus activity like an organism in this manner can only be seen inside a host cell.

Viral diseases

Plants-1.Banana bunchy top disease and curly leaf of chilies.

Animals 1.Animal viral diseases are influenza, common cold, Dengue and AIDS.

It is important to prevent those diseases by knowing about them.

Exercise

1.Select the correct answer

i. Select the correct term for the gap.

Cell Tissue System

1. Organism 2.Organ 3. Organelle 4. Structure

ii.What is the process that produces energy for cells?

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1. Nutrition 2. Reproduction 3. Excretion 4. Respiration

iii.Select the plant that is not photoautotrophic

1. Acalypha (Kuppamenia) 2. Asparagus 3. Loranthus 4. Cuscuta

iv. Which organ does not act as an excretory organ?

1. Kidney 2. Skin 3. Stomach 4. Lungs

v.Few statements about viruses are given below

A - Virus is a species of organism B - Virus possess DNA or RNA

C - Virus multiply only within living cells

Correct statements are,

1. A and B 2. B and C 3. C and A 4. All above

vi.What is the term used to explain all the bio chemical reactions take place in living body?

1. Metabolism 2. Coordination 3. Respiration 4. Growth

vii.To which group of organisms do Yeast belong?

1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Algae 4. Protozoa

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