1. prinsip biologi
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prinsip biologiTRANSCRIPT
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PENDAHULUAPENDAHULUANN
BIOLOGI BIOLOGI MEDIKMEDIK
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BIOLOGI MEDIKBIOLOGI MEDIK
By. Dr Khairun NisaBy. Dr Khairun Nisa
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PENDAHULUANPENDAHULUAN
APA ITU BIOLOGI MEDIK?APA ITU BIOLOGI MEDIK?BIOLOGI MEDIK ADALAH ILMU YANG
MEMPELAJARI TENTANG SEMUA ASPEK YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN MAHLUK HIDUP KHUSUSNYA MANUSIA
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TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL UMUMUMUM
SESUDAH MEMPELAJARI BIOLOGI SESUDAH MEMPELAJARI BIOLOGI MEDIK MAHASISWA MAMPU MEDIK MAHASISWA MAMPU MENJELASKAN DAN MENJELASKAN DAN MENGGUNAKAN NILAI NILAI MENGGUNAKAN NILAI NILAI NORMAL MAHLUK HIDUP NORMAL MAHLUK HIDUP KHUSUSNYA MANUSIA.KHUSUSNYA MANUSIA.
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BIOLOGI MEDIKBIOLOGI MEDIK
Characteristic of Life
1. Organization is the condition in which the part of an organism have relationship to each other and the parts interact to perform specific functions.
2. Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism
3. Responsiveness is the ability of an organism to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes
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BIOLOGI MEDIKBIOLOGI MEDIK
4. Growth happens when cells increase in size or number which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of the organism
5. Development includes the changes an organism undergoes through time; it begins with fertilization and ends at death. Development usually involves growth, differentiation (change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized), and morphogenesis (change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism).
6. Reproduction is the formation of new cells or new organisms
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BIOLOGI MEDIKBIOLOGI MEDIKDIVISIONDIVISION SKSSKS SMSSMS MATERIALSMATERIALS
BIOLOGI BIOLOGI MEDIK IMEDIK I
(2-3) (2-3) 11rdrd 1.1.Prinsip BiologiPrinsip Biologi
2.2.Biologi CellBiologi Cell
3.3.EkologiEkologi
4.4.Histologi DasarHistologi Dasar
5.5.Struktur & Fsi OrganStruktur & Fsi Organ
6.6.Reproduksi DasarReproduksi Dasar
7. Embriologi 7. Embriologi DasarDasar
BIOLOGI BIOLOGI MEDIK IIMEDIK II
(2 SKS)(2 SKS) 2th2th 1.1.Biologi MolekulerBiologi Molekuler
2.2.EmbriologiEmbriologi
3.3.Andrologi DasarAndrologi Dasar
4.4.ImunobiologiImunobiologi
5.5.GenetikaGenetika
7. Kembar & 7. Kembar & TeratologiTeratologi
8. Biologi 8. Biologi PerilakuPerilaku
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SAT. ACARA PERKULIAHAN (SAP) SAT. ACARA PERKULIAHAN (SAP) Biologi Medik IBiologi Medik I
PERTEMUANPERTEMUAN
KEKE
(Tanggal)(Tanggal)
MATERI KULIAHMATERI KULIAH
(TEORI)(TEORI) WAKTUWAKTU METODEMETODE DOSENDOSEN
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Minggu ke-4 Minggu ke-4 Sept.Sept.
PENDAHULUANPENDAHULUAN
PRINSIP-PRINSIP BIOLOGIPRINSIP-PRINSIP BIOLOGI
1.1. Asal-usul kehidupanAsal-usul kehidupan
2.2. Ciri-ciri kehidupanCiri-ciri kehidupan
2 x 50’2 x 50’ - Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi - Diskusi NSNS
22
Mgg ke-4 SeptMgg ke-4 SeptPRINSIP -PRINSIP BIOLOGIPRINSIP -PRINSIP BIOLOGI
1.1. Evolusi MHEvolusi MH
2.2. TaksonomiTaksonomi
2 x 50’2 x 50’ - Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Tugas- Tugas
NSNS
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Mgg ke-5 SeptMgg ke-5 Sept EKOLOGI DASAREKOLOGI DASAR
1.1. Pengertian EkologiPengertian Ekologi
2.2. Rantai MakananRantai Makanan
3.3. Keseimbangan Keseimbangan EkosistemEkosistem
2 x 50’2 x 50’ - Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Kuis- Kuis
NSNS
44
Mgg ke-1 Okt.Mgg ke-1 Okt. HISTOLOGI DASARHISTOLOGI DASAR
1.1. Jaringan EpitelJaringan Epitel
2.2. Jaringan PengikatJaringan Pengikat
2 x 50’2 x 50’ - Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Tugas- Tugas
NSNS
55
Mgg ke-1 OktMgg ke-1 Okt HISTOLOGI DASARHISTOLOGI DASAR
1.1. Jaringan OtotJaringan Otot
2.2. Jaringan SarafJaringan Saraf
2 x 50’2 x 50’ - Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Tugas- Tugas
NSNS
66
Mgg Ke-2 OktMgg Ke-2 Okt BIOLOGI SELBIOLOGI SEL
1.1. PendahuluanPendahuluan
2.2. Sel (inti dan organel)Sel (inti dan organel)
2 x 50’2 x 50’ - Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Kuis- Kuis
NSNS
77
Mgg Ke-3 Okt.Mgg Ke-3 Okt.BIOLOGI SEL BIOLOGI SEL
1.1. Mitosis dan MiosisMitosis dan Miosis
2.2. Proses metabolisme Proses metabolisme selsel
2 x 50’2 x 50’ - Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Tugas- Tugas
NSNS
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Mgg Ke-4 Mgg Ke-4
UTSUTS
100 SOAL, 100 MENIT100 SOAL, 100 MENIT
2 X 50’2 X 50’ CeramahCeramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Kuis- Kuis
NSNS
99
Mgg ke-3 Mgg ke-3 Nov.Nov.
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI ORGANORGAN
1.1.KulitKulit
2.2.RangkaRangka
3.3.OtotOtot
2 X 50’2 X 50’ - Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Tugas- Tugas
NSNS
1010
Mgg ke-4 NovMgg ke-4 Nov STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI ORGANORGAN
1.1.Saraf Saraf
2.2.EndokrinEndokrin
2 X 50’2 X 50’
- Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Kuis- Kuis
NSNS
1111
Mgg ke-5 Mgg ke-5 Nov.Nov.
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI ORGANORGAN
1.1. PencernaanPencernaan
2.2. PernafasanPernafasan
3.3. SirkulasiSirkulasi
4.4. SekresiSekresi
2 X 50’2 X 50’ CeramahCeramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Tugas- Tugas
NSNS
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Mgg Ke-1 Des.Mgg Ke-1 Des.REPRODUKSI DASARREPRODUKSI DASAR
1.1. Reproduksi DasarReproduksi Dasar
2.2. Maacam Pola Maacam Pola ReproduksiReproduksi
2 X 50’2 X 50’ - Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Tugas- Tugas
NSNS
1313
Mgg ke-2 Des.Mgg ke-2 Des.REPRODUKSI DASARREPRODUKSI DASAR
1.1. FertilisasiFertilisasi
2.2. System Reproduksi System Reproduksi WanitaWanita
2 X 50’2 X 50’ - Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Tugas- Tugas
NSNS
1414
Mgg Ke-4 Nov.Mgg Ke-4 Nov.EMBRIOLOGI DASAREMBRIOLOGI DASAR
1.1. DefinisiDefinisi
Membr. Ext.Embr.Membr. Ext.Embr.
2 X 50’2 X 50’ - Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Tugas- Tugas
NSNS
1515
Mgg Ke-2 DesMgg Ke-2 Des EMBRIOLOGI DASAREMBRIOLOGI DASAR
1.1. Periode Periode Perkemb.EmbrioPerkemb.Embrio
(Cleavages, blastulasi, (Cleavages, blastulasi, glastrulasi, tubulasi)glastrulasi, tubulasi)
2 X 50’2 X 50’ - Ceramah- Ceramah
- Diskusi- Diskusi
- Tugas- Tugas
NSNS
1616
Mgg Ke-2 Mgg Ke-2 Jan.06Jan.06
UASUAS
100 SOAL, 100 MENIT100 SOAL, 100 MENIT2 X 50’2 X 50’
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PENDAHULUANPENDAHULUANBIOLOGI MEDIK IBIOLOGI MEDIK I
Dosen PJ: Dr. Khairun Dosen PJ: Dr. Khairun NisaNisa
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PRINSIPPRINSIPBIOLOGIBIOLOGI
By. Dr. Khairun NisaBy. Dr. Khairun Nisa
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PRINSIP PRINSIP BIOLOGIBIOLOGI
**SIFAT DASAR KEHIDUPANSIFAT DASAR KEHIDUPAN
** ASAL KEHIDUPAN ASAL KEHIDUPAN
**MACAM MAKHLUK HIDUPMACAM MAKHLUK HIDUP
** TAKSONOMI TAKSONOMI
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Characteristic of Life
1. Organization is the condition in which the part of an organism have relationship to each other and the parts interact to perform specific functions.
2. Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism
3. Responsiveness is the ability of an organism to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes
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4. …………..
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4. Growth happens when cells increase in size or number which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of the organism
5. Development includes the changes an organism undergoes through time; it begins with fertilization and ends at death. Development usually involves growth, differentiation (change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized), and morphogenesis (change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism).
6. Reproduction is the formation of new cells or new organisms.
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the condition in which body function, fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained at levels suitable
to support of life
Negative feedback
a. Negative-feedback mechanisms operate to maintain homeostasis
b. Many negative-feedback mechanism consist of a receptor, control center, and effector
Positive Feedback
a. Positive-feedback mechanisms usually increase deviation from normal
b. Although a few positive-feedback mechanisms normally exist in the body, body positive-feedback mechanism are harmful
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Negative FeedbackNegative Feedbacka. Components of negative feedback control systema. Components of negative feedback control systemb. Negative feedback control of body temperatureb. Negative feedback control of body temperature
a. Component of a negative a. Component of a negative feedback controlfeedback control
b. Negative feedback control b. Negative feedback control of body temp.of body temp.
a.Deviation in controlled variableb.Fall in body temp.bellow set point
a.Sensorb.Temp.-monitoring nerve cells
a.Integratorb.Temp.control center
a.Effector(s)b.Skeletal muscles (and other effectors)
a.Compensatory responseb.Up heat prodc.through shivering
Other means
a.Controll variable restored to normalb.Increase in body temp.to set point
a.FeedBack
b.Neg.FB
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Interdependent relationship of cells, body Interdependent relationship of cells, body system and homeostasissystem and homeostasis
The depicted interdependent relationship The depicted interdependent relationship sewrves as the foundation for modern-day sewrves as the foundation for modern-day physiology; physiology; homneostasis is essential for the homneostasis is essential for the survival of cells, body system maintain survival of cells, body system maintain homeostasis, and cells make up body systemhomeostasis, and cells make up body system
maintainmaintain
Is essential forIs essential for
Make upMake up survival of survival of
Body systems Homeostasis
Cells
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I. SIFAT DASAR I. SIFAT DASAR KEHIDUPANKEHIDUPAN
1. S E L1. S E L
2. M A K A N2. M A K A N
3. BERNAFAS3. BERNAFAS
4. METABOLIS- 4. METABOLIS- ME ME
5. GERAK/AKTI- 5. GERAK/AKTI- FITAS FITAS
6. T U M B U H6. T U M B U H
7. BERANGSANG7. BERANGSANG
8. M E M B I A K8. M E M B I A K
9. ADAPTASI9. ADAPTASI
10. E V O L U S I10. E V O L U S I
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1. S E L1. S E L Arti sel adalah rongga Arti sel adalah rongga Pd organisme hidup dipenuhi
protoplasmaprotoplasma (sitoplasmasitoplasma) Di dalamnya ada inti selinti sel (nukleusnukleus) Dinding sel tumbuhan lebih tebal,
pada hewan tipis seperti membran: membran selmembran sel
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- Ukuran sel:- Ukuran sel:
mikroskopis (1 µm-10 µm) makroskopis (beberapa mm,
contoh: sel telur/ovum)- Makhluk satu sel- Makhluk satu sel disebut makhluk makhluk
uniseluleruniseluler (Protozoa: Amoeba); makhluk dg. banyak sel disebut makhluk multiselulermakhluk multiseluler
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AKTIVITAS SEL (AKTIVITAS AKTIVITAS SEL (AKTIVITAS KEHIDUPAN)KEHIDUPAN)
-sintesis zat-menghasilkan energi-transport zat-komunikasi dengan sel tetangga-pertahanan-berbiak
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From Cells to SystemFrom Cells to System
Levels of Organization in body:Levels of Organization in body:
- Chemical level- Chemical level
- Cellular level- Cellular level
- Tissue level- Tissue level
- Organ level- Organ level
- Body system level- Body system level
- Organism level- Organism level
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The cell 2525
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KOMPOSISI SELKOMPOSISI SEL
1. Membran sel1. Membran sel::-- menyeliputi sel-- tdd. 2 lapisan lipoprotein-- fungsi: transport zat
komunikasipertahanan
terima stimulasi
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2.2. SitoplasmaSitoplasma, mgd: , mgd: zat-zat organis dan anorganis,, inti sel,, berbagai organela
Inti sel (nukleus)Inti sel (nukleus)
Bagian-bagian inti sel:Bagian-bagian inti sel:
-- selaput inti (membran inti)
- - nukleoplasma
- - nukleolus
- - kromatin/kromosom
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OrganelaOrganela::
--retikulum endoplasma: retikulum endoplasma: sintesa: protein, lemak dan hormon
--ribosom: ribosom: sintesa protein--alat Golgi:alat Golgi: penggetahan zat ke
luar--lisosom: lisosom: mencerna bahan yg
rusak--mitokondria: respirasi aerobik mitokondria: respirasi aerobik ATP--plastid (plastid (dlm. tumbuhan: klorofil)--sentriol: pusat sel sentriol: pusat sel kontrol kerja sel
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2. M A K A N2. M A K A NBahan makanan tdd:Bahan makanan tdd:
- - zat anorganis (zat anorganis (mineralmineral, , airair))
- - zat organis (zat organis (karbohidratkarbohidrat,, lemaklemak, , protein dan vitaminprotein dan vitamin))
Makan: zat diubah Makan: zat diubah energi dan energi dan bahan hidup (protoplasma), untuk bahan hidup (protoplasma), untuk aktivitas gerakaktivitas gerak
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CARA MAKANCARA MAKAN
AutotrofAutotrof = sintesis sendiri = sintesis sendiri
Fotosintesis,Fotosintesis, pd. tumbuhan: pd. tumbuhan:
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
(anorganis) (organis)
cahaya mataharicahaya matahari
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Kemosintesis,Kemosintesis, pd. bakteri: pd. bakteri:
Bahan kimia Bahan kimia lain
+ Energi
NH3 + O2 HNO2 + H2O
(anorganis) (organis)
ADP +ADP + ~P P ATP + E
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HeterotrofHeterotrof
-- memp sifat memperoleh makanan
dan energi dr sumber organik
-- makan dr makhluk lain (hewan,
termasuk manusia; sebagian
tumbuhan; bakteri; jamur).
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Saprofit Saprofit
-- organisme yg. hidup dan makan dr bahan organik yg sudah mati at sdh busuk
- - contoh: cendawancendawan hidup pd kayu mati yg sdh lapuk
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SaproforaSaprofora-- Hewan makan hewan lain yg
mati
ParasitParasit-- Organisme yg hidup dan mengi-
sap makanan dr organisme lain yg ditempatinya yg masih hidup
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PredatorPredator-- Hewan pemangsa hewan lain
HerbivoraHerbivora-- Hewan pemakan tumbuhan
CarnivoraCarnivora-- Hewan pemakan daging
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OmnivoraOmnivora
-- Makhluk pemakan tumbuhan dan
daging (bahan nabati dan
hewani); pemakan segala
-- manusia manusia termasuk makhluk
omnivora.
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3. BERNAFAS (RESPIRA-3. BERNAFAS (RESPIRA- SI SI- Respirasi anaerobik: tanpa O2
(bakteri dan jamur)
- Respirasi aerobik: dengan O2
Bahan organik (spt: KH, Lemak, pro-tein) diubah menjadi energi (ATP)
-- Pada khewan tinggi, termasuk Pada khewan tinggi, termasuk manusia, bernafas melalui paru-paru manusia, bernafas melalui paru-paru
masuk O2, keluar CO2
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4. METABOLISME4. METABOLISME Mengubah zat menjadi zat lainMengubah zat menjadi zat lain Aktivitas: gerak, sintesis, berbiak Aktivitas: gerak, sintesis, berbiak
dan tumbuhdan tumbuh Ada 2 macam:Ada 2 macam:
-- AnabolismeAnabolisme (membangun): (membangun): Mole-kul sederhana dibangun menjadi molekul kompleks: glukosa
glikogen, as. amino protein
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-- KatabolismeKatabolisme (merombak): molekul (merombak): molekul
kompleks dirombak menjadi
molekul-molekul yang lebih
kecil
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5. G E R A K5. G E R A K
Gerak makro: gerak fisikGerak makro: gerak fisik
Gerak mikro: kimia dalam sel (me- Gerak mikro: kimia dalam sel (me-
tabolisme), transport zat, berbiak, tabolisme), transport zat, berbiak,
pembelahan sel : perlu energi dari pembelahan sel : perlu energi dari
makananmakanan
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6. T U M B U H6. T U M B U H Perubahan dari sederhana (muda) jadiPerubahan dari sederhana (muda) jadi kompleks (dewasa)kompleks (dewasa)
Telur dibuahi sperma Telur dibuahi sperma embrio embrio bayi bayi dilahirkandilahirkan dewasadewasa
ovumovumspermasperma
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Tumbuh, juga bertujuan:Tumbuh, juga bertujuan:
untuk mengganti sel tua/rusak sepertiuntuk mengganti sel tua/rusak seperti
pd sel darah, pd sel darah,
pd kulit, danpd kulit, dan
pd regenerasi luka.pd regenerasi luka.
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7. BERANGSANG7. BERANGSANG
Kemampuan utk berrespons thd Kemampuan utk berrespons thd rangsangan (perubahan suasana)rangsangan (perubahan suasana)
Melalui saraf: cepatMelalui saraf: cepat
Melalui hormon: lambatMelalui hormon: lambat
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8. BERBIAK 8. BERBIAK (REPRODUKSI) (REPRODUKSI)Berketurunan dgn memperbanyak Berketurunan dgn memperbanyak
diridiri
2 macam:2 macam: - - reproduksi aseksualreproduksi aseksual -- reproduksi seksual reproduksi seksualTujuan: mempertahankan kehadiran Tujuan: mempertahankan kehadiran
species di duniaspecies di duniaMekanisme: mewariskan bahan Mekanisme: mewariskan bahan
genetis (gen) ke turunannyagenetis (gen) ke turunannya
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9. A D A P T A S I9. A D A P T A S IPenyesuaian diri thd lingkungan yg Penyesuaian diri thd lingkungan yg
selalu berubah-ubahselalu berubah-ubahPerubahan cepat: gempa, bencana, dsbPerubahan cepat: gempa, bencana, dsbPerubahan lambat: musim, pasang Perubahan lambat: musim, pasang
surut, dsbsurut, dsbFisiologis: perubahan kulit menjajadi Fisiologis: perubahan kulit menjajadi
berpigmen (tropis)berpigmen (tropis)Morfologis: perubahan kaki, mata Morfologis: perubahan kaki, mata
karena lingkungankarena lingkungan
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10. E V O L U S I10. E V O L U S IPerubahan struktur tubuh secara Perubahan struktur tubuh secara
berangsur sesuai perubahan alam berangsur sesuai perubahan alam yang perlahan-lahanyang perlahan-lahan
Perlu mutasi (perubahan bahan Perlu mutasi (perubahan bahan genetis) untuk menyesuaikan genetis) untuk menyesuaikan terhadap lingkungan baruterhadap lingkungan baru
Seleksi alam Seleksi alam species baru dise- species baru dise- but but mutagenmutagen
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II.II. ASAL KEHIDUPANASAL KEHIDUPAN(The Origin of Life)(The Origin of Life)
Teori Abiogenesis: Teori Abiogenesis: Generatio spon-tanea, artinya: penciptaan spontanAristoteles (384-322sM): Lumpur/tempat busuk ulat/ nyamuk/lalat/kepompong,bulu ke dalam lumpur cacing, ikan dari karang dalam lautanJean van Helmont(1600s):tikus dari pakaian kotor
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John Needham (1713-1781):-Gelas ditutup rapat dan dipanaskan, dibiarkan beb hari pd suhu kamar
penuh mikroba (asal dari benda mati)
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Fransesco Redi (1627-1697): membantah !-gelas ditutup rapat tidak ada
mikroba
-gelas terbuka tumbuh ulat (berarti ada lalat bertelur disini)
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Anton van LeuwenhoekAnton van Leuwenhoek (penemu(penemu mikroskop):mikroskop): Dalam air terdapat mikroba-mikroba
Lazarro SpallanzaniLazarro Spallanzani: : Dalam udara terdapat mikroba-mikroba
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): : Mikroba=benih/”germ”
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Teori Kosmologi:Teori Kosmologi: Kehidupan berasal dari angkasa luar: astrobiologi
--Meteorit mgd asam amino, berarti ada bahan organis
--Awal kehidupan bahan organis di bumi: gas metan + amoniak + uap air terjadi reaksi kimia
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--Sinar UV matahari, kilat/halilintar
membentuk: aldehida + sianida
amineamine
gulagula
asam aminoasam amino
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Teori Biogenesis:Teori Biogenesis:Semua kehidupan berasal dariSemua kehidupan berasal dari
kehidupankehidupan
Awal pembentukan makhlukAwal pembentukan makhlukBiogenesis:Biogenesis: TEORI ALAM
-Umur bumi 5 milyar thn-Perubahan dari: tanpa kehidupan tanpa kehidupan
(anorganis) (anorganis)
evolusi dalam 2 milyar thn adanya kehidupanadanya kehidupan (bahan hidup/organis,(bahan hidup/organis, makhluk hidup)makhluk hidup)
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Kondisi:Kondisi:-- Bumi sangat dingin, hujan lebat, banyak halilintar/kilat-- Atmosfir tipis UV, radiasi kosmos
-- Udara: unsur organis H2O, H2NH3, CH4, CO2, O2
-- NH3aldehidaHCNamine as. aminopeptidaprotein-- Terbentuk pula KH, lemak, asam
nukleat-- Asam nukleat & protein dasar
makhluk hidup
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III. MACAM III. MACAM MAKHLUK HIDUPMAKHLUK HIDUP
Diversifikasi: Asal makhluk satuDiversifikasi: Asal makhluk satu macammacam (melalui seleksi alam dan adaptasi)
bermacam-bermacam-macam:macam:
Sel tunggal Volvox Spons Karang Cacing Mammalia (dgn struktur tubuh
yg kompleks)
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Seleksi alam: radiasi, perbedaan Seleksi alam: radiasi, perbedaan suhu, dan habitatsuhu, dan habitat
Diversifikasi zaman:Diversifikasi zaman: EvolusiDiversifikasi habitat:Diversifikasi habitat: EkologiFosil: Fosil: Bangkai makhluk yang
tersimpan dalam sedimen selama jutaan tahun
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IV. TAKSONOMIIV. TAKSONOMITaxus Taxus = susunan; nomos = ; nomos = aturan/nama taksonomi: taksonomi: ilmu klasifikasi makhlukPedoman:Pedoman:1. anatomi/morfologi populasi 2. susunan genetis populasi 3. ekologi. Prosedur:Prosedur: - diambil sampel suatu populasi, - determinasi anatomi morfologinya, - cirikan “nike’ (cara hidup)-nya, - lakukan hibrid dgn populasi lain, - kariotipe.
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HIRARGI TAXUSHIRARGI TAXUS
RegnumRegnum
PhylumPhylum
ClassisClassis
OrdoOrdo
FamiliaFamilia
GenusGenus
Species: Species:
- Sub - Sub
speciesspecies
- Varietas- Varietas
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KLASIFIKASIKLASIFIKASI makhluk makhluk
A. Regnum Plantae (Tumbuhan)A. Regnum Plantae (Tumbuhan)Phylum Protophyta (mis: Phylum Protophyta (mis: virus, bakteri))
Phylum Thallophyta (Phylum Thallophyta (jamur, lumut kerak))
Phylum Bryophyta (Phylum Bryophyta (lumut))
Phylum Pteridophyta (Phylum Pteridophyta (pakis, paku))
Phylum Spermatophyta (Phylum Spermatophyta (tbhn berbiji).).
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B. Regnum Animalia (hewan)B. Regnum Animalia (hewan)B. Regnum Animalia (hewan)B. Regnum Animalia (hewan)
Phylum Protozoa (hwn uniseluler)Phylum Protozoa (hwn uniseluler)Phylum Porifera (hwn berpori)Phylum Porifera (hwn berpori)Phylum Coelenterata (hwn berongga/ Phylum Coelenterata (hwn berongga/
binatang karang)binatang karang)Phylum Vermes (cacing)Phylum Vermes (cacing)Phylum Mollusca (hwn bertubuh lunak)Phylum Mollusca (hwn bertubuh lunak)Phylum Arthropoda (hwn kaki beruas)Phylum Arthropoda (hwn kaki beruas)Phylum Echinodermata (hwn kulit duri)Phylum Echinodermata (hwn kulit duri)Phylum Chordata.Phylum Chordata.
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Phylum ChordataPhylum ChordataKarakteristik: Karakteristik: memiliki sumbu penunjangAda 4 Subphyla:Ada 4 Subphyla:
1. Subphylum Hemichordata*)1. Subphylum Hemichordata*)2. Subphylum Urochordata*)2. Subphylum Urochordata*)3. Subphylum Cephalochordata*)3. Subphylum Cephalochordata*)4. Subphylum4. Subphylum Vertebrata**)Vertebrata**)
*) Acraniata (“lower Chordates”= Chordata *) Acraniata (“lower Chordates”= Chordata rendah)rendah)
**) Craniata (“higher Chordates”= Chordata **) Craniata (“higher Chordates”= Chordata tinggi)tinggi)
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Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
1. Classis Pisces1. Classis Pisces
2. Classis Amphibia2. Classis Amphibia
3. Classis Reptilia 3. Classis Reptilia
4. Classis Aves4. Classis Aves
5. Classis Mammalia5. Classis Mammalia
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Classis MammaliaClassis MammaliaMammalia (hewan menyusui):Mammalia (hewan menyusui):
ada 13 0rdoManusia:Manusia:
termasuk ke dalam Ordo ke 13 yaitu Ordo PrimatesOrdo Primates:Ordo Primates:
orang, monyet, gorila danlemurs (= semacam kukang)
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BioTermsBioTerms AtomAtom AbiogenesisAbiogenesis adaptationadaptation biologybiology BiogenesisBiogenesis cellcell developmentdevelopment energyenergy EnvironmentEnvironment HomeostasisHomeostasis IrritabilityIrritability metabolismmetabolism
MoleculeMolecule Multicellular organismMulticellular organism OrganOrgan OrganelleOrganelle OrganismOrganism ReproductionReproduction ResponseResponse SpesiesSpesies SystemSystem TissueTissue Unicellular organismUnicellular organism
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EXERCISEEXERCISE1.1. List the major characteristic shared of life by List the major characteristic shared of life by
organism!organism!2.2. What is the basic unit of living things?What is the basic unit of living things?3.3. Why do the organisms need energy at all the times?Why do the organisms need energy at all the times?4.4. What is difference between an organism’s growth and What is difference between an organism’s growth and
an organism’s development? an organism’s development? 5.5. Describe why organism need energy?Describe why organism need energy?6.6. State why it is important for organisms to adapt to State why it is important for organisms to adapt to
their environtment?their environtment?7.7. Define homeostasis and explain why it is important to Define homeostasis and explain why it is important to
the maintenance of life?the maintenance of life?8.8. Describe the structure of the cell!Describe the structure of the cell!9.9. Compare about theory between biogenesis theory and Compare about theory between biogenesis theory and
abiogenesis theoryabiogenesis theory
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Related ReadingRelated Reading
Attenborough,D.Attenborough,D.Life on Earth: A Natural Life on Earth: A Natural History. History. Boston; Little, Brown, 1981.Boston; Little, Brown, 1981.
Campbell, P.N.,ed. Campbell, P.N.,ed. Biology in Profile: An Biology in Profile: An Introduction to The Many Branches of Introduction to The Many Branches of Biology. Biology. Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon, Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon, 1980.1980.
Campbell,N.A.,etc, Third Ed. Campbell,N.A.,etc, Third Ed. Biology: Biology: Concepts and Connections.:Concepts and Connections.: Benjamin/Cuming, San Fransisco, 2000Benjamin/Cuming, San Fransisco, 2000
Goodman, H. D., Goodman, H. D., Biology,Biology,:HBJ, Publishers, :HBJ, Publishers, USA, 1986USA, 1986
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Happy learning!Happy learning!
Thank-you !!Thank-you !!