1 prostate cancer. 2 prostate gland muscular walnut-sized gland makes seminal fluid muscles contract...
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Prostate Cancer
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Prostate Gland• Muscular• Walnut-sized gland• Makes seminal fluid• Muscles contract to push semen
through the urethra• Located directly beneath the
bladder and in front of the rectum
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Prostate Cancer• Most common cancer in American
men• Grows very slowly• More common in African American
men & men with family history
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Statistics• About one man in 6 will be
diagnosed
• Only one man in 34 will die
• About 80% of men who reach 80 have prostate cancer
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Outlook• Nearly 100% survive 5 years
• 93% survive at least 10 years
• 67% survive longer than 15 years
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BPH• Enlargement which is not cancer
• 50% of men between 51 and 60
• 90% of men older than 80
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Prostatitis• Inflammation of the prostate
• Can be caused by bacterial infection
• Men of all ages
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Prostate Cancer• In early stages, may not cause any
symptoms
• As it progresses, symptoms appear
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Risk Factors• Age
• Family history– Father or brother with it more than
doubles the risk– Risk even higher if multiple family
members affected
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Risk Factors• Race
– Occurs about 60% more often in African American men than in white American men
– Cancer is more likely to be advanced• Diet
– High dietary fat may contribute
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Prevention• Cannot prevent, but may be able
to lower risk• Diet
– Low-fat diet– Antioxidants especially lycopenes
• Vitamin supplements– Vitamin E– Selenium
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Screening Guidelines• Annual digital rectal exam
beginning at age 45
• PSA testing beginning at age 50
• Both of these tests beginning at age 40 for African American men & those with family history
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Digital Rectal Exam• Goal: detect cancer early when
treatment is most successful
• Done during standard physical exam
• Feels for hard, lumpy, or abnormal areas
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PSA Blood Test• PSA is produced by prostate gland
• PSA level under 4 ng/ml
• Trend is important
• Early prostate cancer found by PSA
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Elevated PSA• Prostate cancer• Prostatitis• BPH• Other factors
– Age– Medications
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Staging• Find out size and location of cancer
– And whether it has metastasized (spread)
• ABCD is simplest method• T = tumor• N = nodes (lymph nodes)• M = metastasis
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Grading• Grade refers to the cancer’s
appearance and indicates how quickly a cancer is growing
• Gleason score assigns a grade (1 to 5) based on how the cancer cells look compared to normal
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Gleason Score• The higher the number, the more
likely the cancer will grow and spread (number is between 2 & 10)
• Less than 6 indicates a less aggressive cancer
• Grade of 7 and up – more aggressive
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Specialists• Urologist• Radiation oncologist• Medical oncologist• Oncology nurses• Dietitians• Physical & occupational therapists• Psychologists or counselors
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Side Effects of Surgery• Impotence
– Unable to achieve an erection
• Incontinence– Stress incontinence: leaking of urine
while coughing, sneezing, laughing
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Radiation Therapy• External radiation
– Machine is outside the body
• Internal radiation– Brachytherapy– Radioactive implants placed directly
into tumor
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New Procedure• Focal cryosurgery
– Focused freezing of only the portion affected with cancer
• “Male lumpectomy”
• Cancer needs to be confined to one prostate lobe