1

Psychological Disorders

Chapter 16

2

Psychological Disorders

Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Defining Psychological Disorders

Understanding Psychological Disorders

Classifying Psychological Disorders

Labeling Psychological Disorders

3

Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder

and Panic Disorder

Phobias

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

Anxiety Disorder Explanation

4

Psychological Disorders

Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorders

Bipolar Disorder

Mood Disorder Explanation

Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

5

Psychological DisordersSchizophrenia Understanding

Schizophrenia

Personality Disorders

Somatoform Disorders

Developmental Disorders- ADHD

6

Do Now: 1) What does “abnormal psychology” mean?Not normal- what is considered normal by society? Average or moremind and behavior

2) Think of any disorders that you would classify under “abnormal psychology?”

Fetishes, bipolar, schizophrenia, PTSD, Autism, OCD

AIM: How can we define abnormal psychology?

8

Psychological Disorders

To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal.

1. There are 450 million people suffering from psychological disorders (WHO, 2004).

2. Depression and schizophrenia exist in all cultures of the world.

William James (1842-1910)

10

Defining Psychological Disorders

Criteria for psychological disorder• Deviant: atypical- not shared by the majority of others in population

• Distressful: persistently harmful thought, feelings, and actions

• Dysfunctional: maladaptive -harmful to self or others

unjustifiable-doesn’t make sense to average person

When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional psychiatrists and

psychologists label it as disordered (Comer, 2004).

11

What does it feel like to have a psychological disorder?

12

Psychological Disorders

I felt the need to clean my room … spent four to five hours at it … At the time I loved it but then

didn't want to do it any more, but could not stop … The clothes hung … two fingers apart …I touched my bedroom wall before leaving the house … I had

constant anxiety … I thought I might be nuts.

Marc, diagnosed withobsessive-compulsive disorder

(from Summers, 1996)

Deviant behavior?

15

How do psychological disorders differ from insanity?

Insanity is a legal definition that person should not be held accountable for crimes due to

psychological disorder

16

Understanding Psychological Disorders

Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include trephination, exorcism, being caged

like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood.

Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)

John W. V

erano

17

Medical Perspective

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic

possession, but an ailment of the mind.

Dance in the madhouse.

George W

esley Bellow

s, Dancer in a M

adhouse, 1907. © 1997 T

he Art Institute of C

hicago

18

Medical ModelWhen physicians discovered that syphilis led to

mental disorders, they started using medical models to review the physical causes of these disorders.

1. Etiology: Cause and development of the disorder.

2. Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another.

3. Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital.

4. Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder.

19

Biopsychosocial Perspective

Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact

to produce psychological disorders.

20

Classifying Psychological Disorders

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders.

The most recent edition, DSM-V-TR (2011), describes 400 psychological

disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s. Why?

TechnologyGlobalizationResearchDiagnoses

22

Multiaxial Classification

Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present?

Axis IV

What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?Axis V

Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?

Axis III

Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?

Axis II

Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?

Axis I

25

Goals of DSM

1. Describe (400) disorders.2. Determine how prevalent the

disorder is.

Disorders outlined by DSM-V are reliable.

Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar.

26

Labeling Psychological Disorders

1. Critics of the DSM-V argue that labels may stigmatize individuals.

Asylum baseball team (labeling)

Elizabeth E

ckert, Middletow

n, NY

. From

L. G

amw

ell and N

. Tom

es, Madness in A

merica, 1995. C

ornell University P

ress.

27

Labeling Psychological Disorders

Labels may be helpful for healthcare professionals when communicating prognoses and establishing therapy.

28

Labeling Psychological Disorders

2. “Insanity” labels raise moral and ethical questions

Theodore Kaczynski(Unabomber)

Elaine T

hompson/ A

P Photo

29

Psychological well-being defined by Carol Ryff: 6 core dimensions• self-acceptance- acknowledges good and bad qualities

• positive relations with others

• autonomy-independent and self-controlled

• environmental mastery- make use of given opportunities

• purpose in life-believes life has meaning and one has goals and a sense to get there

• personal growth healthy people see themselves as growing and expanding

Summary

1) What 3 criteria must be met for an individual to be classified as psychologically disordered?

2) Deviant (Atypical) Distressful, DysfunctionalBriefly contrast the medical model and biopsychosocial approach to

psychological disorders. Medical: treats psych. Disorder as a diseaseBiopsychosocial Approach: more holistic approach, takes into account environment, biology and psychology

3) Describe the potential dangers/benefits of using the DSM-V.- Focuses too much on symptoms, 1-dimensional, labels stigmatize

• Tom, 27-year-old war veteran

• Complains of dizziness, sweating palms, heart palpitations, ringing in his ears… He feels edgy and sometimes finds himself shaking

31

AIM: What’s wrong with Tom?

32

Homework for Thursday: Read pages 649-655

• In a paragraph, compare and contrast the learning versus the biological perspective on anxiety disorder

33

34

Anxiety Disorders

Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.

1. Generalized anxiety disorders

2. Phobias3. Panic disorders4. Obsessive-compulsive

disorders5. Post-traumatic Stress

Disorder (PTSD)

35

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension.

2. Autonomic arousal.

3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings.

Symptoms

36

Panic Disorder

Minute-long episodes (panic attack) of intense dread which may include chest pains,

choking, or other frightening sensations.

Anxiety in panic disorder can cause people to avoid social situations

Symptoms

37

http://www.viddler.com/explore/promovideos1/videos/8/

• Oprah

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=277Q8dsArhI

http://www.thelindenmethod.co.uk/articles/celebrities/

38

Phobia

Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.

39

Kinds of Phobias

Phobia of blood.Hemophobia

Phobia of closed spaces.

Claustrophobia

Phobia of heights.Acrophobia

Phobia of open places.

Agoraphobia

40

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7ucqimdau8

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44DCWslbsNM

41

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless

rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.

42

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)= Four or more weeks of the following

symptoms

1. Haunting memories2. Nightmares

3. Social withdrawal4. Jumpy anxiety5. Sleep problems

Bettm

ann/ Corbis

43

Resilience to PTSD

Only about 10% of women and 20% of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD.

Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience against traumatic situations.

44

Explaining Anxiety Disorders: Psychodynamic

PerspectiveFreud suggested that we repress our

painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety.

45

The Learning Perspective

Learning theorists suggest that fear conditioning leads to anxiety.

Anxiety can become associated with other objects or events (stimulus generalization) and is reinforced through avoidance

John Coletti/ Stock, B

oston

46

The Learning Perspective

Observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.

47

The Biological Perspective

Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the

species.

Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears

and anxiety.

48

The Biological Perspective

Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and

even OCD are linked with brain circuits like the

anterior cingulate cortex.

Anterior Cingulate Cortexof an OCD patient.

S. U

rsu, V.A

. Stenger, M

.K. S

hear, M.R

. Jones, & C

.S. Carter (2003). O

veractive action m

onitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. P

sychological Science, 14, 347-353.

49

A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High

metabolic activity (red) in the frontal

lobe areas are involved with

directing attention.

Brain Imaging

Brain image of an OCD

Patient: Tina

• Complains of bouts of amnesia…feels disoriented at times…confused…

AIM: What’s wrong with Tina?

51

52

Dissociative Disorder

Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories,

thoughts, and feelings.

Symptoms

1. Having a sense of being unreal.2. Being separated from the body.3. Watching yourself as if in a movie.

53

Dissociative Amnesia- loss of memory of a traumatic event or for a period of time

Dissociative fugue- personal memory loss- lose past identity, often find themselves in a new place

Psychogenic Amnesia: psychological

Organic Amnesia: biological or physical in nature

How can we test for dissociative disorder?

55

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Is a disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities,

formerly called multiple personality disorder.

Chris Sizemore (DID)

Lois B

ernstein/ Gam

ma L

iason

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLGluMf-cH8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iHJfIH20TY

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http://www.sho.com/site/video/brightcove/series/title.do?

bcpid=14033855001

United States of Tarahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NpPd1iTvRAhttp://www.trailerspy.com/trailer/1730/The-United-States-of-Tara-Promo-Trailer

57

DID Critics

Critics argue that the diagnosis of DID increased in the late 20th

century.

Critics’ Arguments

1. Role-playing by people open to a therapist’s suggestion.

2. Learned response that reinforces reductions in anxiety.

58

Mood Disorders

Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in two principal forms.

1. Major depressive disorder-unipolar, “common cold”

2. Bipolar disorder- highs and lows

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Major Depressive Disorder

In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide

(WHO, 2002).

Chronic shortness of breath

Gasping for air after a hard run

Major Depressive Disorder

Blue mood

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Major Depressive Disorder

-Signs of depression last at least two weeks -not caused by drugs or medical conditions.

1. Lethargy and fatigue2. Change in sleeping patterns3. Feelings of worthlessness4. Loss of interest in family &

friends5. Loss of interest in activities

Signs:

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Dysthymic Disorder

Daily depression lasting two years or more.

Major DepressiveDisorder

Blue Mood

DysthymicDisorder

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Seasonal Affective Disorder

Calendar linked pattern of depression

15 % of all depression cases

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Bipolar Disorder

Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and

mania signals bipolar disorder.

Multiple ideas

Hyperactive

Desire for action

Euphoria

Elation

Manic Symptoms

Slowness of thought

Tired

Inability to make decisions

Withdrawn

Gloomy

Depressive Symptoms

64

http://www.learner.org/resources/series150.html?pop=yes&pid=1638#

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Bipolar Disorder

Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. Creativity surges during the manic phase

Bettm

ann/ Corbis

George C

. Beresford/ H

ulton Getty Pictures L

ibrary

The G

ranger Collection

Earl T

heissen/ Hulton G

etty Pictures L

ibrary

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQVQOW1c0DQ

66

Explaining Mood Disorders

A theory of depression should explain the following:

1. Behavioral and cognitive changes

2. Common causes of depression

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Theory of Depression

3. Gender differences

68

Theory of Depression

4. Depressive episodes self-terminate.

5. Depression is increasing, especially in the teens.

Post-partum depression

Desiree N

avarro/ Getty Im

ages

69

True or False

• Lithuanians are 15 times more likely to commit suicide than Portuguese

• Black Americans are nearly 1.5 times as likely as white Americans to kill themselves

• Men are much more likely than women to attempt suicide• The suicide rate is highest among American teenagers• Men are two to four times more likely to die from suicide

than woman• Suicide rates are highest among religious, poor populations• People who suffer from depression have a higher

likelihood of commiting suicide, and their risk is greatest at the depths of a depressive episode

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Suicide

Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide.

1. National differences

2. Racial differences3. Gender

differences4. Age differences5. Other differences

Suicide Statistics

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Do Now: 1. At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. These have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals in which attempts were made to diagnose and cure those with psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of: a. psychoanalytic theory.b. the DSM-IV.c. the medical model.d. linkage analysis.

2. People around the world may experience the same genetically based disorder quite differently depending on their own personal expectations and the definitions of abnormality common to their unique culture. This best illustrates the need for: a. association studies.b. the medical model.c. linkage analysis.d. a biopsychosocial approach.

3. Lenore is unexplainably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from a(n): a. phobia.b. dysthymic disorder.c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.d. generalized anxiety disorder.5. The avoidance of situations in which help may not be available when panic strikes is most characteristic of: a. obsessive-compulsive disorder.b. dysthymic disorder.c. a manic episode.d. agoraphobia.

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AIM: How can we explain psychological disorders?

73

Perspectives on causes of mental illness

• Psychoanalytical

• Behaviorist

• Cognitive

• Humanistic

• Sociocultural

• Biomedical

74

Psychoanalytical

Internal unconscious conflict due to traumatic events in psychosocial stage

Example: OCD due to anal fixation

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Behaviorist

Learned history of reinforcement

76

Cognitive

Psychologial disorders emerge as a maladaptive way of thinking

77

Humanistic

Being out of touch with one’s feelings

Psychological illness is due to social ills or cultural norms

Social Cultural

78

Biological Perspective

Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is

higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).

Linkage analysis and association studies link

possible genes and dispositions for

depression.

Jerry Irwin Photography

79

Neurotransmitters & Depression

Post-synapticNeuron

Pre-synapticNeuron

Norepinephrine Serotonin

A reduction of norepinephrine

and serotonin has been found in depression.

Drugs that alleviate mania

reduce norepinephrine.

80

The Depressed Brain

PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic

and depressive episodes.

Courtesy of L

ewis B

axter an Michael E

. P

helps, UC

LA

School of M

edicine

81

Biological

Psychological illnesses are the result of genetics or biochemical imbalances.

March 22, 2011Do Now:

• Identify three biological explanations for mood disorders (bipolar and MDD- major depressive disorder)

• 1)Genetics• 2) Neurotransmitters- serotonin and

norepinpehrine Hormones- blood, slow response system

Neurotransmitters- neural synapses, fast response system

3) Glucose levels in regions of the brain

83

Perspectives Review

Relate each scenario to a psychological perspective.

1) Depression results from unreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their worlds, or their futures

2) Twin studies have elucidated the causes of schizophrenia

3) Western cultures have a higher frequency of dissociative identity disorder relative to Eastern cultures

4) Phobic patients avoid or escape a feared situation to reduce anxiety, and thus reinforce phobic behaviors.

5) Negative self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness have been associated with MDD

85

Social-Cognitive Perspective

The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self-

defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles.

86

Depression Cycle

1. Negative stressful events.

2. Pessimistic explanatory style.

3. Hopeless depressed state.

4. These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection.

87

Social Cognitive TheoryDepression is due to a pessimistic

explanatory Style consisting of 3 parts:• S table• G lobal• I nternal

88

Example

Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.

89

A) How would you interpret this tragedy using a stable, global, and internal perspective?Stable: I’m never going to pass the class, grade will haunt you foreverGlobal: this affects everything in my high school careerInternal: I’m not smart enough

90

Social Cognitive Perspective

Aaron Beck has proposed the cognitive triad: depression results from negative ideas people have about themselves, their world, and their futures

TRIAD: self, world, future

Correlation between learned helplessness and depression

91

Social-Cognitive PerspectiveMartin Seligman argues depression is common

among Westerners due to individualism.

Learned helplessness can fuel depression.

Anxiety Disorders

• OCD

• PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder)

• Phobias

• Panic Disorder

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder

92

Dissociative Disorder

• Multiple Personality/ Dissociative Identity Disorder

93

Mood Disorders

• MDD (depression)- Unipolar

• Bipolar

• Dysthmic Disorder

• Seasonal Affective Disorder

94

95

Cognitive Errors of Depressed People

Overgeneralization

Selective Abstraction

Personalization

Magnification and Minimization

Arbitrary Influence

Dichotomous Thinking

96

Depression and Memory

Memories are mood congruent. We tend to recall experiences that

are consistent with our current mood

97

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICfCiZc0Oqg

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4R6jln_eZg&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aS_d0Ayjw4o

Patient John Nash

• Very intelligent

• Mid 20’s

• Becomes socially withdrawn

• Claims the FBI is employing his a wartime code breaker

AIM:

Imagine you are a psychologist investigating John Nash’s case. What

would you do to determine his diagnosis?

101

Schizophrenia: The Facts

•Affects about .8% of Americans are afflicted •Throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease• Strikes most commonly in early twenties•Affects men and women equally

• “split mind”

102

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A group of disorders characterized by the following:

1. Disorganized and delusional thinking.

2. Disturbed perceptions. 3. Inappropriate emotions

and actions.

103

Other forms of delusions include, delusions of persecution (“someone is following me”) or grandeur (“I am a

king”).

Disorganized & Delusional Thinking

This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars … I’m Mary Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my eighteenth birthday.”

(Sheehan, 1982)

Delusions- bizarre thinking with distorted beliefs despite contrary evidence

104

Disorganized & Delusional Thinking

Fragmented and bizarre thoughts are due to selective attention failure

105

Disturbed Perceptions

A schizophrenic may experience hallucinations. Frequent: auditory Less frequent: visual, somatosensory, olfactory

L. B

erthold, Untitled. T

he Prinzhorn Collection, U

niversity of Heidelberg

August N

atter, Witches H

ead. The Prinzhorn C

ollection, University of H

eidelberg

Photos of paintings by K

rannert Museum

, University of Illinois at U

rbana-Cham

paign

106

Inappropriate Emotions & Actions

• Apathy showing no emotion at all•Inappropriate Emotions•Inappropriate Actions•Catatonia remaining motionless for long periods of time

107

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders.

108

Positive and Negative Symptoms

Positive symptoms inappropriate symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized

thinking) not present in normal individuals

Negative symptoms absence of appropriate symptoms (apathy,

expressionless faces)

109

Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia

When schizophrenia is slow to develop (chronic/process) recovery is doubtful.

(usually negative symptoms)

When schizophrenia rapidly develops (acute/reactive) recovery is better.

(positive symptoms)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moP_e-gx5hk

110

Schizophrenic PatientsWhich subtype of schizophrenia is most closely

associated with the following?1) Flat affect2) Hallucinations3) Negative Symptoms4) Many, and varied symptoms

How does schizophrenia vary from dissociative identity disorder?

111

AIM: What are the causes of schizophrenia?

112

Understanding Schizophrenia

Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers found that paranoid schizophrenic patients express higher levels of

dopamine D4 receptors in the brain.

Antipsychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine receptors

Brain Abnormalities

113

Brain Abnormalities

Negative symptoms- (catatonic) are associated with an deficit in glutamate, a neurotransmitter

114

Abnormal Brain ActivityBrain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortexthalamusamygdala – fear paranoidof schizophrenic patients. Abnormal activity = a decrease

in function and out-of-sync firing

Paul T

hompson and A

rthur W. T

oga, UC

LA

Laboratory of N

euro Im

aging and Judith L. R

apport, National Institute of M

ental Health

Adolescent schizophrenic patients also have brain lesions.

115

Abnormal Brain Morphology

Schizophrenia patients may exhibit enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles.

Both Photos: C

ourtesy of Daniel R

. Weinberger, M

.D., N

IH-N

IMH

/ NSC

116

Viral Infection

Increased rates of schizophrenia in individuals whose mothers contracted a

viral infection (flu) during their fetal development.

117

Genetic Factors

The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is 40-50% if their identical twin has the disease (Gottesman, 1991).

0 10 20 30 40 50Identical

Both parents

Fraternal

One parent

Sibling

Nephew or niece

Unrelated

119

Psychological Factors

Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual

is genetically predisposed

Genain Sisters

These genetically identicalsisters all

suffer from schizophreni

a.

Courtesy of G

enain Fam

ily

120

Warning Signs

Early warning signs of schizophrenia include:

Birth complications, oxygen deprivation and low-birth weight.

2.

Short attention span and poor muscle coordination.

3.

Poor peer relations and solo play.6.

Emotional unpredictability.5.

Disruptive and withdrawn behavior.4.

A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia.1.

121

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eqr_XkhBaXc

122

Do Now: How would you characterize a personality disorder?

OUTLINE: pg 680-682, not included

123

AIM: What are the different personality disorders?

124

Personality Disorders

Maladaptive ways of behaving

that negatively affect a person’s

ability to function

Three clusters in the DSM IV

125

Categories of Personality DisordersA) Eccentric (Odd)

B) Anxiety (Avoidant)

C) Dramatic (Erratic)

126

A. Odd-Eccentric

1) Paranoid Personality Disorder

fear persecution, distrustful, and suspicious

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YvAYIJSSZY

127

A. Odd-Eccentric

2. Schizoid Personality Disorder: detachment from relationships with restricted range of emotions

128

A. Odd-Eccentric3. Schizotypal Personality Disorder

a. Unusual perceptions

b. Strange thoughts and behaviors

c. Odd nonverbal behavior

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YvAYIJSSZY

129

B. Avoidant Disorders (High Anxiety)

1. Avoidant Personality Disorder

a. avoid social interactions for fear of being ridiculed or disliked

b. extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation

2. Dependent Personality Disorder

rely too much on the help/ approval of others

3. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

130

C. Dramatic-Erratic Disorders1. Narcissistic Personality

Disordera. self-preoccupiedb. grandoise self-importancec. feeling of entitlementd. lack of insight into other’s feelingse. rely on weak friends for self-worth

131

C. Dramatic-Erratic

2. Histrionic- overly dramatic, need for attention

3. Borderline Personality- unstable emotions and relationships, often suicidal

132

4. Antisocial Personality Disorder

A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for

wrongdoing,

Also known as a sociopath or psychopath.

133

Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder

Reduced activity in the frontal lobes.

Normal Murderer

\Reduced Arousal in response to stress

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-X_GFOKtDM

134

Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder

The likelihood that one will commit a crime doubles when childhood poverty is compounded with

obstetrical complications (Raine et al., 1999; 2000).

135

Do Now:

1) What are the three types of personality disorders?

Odd/Eccentric= paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Anxiety/Avoidant= avoidant, dependent

Dramatic/Erratic= narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, antisocial

Do Now:Jennifer has been studying for the MCAT’s, the

medical school admissions test, for the last 4 months. The daughter of two prestigious cardiologists, she has been under a tremendous amount of pressure to excel on the exam and gain admissions into a top medical school. The day of the MCATS, however, Jennifer wakes up with a strange tingling sensation in her upper body. To her horror, she discovers she can not move her arms and therefore is unable to take the exam.

• AIM: What’s wrong with Jennifer?

138

Somatoform Disorders:patients experience disease symptoms with no identifiable physical cause

psychological disorder, physical symptoms

139

Somatoform Disorders

1. Somatization Disorder- experience pain, neurological, dizziness, nausea and gastrointestinal problems

2. Hypochondriasis- preoccupation with a fear of serious diseasehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-Jr7ewKHY4

140

Somatoform Disorders

3. Conversion Disorder: a. symptoms that affect voluntary motor functioning or sensory functioning b. in response to anxiety

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAuc2xAM7-8&feature=related

141

Somatoform Disorders

4. Body Dysmorphic Disorder

affected person is excessively preoccupied by a perceived defect in his or her physical features

142

Causes of Somatoform Disorders

Psychodynamic perspective- outward manifestation of unresolved unconscious conflicts

Behaviorist explanation- reinforcement for behavior- attention, work avoidance

143

Childhood DisordersTwo Categories:

1) Internalizing- behavior is withdrawn and anxious

Example: Separation Anxiety Disorder

2) Externalizing

(4-10%) behavior is aversive to people in the child’s environment

Example: ADHD

144

Rates of Psychological Disorders

145

Rates of Psychological Disorders

The prevalence of psychological disorders during the previous year is shown below

(WHO, 2004).

Developmental Disorders

• 1) Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorders

• 2) Autism

• 3) Alzheimer’s

Do Now:

Patient #2: JustinPoor grades in schoolDifficulty concentrating

148

Developmental DisordersAttention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)

1) Inattention2) Hyperactivity3) Impulsivity

ADHD is treated with central nervous system stimulants, such as Adderal and ritalin.

149

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJHT5XROrBA

ADHD

1) What are the symptoms of the disorder?

2) What is the treatment for ADHD?

3) Do you think ADHD is being overdiagnosed? Why or why not?

151

Autism

• Social Isolation

• Inappropriate Emotional Expression

• Movement Disturbances

• Poor Speech Development

• Resistant to change in routine

• Abnormal responses to stimuli

Autism

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXP_naoC_OQ

153

Risk and Protective Factors

Risk and protective factors for mental disorders (WHO, 2004).

154

Risk and Protective Factors