1 random genetic drift : chance as an evolutionary force random genetic drift is the random change...
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Random Genetic Drift : Chance as an Evolutionary Force
• Random Genetic Drift is the random change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next that is caused by the finite size of the breeding population of parents.
• By chance, some parents have more offspring than other parents.
• By chance, some parents have fewer offspring or no offspring at all.
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• Random Genetic Drift occurs in ALL countable, finite populations.
• RGD is STRONGER in Small Populations (0 < N < 500).
• RGD is WEAKER in Large Populations (500 < N).
• The Strength of RGD is proportional to (1/2N) in a diploid population and to (1/N) in a haploid population.
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1) WITHIN populations RGD DECREASES GENETIC VARIATION :: Random Genetic Drift makes a population less genetically less variable and makes the individuals in the population more Homozygous. The ultimate outcome: ALL HERITABLE VARIATION IS LOST!!
The population becomes either p* = 0.0 (allele is lost) or p* = 1.0 (allele is FIXED).
2) BETWEEN populations RGD INCREASES GENETIC VARIATION: Random Genetic Drift makes two populations become genetically different from one another.
RGD and its Evolutionary Consequences
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Generation 1 Generation 2
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No Chance Events5
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Chance Events
Random GeneticDrift
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Generation 1
Generation 2
DifferentChance Events
Lead toDifferent Outcomes
One Starting Point
Many Possible Outcomes
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Random Genetic Drift
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RGD for A FewGenerations
With NOMigration
START: All Populations GeneticallyIdentical
END: Populations GeneticallyDifferent from one another
RGD INCREASES Variation AMONG Populations
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Generation 1 Generation 2
Average of MANYIndependent
Chance Events
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Average Effect ofRandom Genetic Drift
On Allele Frequencies = ZEROAverage P = 0
On AVERAGEFrequencies
Stay the Same
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Generation 1 Generation 2
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Q: If the frequency of an allele, B, at time 0, equals 0.65, what is probability that RGD will result in Fixation of the B allele? That is, B will go from a frequency of 0.65 to a frequency of 1.00?
A) 0.00
B) 0.50
C) 0.65
D) 1.00
E) None of the above
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RGD for A FewGenerations
With NOMigration
START: All Populations GeneticallyIdentical
END: Populations GeneticallyDifferent from one another
RGD INCREASES Variation AMONG Populations
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RGD for ManyGenerations
With NOMigration
All Populations GeneticallyIdentical
Populations GeneticallyDifferent from one another
RGD DECREASES Variation WITHIN Populations
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RGD and Migrationfor Many
Generations
All Populations GeneticallyIdentical
Populations SomewhatGenetically Different
Migration OPPOSES RGD and LIMITS its effects
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Random Genetic Drift : Effects
1. On average WITHIN one population, RGD DECREASES genetic variation:
A) Random Genetic Drift makes INDIVIDUALS more homozygous, more genetically similar.
B) the POPULATION becomes genetically less variable. C) RGD causes ALLELES to become FIXED (Pa = 1) or LOST (Pa = 0).D) RGD diminishes the heritable variation within a population, which limits
NATURAL SELECTION.
2. On average AMONG a group of populations, RGD INCREASES genetic variation: A) RGD makes different populations genetically more different from one another.
3. GENETIC FIXITY of SPECIES is NOT possible as long as there are a lot of populations, because RGD will do something different in each population. There is continual change of allele frequencies in finite populations by chance, RGD.
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Generation 1
Generation 2
ManyDifferent
Chance Events
One Starting Point
Three Equally Possible Outcomes
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Random Genetic Drift
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Migration as an Evolutionary Force• Migration is the Movement of Individuals between
populations.• When individuals move from one population to
another and then breed with the residents of the new population, ‘Gene Flow’ can change frequency of alleles in the new population.
– immigration movement of individuals INTO a population
– emigration movement of individuals OUT OF a
population
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Evolutionary Consequences of Migration (Gene Flow)
1) Gene Flow between populations reduces the genetic differences between the populations.
2) Gene Flow can be a constraint on evolution when immigrants carry genes into a population that are not adapted for the ecological conditions of the population.
alleles that are good in one population may be bad in another population
3) Gene Flow can accelerate evolution when immigrants carry genes into a population that are adapted for the conditions of the population.
beneficial alleles from other populations can be brought in faster by migration than they can arise by mutation.
Migration does NOT create new genetic variation; it moves around already existing variation.
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pGreen = 1.00pRED = 0.00
Population 1 Population 2
Exchange Migrants
M = 0.20
pGreen = 0.00pRED = 1.00
The two Populationsare genetically veryDifferent BEFORE
GENE FLOW
The two Populationsare genetically more
similar AFTER GENE FLOW
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p’Green = (1 – M)pGREEN,1 + (M)pGREEN,2
= 0.80*(1.00) + 0.20*(0.00) = 0.80
ΔpGREEN,1 = M (p2 – p1) < 0, Green DECREASED
What is Allele Frequency AFTER Migration in Population 1?
pGreen = 1.00pRED = 0.00
M = 0.20From Pop2
p’Green = ???p’RED = ???
Population 1Population 1
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19ΔpGREEN,2 = M (p1 – p2) > 0, GREEN INCREASED
What is Allele Frequency AFTER Migration in Population 2?
pGreen,2 = 0.00pRED,2 = 1.00
M = 0.20From Pop 1.
p’Green = ???p’RED = ???
p’Green,2 = (1 – M)pGREEN,2 + (M)pGREEN,1
= 0.80*(0.00) + 0.20*(1.00) = 0.20
Population 2Population 2
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Random Genetic Drift versus Migration
• RGD makes populations genetically different.
• Migration makes populations genetically similar.
• Together, RGD and Migration place a limit on the degree of genetic differences between populations.
• Where is the limit or Balance between these two evolutionary forces?
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RGD and Migrationfor Many
Generations
All Populations GeneticallyIdentical
Populations SomewhatGenetically Different
Migration opposes RGD and LIMITS its effects
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RGD for ManyGenerations
All Populations GeneticallyIdentical
Populations GeneticallyDifferent from one another
Could this happen with Migration? Answer: ????
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Random Genetic Drift and Migration: Effects
1. On average WITHIN one population, RGD DECREASES genetic variation, Migration INCREASES genetic variation:
A) RGD makes INDIVIDUALS more homozygous, Migration makes INDIVIDUALS more heterozygous.
B) the POPULATION reaches a STABLE LEVEL of genetic variation where RGD and Migration are balanced.
C) Migration PREVENTS RGD from making ALLELES become FIXED (Pa = 1) or LOST (Pa = 0).
D) Migration can replenish the heritable variation within a population lost by RGD.
2. On average AMONG a group of populations, RGD INCREASES genetic variation, Migration DECREASES genetic variation: