11

Rice Production and ProductivityRice Production and ProductivityScenario in India : Issues and StrategiesScenario in India : Issues and Strategies

GURBACHAN SINGHAgriculture Commissioner

Ministry of AgricultureDepartment of Agriculture and Cooperation

Email : ag.comm@nic.in

22

Area (lac ha), Production (lac t) and Area (lac ha), Production (lac t) and Yield (kg/ha) of riceYield (kg/ha) of rice

455.37439.14438.13436.59419.067

831.32 917.93 933.55 966.93 991.82

2102 2131 2202 21781984

0500

1000150020002500300035004000

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Area Production Yield

33

Rice Culture in IndiaRice Culture in India

Water RegimeWater Regime Yield RangeYield Range(t/ha)(t/ha)

Irrigated (Wet season, Kharif)Irrigated (Wet season, Kharif) 3.0 - 4.03.0 - 4.0

Irrigated (Dry season, Rabi)Irrigated (Dry season, Rabi) 4.0 – 6.04.0 – 6.0

Rainfed (Shallow lowland)Rainfed (Shallow lowland) 2.5 – 3.52.5 – 3.5

Rainfed (Semi deep water)Rainfed (Semi deep water) 2.0 – 2.52.0 – 2.5

Floating or deep waterFloating or deep water < 1.0< 1.0

Rainfed uplandRainfed upland 1.0 – 1.51.0 – 1.5

44

StateStateGrain yield (t/ha)Grain yield (t/ha)

RiceRice WheatWheat Rice-wheat Rice-wheat systemsystem

PunjabPunjab 10.610.6 7.737.73 18.3318.33

ChandigarhChandigarh 10.2510.25 8.258.25 18.5018.50

HaryanaHaryana 10.5410.54 7.367.36 17.9017.90

DelhiDelhi 10.7510.75 7.257.25 18.0018.00

Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 10.3510.35 7.157.15 17.5017.50

BiharBihar 9.709.70 6.76.7 16.4016.40

West BengalWest Bengal 8.078.07 5.35.3 13.3713.37

Yield potential for rice-wheat cropping system in Yield potential for rice-wheat cropping system in different states of Indo-Gangetic Plain (derived through different states of Indo-Gangetic Plain (derived through

simulation modeling)simulation modeling)

Source: Aggarwal et al. (2000) Rice-Wheat consortium paper series 10 IARI, New Delhi

55

Productivity of rice and wheat (2004) and fertilizer Productivity of rice and wheat (2004) and fertilizer

consumption (2002-03) in different countriesconsumption (2002-03) in different countries CountryCountry Productivity (t/ha)Productivity (t/ha) Fertilizer Fertilizer

Consumption Consumption (Kg N + (Kg N + PP22OO55+K+K22O) / haO) / ha

RiceRice WheatWheat Rice + WheatRice + Wheat

EgyptEgypt 9.59.5 6.56.5 16.016.0 437.5437.5

AustraliaAustralia 8.28.2 6.06.0 14.214.2 247.2247.2

FranceFrance 5.65.6 7.67.6 13.213.2 215.1215.1

SpainSpain 7.47.4 3.33.3 10.710.7 157.7157.7

JapanJapan 6.96.9 3.83.8 10.710.7 290.6290.6

USAUSA 7.67.6 2.92.9 10.510.5 109.6109.6

ChinaChina 6.36.3 4.24.2 10.510.5 275.0275.0

Republic of KoreaRepublic of Korea 6.46.4 3.03.0 9.49.4 409.7409.7

ChileChile 4.64.6 4.64.6 9.29.2 229.6229.6

UkraineUkraine 4.64.6 3.73.7 8.38.3 18.118.1

PakistanPakistan 3.43.4 2.42.4 5.85.8 138.1138.1

IndiaIndia 2.92.9 2.62.6 5.55.5 99.799.7

WorldWorld 3.973.97 2.872.87 6.846.84 100.8100.8Source: FAO Production Year Book, 2004

66

Productivity of rice in major rice Productivity of rice in major rice growing statesgrowing states

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

2004-05 3111 1460 792 1170 1305 2712 720 1425

2005-06 2939 1468 1075 1337 1150 3868 999 1779

2006-07 2984 1332 1486 1354 1828 2470 824 1680

2007-08 3344 1428 1237 1446 2018 2625 934 1903

2008-09 3246 1614 1599 1176 2031 2511 927 1501

AP Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Karnataka MP Maharashtra

77

Productivity of rice in major rice Productivity of rice in major rice growing statesgrowing states

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

2004-05 2712 2301 1446 3943 2703 1790 1869 2574

2005-06 3868 2284 1531 2858 2546 1996 1954 2509

2006-07 2470 2390 1534 3868 3423 1879 1979 2593

2007-08 2625 2310 1694 4019 2817 2063 2052 2570

2008-09 2511 2519 1529 4022 2683 2171 1966 2533

Karnataka Kerala Orissa Punjab TN UP Uttarakhand WB

88

CAGR Yield Analysis of RiceCAGR Yield Analysis of Rice State State Yield (Kg / Hectare)Yield (Kg / Hectare)

CAGR of yield CAGR of yield (2003-4 to 2007-08)(2003-4 to 2007-08)

2003-042003-04 2007-082007-08 2008-09*2008-09*

PunjabPunjab 2.132.13 36943694 40194019 40224022

A.P.A.P. 2.672.67 30093009 33443344 32473247

HaryanaHaryana 5.165.16 27492749 33613361 27262726

W.BW.B 0.690.69 25042504 25732573 26462646

T.NT.N 5.115.11 23082308 28172817 25102510

KarnatakaKarnataka 2.542.54 23752375 26252625 24342434

U.P.U.P. -1.45-1.45 21872187 20632063 21712171

JharkhandJharkhand 4.454.45 16951695 20182018 19471947

AssamAssam -1.77-1.77 15341534 14281428 17201720

BiharBihar -5.07-5.07 15231523 12371237 16101610

OrissaOrissa 3.153.15 14961496 16941694 15201520MaharashtraMaharashtra 0.670.67 18531853 19031903 15061506

ChattisgarhChattisgarh -0.14-0.14 14541454 14461446 11761176

All India All India 1.451.45 20782078 22022202 21862186

Target CAGRTarget CAGR 1.051.05Note:* 4th Advance Estimates **Working Group of Planning Commission (Based on TE 2006-07); Yellow : States showing CAGR less than target CAGR Green: States showing more than target CAGR

99

States with Highest and States with Highest and Lowest productivity of RiceLowest productivity of Rice

Highest ProductivityHighest Productivity Lowest ProdutivityLowest ProdutivityStateState Yield Yield

(Kg/Ha)(Kg/Ha)StateState Yield Yield

(Kg/Ha)(Kg/Ha)

PunjabPunjab 40194019 BiharBihar 12371237

HaryanaHaryana 33613361 AssamAssam 14281428

Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh 33443344 ChattishgarhChattishgarh 14461446

Tamil NaduTamil Nadu 28172817 OrissaOrissa 16941694

West BengalWest Bengal 25732573 Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 20632063National Average : 2202 kg/haNational Average : 2202 kg/ha

1010

10Reference: Agriculture Situation in India, August 2002 (Yield Reference: Agriculture Situation in India, August 2002 (Yield

updated as in 2009)updated as in 2009)

Actual Yield

111111

(Yield t/ha)

1212

IssuesIssues

Declining levels of soil Declining levels of soil organic matterorganic matter

Widening N: P : K Ratio Widening N: P : K Ratio Micro-nutrient deficiencies Micro-nutrient deficiencies Declining response in Declining response in

terms of grains / kg terms of grains / kg fertilizer fertilizer

Heavy metal pollution Heavy metal pollution Low nutrient use efficiencyLow nutrient use efficiency

StrategiesStrategies

Integrated Nutrient Integrated Nutrient Management Management

Conservation Agriculture Conservation Agriculture PracticesPractices

NBS: Balanced NutritionNBS: Balanced Nutrition

Soil Health ManagementSoil Health Management

1313

Current status of nutrient use Current status of nutrient use efficiencyefficiency

NutrientNutrient Efficiency percentageEfficiency percentage

NN 30-5030-50

PP 10-2010-20

KK <80<80

SS 8-128-12

ZnZn 2-52-5

FeFe 1-21-2

CuCu 1-21-2

MnMn 1-21-2

1414

Measures to increase nutrient use efficiency

MeasureMeasure NutrientNutrient Increase in Increase in nutrient use nutrient use efficiency(%)efficiency(%)

Split vs. single dose Split vs. single dose application application

NN 15-2015-20

Furrow placement vs Furrow placement vs broadcast application broadcast application

PKPK 20-3020-30

The incorporation of urea The incorporation of urea super granules (USG)vs super granules (USG)vs split applicationsplit application

NN 2020

The foliar vs basal The foliar vs basal applicationapplication

Micro-Micro-nutrientsnutrients

15-2015-20

Neem coated vs prilled Neem coated vs prilled ureaurea

NN 5-105-10

Preferential application of Preferential application of phosphorus to wheat in phosphorus to wheat in rice-wheat sequencerice-wheat sequence

PP 5050

1515

Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) in Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) in rice-wheat cropping system rice-wheat cropping system

(Yield t/ha)

Site (State)Site (State)CropCrop SSNMSSNM State State

AverageAverage% Increase % Increase over state over state averageaverage

Fertilizer consumption (kg/haFertilizer consumption (kg/ha

SSNM (NPK + SSNM (NPK + Secondary + Secondary +

Micronutrients)Micronutrients)

State (NPK)State (NPK)

R.S. Pura R.S. Pura (J & K)(J & K)

RR 8.558.55 1.691.69 406406 495495 71.471.4

WW 4.754.75 1.331.33 257257 370370

RWRW 13.3013.30 3.023.02 341341 865865

Ludhiana Ludhiana (Punjab)(Punjab)

RR 10.4110.41 3.553.55 194194 460460 184.0184.0

WW 6.556.55 4.534.53 4444 360360

RWRW 16.9616.96 8.08*8.08* 110110 820820

Modipuram (UP)Modipuram (UP) RR 9.959.95 2.122.12 369369 370370 126.7126.7

WW 5.945.94 2.762.76 116116 320320

RWRW 15.8915.89 4.88*4.88* 226226 690690

Varanasi (UP)Varanasi (UP) RR 7.367.36 2.122.12 247247 425425 126.7126.7

WW 5.945.94 2.762.76 115115 300300

RWRW 13.3013.30 4.88*4.88* 173173 725725

Contd………..

1616

Ranchi Ranchi (Jharkhand)(Jharkhand)

RR 7.037.03 1.431.43 392392 420420 80.580.5

WW 4.064.06 1.631.63 149149 360360

RWRW 11.0911.09 3.06*3.06* 262262 780780

Palampur (HP)Palampur (HP) RR 5.835.83 1.031.03 466466 190190 49.449.4

WW 3.283.28 1.521.52 115115 125125

RWRW 9.19.1 2.55*2.55* 257257 315315

*Rice (R) + Wheat (W) (based on state average)

Source: Site Specific Nutrient Management Project Report – PDCSR, Modipuram

1717

State wise Area of Salt Affected Soils in IndiaState wise Area of Salt Affected Soils in India

StateState SalineSaline SodicSodic TotalTotal

Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh 7759877598 196609196609 274207274207

Andaman & Nicobar IslandAndaman & Nicobar Island 7700077000 00 7700077000

BiharBihar 4730147301 105852105852 153153153153

GujaratGujarat 16805701680570 541430541430 22220002222000

HaryanaHaryana 4915749157 183399183399 232556232556

KarnatakaKarnataka 18931893 148136148136 150029150029

KeralaKerala 2000020000 00 2000020000

Madhya PradeshMadhya Pradesh 00 139720139720 139720139720

MaharashtraMaharashtra 184089184089 422670422670 606759606759

OrissaOrissa 147138147138 00 147138147138

PunjabPunjab 00 151717151717 151717151717

RajasthanRajasthan 195571195571 179371179371 374942374942

Tamil NaduTamil Nadu 1323113231 354784354784 368015368015

Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 2198921989 13469711346971 13689601368960

West BengalWest Bengal 441272441272 00 441272441272

TotalTotal 29568092956809 37706593770659 67274686727468

Projections by 2025 : 11.7 million ha

1818

CSR 10, CSR 13, CSR 17, CSR 23, CSR 27, CSR 30 (Basmati), CSR 36

Sodicity Range up to 9.8 pH2

Salinity Range up to EC2 8 ds/m

Salt Tolerant Rice Verities

1919

EXTENT OF WATERLOGGED AREASEXTENT OF WATERLOGGED AREASStateState Waterlogged area (m ha)Waterlogged area (m ha)

Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh 0.430.43

BiharBihar 0.350.35

GujaratGujarat 0.170.17

HaryanaHaryana 0.230.23

KarnatakaKarnataka 0.050.05

KeralaKerala 0.080.08

Madhya PradeshMadhya Pradesh 0.060.06

MaharashtraMaharashtra 0.020.02

OrissaOrissa 0.180.18

PunjabPunjab 0.300.30

RajasthanRajasthan 0.180.18

Tamil Nadu & PondicherryTamil Nadu & Pondicherry 0.610.61

Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 0.590.59

West BengalWest Bengal 0.290.29

TotalTotal 3.553.55Main Source: Min. of Agriculture (Draft Report, 1999)

2020

LOSSES DUE TO WATER LOGGING LOSSES DUE TO WATER LOGGING AND SOIL SALINITYAND SOIL SALINITY

CropCrop Normal Normal landslands

Salt Salt affected affected landslands

WaterloggeWaterlogged landsd lands

PaddyPaddy 39.939.9 21.8 (45)21.8 (45) 23.0 (42)23.0 (42)

WheatWheat 26.026.0 15.8 (40)15.8 (40) 18.6 (38)18.6 (38)

CottonCotton 16.316.3 6.1 (63)6.1 (63) 3.7 (77)3.7 (77)

SugarcaneSugarcane 636.8636.8 330.2 (48)330.2 (48) 247.5 (61)247.5 (61)

Source: Joshi (1994); Figures in parentheses indicate percentage loss over normal lands

2121

Coastal Saline Areas About 3 m ha in West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh,

Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Gujarat

Islands of Andeman & Nicobar, Laksdeep, Daman and Diu and Goa

Climate change related sea water rise will inundate large areas in near future

2222

Rice Varieties suitable for cultivation in Coastal Saline Areas

Released byReleased by Varieties

Upland situation (0-15 cm water regime) with moderately high salinity

CSR1, CSR2, CSR3, CSR4, CST 7-1, Canning 7, Jaya, 1ET1444

Shallow water (15-30 cm) with moderate soil salinity (4.0 to 6.0 ds m-1)

Sumati, CSR6, SR 26B, Dhudesar, NC 128, NC 678, SMS, Matla, Hamilton, Jhingasail, Gavir Saru, Gopal Bhog

Semi deep water (30-50 cm with low soil salinity (around 4.0 ds / m)

Utpala, CSR 6, SR26B, NC 1281, Matla, Hamilton, Asfad, Gavir Saru

Acid sulphate soils Canning T, SR 26 B, Mashuri

Flash floods CSR 4, SR 26 B

Rabi / Summer Season CSR4, CST 7-1, Canning 7, Ratna

2323

Hybrid Rice cultivation

Drawbacks :• No yield advantage in high productivity areas• Narrow choice of hybrids to suit different regions/

States• Less acceptable grain and cooking quality• Procurement/ Marketing issues

Opportunity :• Ample potential to boost productivity in East Indian

States • States having productivity <2t/ ha

About 55% area under hybrid rice in China

Several hybrids developed in India but area coverage is insignificant

2424Source : Pathak, 2000;Hybird Rice

2525

Major Constraints in Enhancing Boro Rice Production and Productivity

Lack of location specific high yielding boro varieties with tolerance to low temperature during seedling to vegetative phase and to heat at ripening stage

Poor and slow germination of seed at low temperature

Non-synchronized tillering

Inadequate infrastructure facilities for seed production

Weak extension linkages

2626

Major Areas Growing Boro Rice

StateState Districts

Easter Uttar PradeshEaster Uttar Pradesh Ballia, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Gazipur, Basti

(Lake, rivers, nalahs, etc.)

BiharBihar Purnia, Katihar, Madhepura, Madhubani,

Darbhanga, Saharsha

(Low-lying chaurs and chauri)

West Bengal West Bengal Burduwan, 24-parganas, Nadia, Midnapur, Bankur

OrissaOrissa Balasore, Bhadrak, Kendrapara

(Low-lying areas of coastal belt)

AssamAssam Nawgaon, Karimganj (Lake areas)

2727

List of some of the traditional basmati and evolved basmati quality varieties / hybrids released for cultivation

Released byReleased by Variety

CVRC Pusa Basamati 1, Kasturi, Haryana Basmati 1, Pusa RH 10 (hybrid), Yamini (CSR 30), Pusa Sugandh 3, Pusa Sugandh 2, Pusa Sugandh 5, Pusa RH 10 (Hybrid), Sugandhamati, Improved Pusa Basmati

Haryana Taroari Basmati*

Jammu & Kashmir Ranbir Basmati

Delhi Pusa Sugandh 4, Pusa 1121

Punjab Basmati 217, Basmati 370*, Basmati 385, Basmati 386*, Punjab Basmati 1, Super Basmati

Uttar Pradesh Type 3*

2828

Some of the tips for getting higher production and better quality basmati rice includes :

• Adjusting planting date of traditional varieties in such a way that cool temperature is prevalent during grain filling stage

• Except Pusa Basmati I which responds upto 90 kg N / ha, most varieties respond well upto 40-45 kg N / ha. Higher N application leads to lodging of the crop and thus aggravating diseases / pest menace.

2929

System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

• Most suitable for small and marginal farmers• Labour intensive• Precision operations• Efficient utilization of water and nutrients • Higher returns

Direct Seeded Rice Cultivation

• Saves water by 15-20 %, less energy use • Weed management serious problem• Reduced cost of cultivation• With proper plant population and weed management, yields almost equivalent to transplanted puddeled crop can be achieved.

3030

Specific constraints to Rice productivity in different Regions/ Ecologies

Northern Region :

Low organic matter

Declining ground water levels

N, P, S, Fe, Mn, Zn deficiency

Imbalanced fertilizer use

Less than optimum plant population

Delayed planting due to labour shortage

Weeds and Pests

Eastern Region :• Widespread Pand Zn deficiency• Delayed / prolonged transplanting• Low/ imbalanced fertilizer use• Poor water management • Less adoption of new high yielding varities• weeds and pests

3131

Southern Region : Less than optimum plant population

Salinity/ alkalinity

Delayed planting

Imbalanced fertilizer use

North East Hill Region :• Prevalence of shifting cultivation• Mostly native varieties cultivated • Poor coverage under HYV• Acidity, low P and Zn availability• Fe toxicity• Very low fertilizer use

3232

Rainfed Uplands :• Low organic matter, N, P, Zn, Bo• Very low fertilizer use• Severe weed infestation• Moisture stress at critical stages• Inadequate supply and use of quality seeds• Wide spread poverty

Rainfed Lowlands :• Acid soils of low fertility, N, P, Zn, Mo deficiency• Saline soils deficient in N, P, and Zn in coastal areas• Low fertilizer use and poor use efficiency• Submergence in flood prone and waterlogged areas• Intermittent drought spells• Inadequate supply and use of quality seed• Wide spread poverty

3333

Central Region :• High fixation of P and deficiency of N, Zn, Mo• Water logging at early stages and drought at grain formation/ filling stages• Severe weed/ Pest infestation

Western Region :• Salinity and deficiency of N, Ca, S, Zn • poor quality ground water for irrigation • Low fertilizer use and poor use efficiency• Periods of moisture stress in rainfed and partially irrigated areas

3434

Projection of rice production (million tonnes)Projection of rice production (million tonnes)

99.287.6

105.0116.0

130.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2015-16 2020-2212020-212020-21

3535

Expected rates of return to research on rice - wheat system

ProjectProject Internal rate of return (%)Internal rate of return (%)

High High productivity productivity

RegionRegion

Low productivityLow productivityRegionRegion

Development of rice varietyDevelopment of rice variety 109109 8585

Development of wheat varietyDevelopment of wheat variety 6565 7070

Tillage and residue Tillage and residue managementmanagement

79 #79 # **

Water managementWater management 48 #48 # 4545

Nutrient managementNutrient management 68 #68 # 5656

Weed controlWeed control 74 #74 # 6262

# This does not include non-monetary improvement of resources* Tillage and residue management is not a research priority for the low

productivity region.

Source: Annual Report, NCAP, 1997-98

3636

Exploiting untapped potentials of production

Proposed intervention/Proposed intervention/Untapped potentialUntapped potential

Expected Expected additional additional

production (Mt)production (Mt)

Enhancing fertilizer use efficiencyEnhancing fertilizer use efficiency 3030

Water management including drainageWater management including drainage 3030

Soil health care including reclamation of Soil health care including reclamation of salinity/acidity/alkalinitysalinity/acidity/alkalinity

4040

Realignment of cropping patterns on ecological Realignment of cropping patterns on ecological principlesprinciples

3030

Region productivity of command areas of wells Region productivity of command areas of wells and tanks, and small and medium irrigation and tanks, and small and medium irrigation projectsprojects

120120

Total increase in production expectedTotal increase in production expected 250250

3737