1 robert gagne instructional design theories disediakan oleh: nor salasiah binti mat rashid...
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Robert Gagne Instructional Design Theories
Disediakan Oleh:Nor Salasiah Binti Mat Rashid
S-QM0020/10
Pensyarah:Dr Balakrishnan Muniandy
QIM 501Instructional Design and Delivery
Robert Gagne’s Background
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• Born in 1916 in North Andover, Massachusetts
• Doctorate-level psychologist, professor, learning theorist/researcher, and author.
• Received Bachelors of Arts and earned his doctoral from Brown University
• Focused on the “…practical application of learning theory to real world skills” in order to provide instruction for specific tasks and outcomes (Dick, 2003, p. 77)
Academic And Author
Was very interested in public education and school learning and continued to develop his instructional theory using simple arithmetic as the research skill
Wrote nine books and over two dozen articles, including the widely-known The Conditions of Learning, and Principles of Instructional Design (co-authored)
(Dick, 2003; Robert Mills , 2006)
• Well known for theory of conditional learning• Consist of 3 distinct component :
Taxonomy of learning outcomes - learning domain
Specific learning condition - Hierarchy of Learning
9 instructional events
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The Concept and Definition Behind Gagne’s Theory
The concept:1. A task analysis is done for the specific skill to be learned; this
analysis details each component of the skill2. The components can then be assembled to create a plan for
instruction, which Gagne called a “learning hierarchy”3. Therefore, a teacher creating an instructional plan would identify the
skill to be learned as a specific behavior, then ask and answer the question "What would you have to know how to do in order to perform this task, after being given only a set of instructions"
A definition An instructional theory which seeks to describe the conditions under
which one can intentionally arrange for the learning of specific performance outcomes (Driscoll, 2000)
change in human disposition or capability that persists over a period of time and is not simply ascribable to processes of growth (1985, p.2)
(Driscoll, 2000; Theory into Practice, 1994-2009)(Smith & Ragan; Instructional Design, 2004)
Principles Behind Gagne’s Theory
• Different instruction is required for different learning outcomes.
• Events of learning operate on the learner in ways that constitute the conditions of learning.
• The specific operations that constitute instructional events are different for each different type of learning outcome.
• Learning hierarchies define what intellectual skills are to be learned and a sequence of instruction.
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Gagne's theoretical framework covers all aspects of learning, the focus of the theory is on intellectual skills. The theory has been applied to the design of instruction in all domains (Gagner & Driscoll, 1988). In its original formulation (Gagne, 1962), special attention was given to military training settings. Gagne (1987) addresses the role of instructional technology in learning.
Scope/Application:
Gagne’s Theory of Instruction is made up of three components
A Taxonomy of Learning Outcomes
Conditions of
Learning
Nine Events of Instruction
1. Gaining attention2. Informing learners of
objectives3. Stimulating recall of
prior learning4. Presenting the
stimulus5. Providing learning
guidance6. Eliciting performance7. Providing feedback8. Assessing
performance9. Enhancing retention
and transfer
Cognitive Domain:Cognitive strategies,Intellectual skills,Verbal information
Affective Domain:Attitudes
Psychomotor Domain:Motor Skills
(Driscoll, 2000)
PSYCHOMOTOR SKILLS
INTELLECTUAL SKILLS
VERBAL INFORMATION
ATTITUDE
COGNITIVE STRATEGIES
Stating information
Using concepts and rules to solve problems; responding to classes of stimuli as distinct from recalling specific examples
Executing bodily movements smoothly and in proper sequence
Choosing to behave in a particular way
Originating novel solutions to problems; utilizing various means for controlling one’s thinking / learning process
A Taxonomy of Learning Outcomes
Conditions of Learning
Internal Conditions
Conditionsof Learning
ExternalConditions
Different sets of conditions must be established and/or provided for the various types of outcomes to occur
Acquisition and storage of prior capabilities that the learner has acquiredthat are either essential to or supportiveof subsequent learning
Various ways that instructional eventsoutside the learner function to activate &support the internal process of learning
Internal Conditions
Conditionsof Learning
ExternalConditions
For intellectual skills to be learned: - certain previously learned prerequisites be recalled
For attitude to be learned : - recall a respected model exhibiting the attitude
For a motor skill to be learned: - learner be able to practice the skill and receive immediate feedback on the correctness of the performance
For attitude to be learned : - a model respected by the learner must be provided
•Gaining attention•Informing learners of the objectives•Stimulating recall of prior learning•Presenting the stimulus•Providing learning guidance•Eliciting performance•Providing feedback•Assessing performance•Enhancing retention and transfer
Gagne’s Nine Events for Instructional Design
Gagné's ID is based on different types of learning outcome needing different learning activities and therefore different instructional conditions.
Developing instruction involves analyzing requirements, selecting media and designing the instructional events (Killpatrick, L., 2001 ).
Conclusion
ReferencesPatricia L. Smith & Tillman J. Ragan (2004). Instructional Design.Oklahoma :John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Driscoll, M. (1991). Psychology of learning for instruction. Retrieved January 28, 2009 from http://my-ecoach.com/idtimeline/theory/gagne.html
Dick, W. (2003). The legacy of Robert Gagne. Educational Technology, Research and Development, 51 (2), 77.
Driscoll, M. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction. New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Gagne, R. M. (1965). The conditions of learning. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Gagne, R. M., (1985). The conditions of learning and theory of instruction. Retrieved January 28, 2009 from http://www.csulb.edu/~dkumrow/conference/learning_theory.html
Gagne. R. M., Briggs L. J., & Wager W. W. (1992). Principles of instructional design. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Conditions of Learning (R. Gagne) Retrieved July 28, 2010 from http://tip.psychology.org/gagne.html
Kruse, K. (n.d.) Gagne’s nine events of instruction: an introduction. Retrieved January 21, 2009 from http://www.e-learningguru.com /articles/art3_3.htm
Robert Mills Gagne Biography (2006). Retrieved January 27, 2009, from http://www.bookrags.com/biography/robert-mills-gagne/