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Lead-based paint contamination in soil as a HAIL Activity in Canterbury
Rowan Freeman, CEnvP SC
Principal Science Advisor (Contaminated Sites) Environment Canterbury Regional Council
[email protected]://llur.ecan.govt.nz/Public/
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Bodgen and Louria, 1975
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Presentation Overview
• Background on lead-based paint use in NZ
• Human health issues associated with lead
• ECan’s observations and response to DSIs targeting lead-based paint
residues in soil
• ECan’s perspective – When do we pull the “HAIL card”?
• Difficulties facing regulators and possible solutions
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Use of lead-based paints in New Zealand
Pigment & drying agent in paints (numerous formulations)
• PbCO3 & PbSO4 – (white pigment) up to mid-1960s
• PbCrO4 – (yellow pigment) Up to 1970s
• Red lead – (wood primer) Up to 1980s
• Ca2PbO4 – (iron roof coating) 1958 to Present
Source: NZ Ministry of Health (2013)
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Lead-based paints contaminate soil
Old housing stock (lots in NZ!)
• General wear
• Renovation
• Demolitions
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The problem with lead…
• Persistent1
• Damages human organs2
• Accumulates in bones and teeth3
• Causes neurological deficits and behavioural anomalies4
• Young children vulnerable! - no safe level in blood5
1(Barbafieri et al., 2017); 2(US. DoH and HS, 2007); 3(MoH, 2013); 4(Assi et al., 2016); 5 (Nezat et al., 2017; CDC, 2017)
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I Eat Dirt!• Ingestion of contaminated
soil
• Children love dirt!
Ashrafzadeh et al., 2017; MfE, 2011; Misenheimer et al., 2018
Swanson & Monacelli, 2010; Johnson et al., 2016
Photo: https://brightside.me/
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I Garden!• Exposure to contaminated
soil• Consumption of home
grown produce
(Bacigalupo & Hale, 2012)
Sources: https://sukiscoop.com (topleft); www.shutterstock.com (bottom left); www.pinterest.com (right)
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I Breathe!• Inhalation of contaminated
dust while renovating
• Worth mentioning even
though soil is not the source!
(ATSDR, 2007)
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHYW-3qnyzc
Source: https://www.jlconline.com
Source: https://www.simplythenest.com
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What we’ve observed in Canterbury?
DSIs are being done where there are no known HAIL activities:
• Based on the age and condition of structures
• Based on suspicion of historical lead-based paint use
But what’s the driver?
• Making a statement or raising awareness about health risks?
• Moral principles?
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The Public’s ResponseWhy me?
What about my neighbour’s house?
Who’s going to pay for this?
What’s this going to do to
my property value?
I’ve lived here my whole life and I’m
not sick!
You’re singling me out!!!
Lead contamination is
everywhere!
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If we get a DSI report that found contamination in soil where there is no HAIL
Environment Canterbury’s Response
HAIL category “I”! Any other land that has been subject to the
intentional or accidental release of a hazardous
substance in sufficient quantity that it could be a
risk to human health or the environment
MfE (2011)
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• File and audit DSI reports
• Update land category on Listed Land Use Register
• We publish what we know!
Environment Canterbury’s response
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What if suspicion of historical lead-based paint use qualified as a HAIL activity?
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But first… Food for thought - What is a HAIL activity?
The Hazardous Activities and Industries List
(HAIL) is a compilation of activities and
industries that are considered likely to cause
land contamination resulting from hazardous
substance use, storage or disposal. MfE (2011)
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`
Currently known HAIL Activities/1950s aerial photo Christchurch
Environment Canterbury Listed Land Use Register (2018)
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Currently known HAIL Activities/1950s aerial photo Christchurch
Environment Canterbury Listed Land Use Register (2018)
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Our Position1. Historical use of lead-based paint in and of itself - NOT HAIL
2. Suspicion of lead-based paint contaminated soil - NOT HAIL
Exception
If you do a DSI on non-HAIL land and report lead-based paint contamination
HAIL category “I”
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The risk to human health is real
TAs are restricted by NESCS - No appropriate alternative
• No HAIL activity + NES not triggered = no action!
• HAIL activity + NES not triggered = no action!
• Many TAs are aware lead-based paints may have
contaminated soil
• Is it legal to ask for a PSI/DSI without backing from the
regulatory planning framework?
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We need an intervention
Stop the hand-wringing – take action!!
• Ministry for the Environment
• Ministry of Health
• Regulators
• Industry
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Possible solutions
There is no perfect solution but we can take positive steps:
• Public awareness campaigns (social media, DIY outlets, etc.)
• Team work (MfE, MoH, Industry and Regulators)
We need options that don’t make members of the public feel singled-
out…
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Summary
• Lead-based paints historically widely used
• Lead persists in soil and harmful if it enters the body
• Regulators are limited in how they can respond
• Inclusion on land use registers is not a solution
• Doing nothing is not a solution!!
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