1.[ s i forced him [ s pro to be kind]] phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational...
DESCRIPTION
1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] 2.[ S I believed [ S him to be kind]] 3.[ S NP seems [ S John to shout]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:TRANSCRIPT
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1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 2: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 3: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 4: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 5: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 6: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 7: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 8: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 9: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 10: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
![Page 11: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture
![Page 12: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,
![Page 13: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 4,
![Page 14: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 4,•and the semantic role of the subject of 6?
![Page 15: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1. [S I forced him [S PRO to be kind]]
2. [S I believed [S him to be kind]]
3. [S NP seems [S John to shout]]
4. [S NP tends [S John to shout]]
5. [S Bill [VP killed John]]
6. [S NP [VP was killed John]]
1. [S I forced him [VP' to be kind]]
2. [S I believed him [VP' to be kind]]
4. [S John tends [VP' to shout]]
6. [S John [VP' was killed]]
Phrase structure analyses in Lexical Functional Grammar:
Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:
How does LFG capture•the difference between 1 and 2,•the non-argument status of the subject of 4,•and the semantic role of the subject of 6?
Answer: Don’t operate on the trees,but annotate them with relevant informationabout syntactic functions and semantic arguments.
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VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
AP
to
V
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VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to V
![Page 18: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
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VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
![Page 20: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
INF
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
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VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
INFINF
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
PRETBELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’
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VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
PRES
SUBJINF
INF
XCOMP
INF
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
TEND ‹XCOMP› SUBJ’
PRETBELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’
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VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed
kindbe
himVP'
TO VP
V AP
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
tends
shout
VP'
TO VP
V
to
VP
V
S
NPJohn
was
Bill
VP
V PP
NP
killed
by P
PRES
SUBJINF
INF
OBLag
XCOMP
INF
SUBJ
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
’FORCE ‹SUBJ OBJ XCOMP›’PRET
XCOMPOBJ
SUBJ
TEND ‹XCOMP› SUBJ’
PRET
KILL ‹OBLag SUBJ›’
BELIEVE ‹SUBJ XCOMP› OBJ’
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The functional information in the annotations
is represented in a separate functional structure
(f-structure), in the form of an attribute-value graph:
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
![Page 27: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
![Page 28: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
![Page 29: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
![Page 30: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
![Page 31: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pret
![Page 32: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2
![Page 33: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nom
![Page 34: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
![Page 35: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
Alternative notation:
(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
Alternative notation:
(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom
(f1 OBJ) = (f1 XCOMP SUBJ)
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SUBJPRED ’I’CASE nom
TENSE pret
OBJPRED ’HE’CASE oblNUM sg
XCOMPSUBJPRED ’LEAVE‹ SUBJ › ’
PRED ’FORCE‹ SUBJ OBJ XCOMP ›’
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f6
Describing parts of the structureby means of equations
f1 (TENSE) = pretf1 (SUBJ) = f2f2 (CASE) = nomf1 (SUBJ)(CASE) = nom
f2
Alternative notation:
(f1 TENSE) = pret(f1 SUBJ) = f2(f2 CASE) = nom(f1 SUBJ CASE) = nom
(f1 OBJ) = (f1 XCOMP SUBJ)
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How to incorporatef-structure information
into a grammar
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
Index the c-structure nodes
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
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S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 54: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 55: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 56: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 57: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP:3
V:4 NP:5
S:1
NP:2I
forced himVP':6
to leave(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6
Instantiate the metavariables:Replace them with f-structurevariables based on the node indices.
![Page 58: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2 f1f3
f3f4 (f3 OBJ)f5 (f3 XCOMP)f6
The tree has done its job:Forget it.
![Page 59: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
Collect the instantiated equationsinto an f-description
![Page 60: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
Solve the equations in any orderto constuct an f-structure
![Page 61: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
F-structure for I forced him to leave
Solve the equations in any orderto constuct an f-structure
![Page 62: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
F-structure for I forced him to leave
![Page 63: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
![Page 64: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
![Page 65: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f3
![Page 66: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f3
![Page 67: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f3
f4
![Page 68: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f3
f4
![Page 69: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f5
f3
f4
![Page 70: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f3
f4
f5
![Page 71: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 72: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 73: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 74: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
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(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 76: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 77: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 78: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 79: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 80: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 81: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
(f4 PRED) = 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'(f4 TENSE) = pret(f4 OBJ) = (f4 XCOMP SUBJ)
(f1 SUBJ)f2f1f3f3f4(f3 OBJ)f5(f3 XCOMP)f6
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
F-structure for I forced him to leave
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
Notice: The f-structure hasfewer levels than the c-structurebecause of the nodes annotatedwith ↓
![Page 82: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 83: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 84: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 85: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 86: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 87: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 88: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 89: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 90: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
![Page 91: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
The relation is called a projection relation.
![Page 92: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
The nodes in the tree and the elements of the f-structurenow stand in a many-to-one relation:
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
The relation is called a projection relation.A set of nodes which project the same f-structureare said to constitute a functional domain.
A functional domain
![Page 93: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Let us now move from
I forced him to leave
to
I believed him to leave
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
![Page 94: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
forced: ( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
forced himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = 'FORCE‹( SUBJ)( OBJ)( XCOMP)›'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
All we need to change is the lexical entry:
![Page 95: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
S -> NP VP
VP -> V (NP) (VP')
believed: ( PRED) = ’BELIEVE‹( SUBJ) ( XCOMP)›( OBJ)'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
VP
V NP
S
NPI
believed himVP'
to leave
( SUBJ)
( OBJ)
( XCOMP)
( PRED) = ’BELIEVE‹( SUBJ) ( XCOMP)›( OBJ)'( TENSE) = pret( OBJ) = ( XCOMP SUBJ)
All we need to change is the lexical entry:
![Page 96: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'FORCE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 OBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›'
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
This leads to the following change in the f-structure:
![Page 97: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED ’BELIEVE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›(f4 OBJ)'
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
This leads to the following change in the f-structure:
![Page 98: 1.[ S I forced him [ S PRO to be kind]] Phrase structure analyses in traditional transformational grammar:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985ae2/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
SUBJ
TENSE pret
OBJ
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED ’BELIEVE‹(f4 SUBJ)(f4 XCOMP)›(f4 OBJ)'
f1 f2
f6
f3
f4
f5
This leads to the following change in the f-structure:
The only change is in the mapping between syntactic functionsand argument positions, as expressed in the value of PRED.The syntax as such is unchanged.