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Speech Communication Speech Communication for Global Literacy for Global Literacy

(Advanced students)(Advanced students)

Koji NakamuraKoji Nakamura Professor of English and Global EducationProfessor of English and Global Education Konan UniversityKonan University Kobe, JapanKobe, Japan koji@konan-u.ac.jpkoji@konan-u.ac.jp VTRVTR: Students of Konan Univ. Kobe Japan are m: Students of Konan Univ. Kobe Japan are m

aking persuasive speech and logical debate in Eaking persuasive speech and logical debate in EIL.IL.

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What is communicative competence in What is communicative competence in writing and speaking?writing and speaking?

Grammatical and lexical competenceGrammatical and lexical competence (sentence structures, styles and vocabularies)(sentence structures, styles and vocabularies) Coherent and Cohesive competenceCoherent and Cohesive competence (Flow of the writing and speech)(Flow of the writing and speech) Discourse and contextual competenceDiscourse and contextual competence (ex. “You are my Desdemona.” Dramatic irony (ex. “You are my Desdemona.” Dramatic irony

“May these be the worst day.”“May these be the worst day.” Victorian moral, WASP and etc.)Victorian moral, WASP and etc.) Socio-linguistic competenceSocio-linguistic competence ( It’s very hot in this room, isn’t it?)( It’s very hot in this room, isn’t it?) Strategic CompetenceStrategic Competence (Ex. Non-verbal communication)(Ex. Non-verbal communication)

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Ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ Ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ and and coherent flow coherent flow

in writing and speechin writing and speech

Ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ Ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ and and coherent flow coherent flow

in writing and speechin writing and speech 　　Ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ－ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇ　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕＡｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ－ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇ　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕ

ｃｔｉｏｎ　はじめｃｔｉｏｎ　はじめ 　　　　　　　　　　　　 Topic SentenceTopic Sentence 　　 (( 主題文）主題文）　　　　　　　　　　　　 Ｔｈｅｓｉｓ　ＳｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔＴｈｅｓｉｓ　Ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔ　　 (( 命題文）命題文）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　ＢｏｄｙＢｏｄｙ　（Ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ）　（支持　（Ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ）　（支持

文）　　　文）　　　　　　　Ｃａｕｓｅ／Ｅｆｆｅｃｔ（因果関係）　 　　　　　　　　　Ｃａｕｓｅ／Ｅｆｆｅｃｔ（因果関係）　 　　　　　

(coherence)(coherence) 　　Ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ／Ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ　（比較　　Ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ／Ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ　（比較 // 例証） 例証）

　 　 一貫性一貫性 　　　　　Ｐｒｏ－Ｃｏｎ　Ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ（賛成・反対）　　　　　　Ｐｒｏ－Ｃｏｎ　Ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ（賛成・反対）　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　ＤｉｓｃｕｓｓｏｎＤｉｓｃｕｓｓｏｎ　　 (( 議論）議論）　　　　　　　　　Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ　　　　　　　　　　Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ　 (( 結論）　おわり結論）　おわり　　　　　　　　Ｃｌｉｎｃｈｅｒ　　　　　　　　　Ｃｌｉｎｃｈｅｒ　 (( 最後の決め手）最後の決め手）

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Introduction Thesis StatementControlling Ideas

BODYＳｕｐｐｏｒｔ

Discussion

ComparisonContrastConclusion

Clincher

CauseEffect

BodyＳｕｐｐｏｒｔ

Discussion

Topic Sentence

Controlling Ideas

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What is Process Writing?What is Process Writing?

Process writing is Process writing is a productive and interaca productive and interactive writing strategy between students and tive writing strategy between students and teachers, or among students.teachers, or among students. White (199 White (1991) states that writing is far from being a si1) states that writing is far from being a simple matter of transcribing language into mple matter of transcribing language into written symbols. Therefore writing can be written symbols. Therefore writing can be an interactive and creative means of omman interactive and creative means of ommunication. unication.

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Process Writing is Process Writing is a process of Academic and a process of Academic and Problem-solving ApproachProblem-solving Approach

White (1991) defines process writing White (1991) defines process writing as as a form of problem-solvinga form of problem-solving which which involves such processes as involves such processes as generating ideas, discovering a voice generating ideas, discovering a voice with which to write, planning, goal-with which to write, planning, goal-setting, monitoring and evaluating setting, monitoring and evaluating what is going to be written as well what is going to be written as well as what has been written, and as what has been written, and searching for language with which to searching for language with which to express exact meanings. express exact meanings.

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The Process of Academic Approach The Process of Academic Approach to (Global Literacy)to (Global Literacy)

1 Gathering information 1 Gathering information

2 Sharing relevant information, facts 2 Sharing relevant information, facts and evidence. (Sharing) and evidence. (Sharing)

3 Processing the necessary 3 Processing the necessary information for outlining and information for outlining and drafting one’s own speech. drafting one’s own speech.

4 Organizing and constructing one’s 4 Organizing and constructing one’s own opinion in written and oral own opinion in written and oral forms. forms.

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The Process of Problem-solving The Process of Problem-solving Approach Approach

1 1 Narrowing downNarrowing down the theme into your topic the theme into your topic

2 2 Defining the problemDefining the problem in the relevant issues in the relevant issues

3 3 AnalyzingAnalyzing the causes and effects of the problemthe causes and effects of the problem

4 4 Exploring possible workable solutionsExploring possible workable solutions as a as a brainstorming (Sharing)brainstorming (Sharing)

5 5 Suggesting possible workable solutionsSuggesting possible workable solutions with with each other (Sharing)each other (Sharing)

6 6 Selecting the best solution or integrated Selecting the best solution or integrated solutionssolutions

7 7 Implementing ways of carrying out the bestImplementing ways of carrying out the best solutionsolution..

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Writer-Reader-Speaker ConnectionWriter-Reader-Speaker Connection A good writer is a good reader and speaker.A good writer is a good reader and speaker. Recent research has demonstrated the Recent research has demonstrated the

cognitive links between writing and reading cognitive links between writing and reading (Blanton, 1992; Carrell, 1987). (Blanton, 1992; Carrell, 1987).

Reading provides students with stimuli for Reading provides students with stimuli for topics, activates the schema (that is, the topics, activates the schema (that is, the background knowledge) of the students about a background knowledge) of the students about a topic, and shows them the value of the topic, and shows them the value of the audience in writing and speaking. audience in writing and speaking.

The writing-reading-speaking connectionThe writing-reading-speaking connection is essential to a successful writing and speech is essential to a successful writing and speech communication. communication.

The more writers read, the more The more writers read, the more successful their writing and speaking will successful their writing and speaking will be.be.

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１　１　 What is communication?What is communication?2 What is Speech Communication?2 What is Speech Communication?

１　１　 What is communication?What is communication?2 What is Speech Communication?2 What is Speech Communication?

Communication comes Communication comes from “from “communicatio” in communicatio” in Latin, which meansLatin, which means sharing sharing meaning and information with othersmeaning and information with others

Speech Communication?Speech Communication?

　　　　

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Speech CommunicationSpeech Communication のの領域領域Speech CommunicationSpeech Communication のの領域領域Public Speaking

パブリック・スピーキング

Logical Debate with valid Evidence証拠で説得する論理的な

デイベート

Problem-SolvingDemocratic Discussion問題解決のための

民主的なデイスカッション

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１　１　 Public Public SpeakingSpeaking

１　１　 Public Public SpeakingSpeaking

　　 IInformativenformative Speech Speech 　　 　　　　　　情報を提供するスピー　　　　　　情報を提供するスピー

チチ Persuasive SpeechPersuasive Speech 　　　　 　　　　　説得するスピーチ　　　　　説得するスピーチ Inspirational SpeechInspirational Speech 　　 　　　　　　　　　　啓蒙するスピ　　　　　　　　　　啓蒙するスピ

ーチーチ

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How can we make a good speech?How can we make a good speech?How can we make a good speech?How can we make a good speech? 1 1 DeliveryDelivery 　（話し方）　（話し方） Eye-ContactEye-Contact 　（目線）　　（目線）　 SmileSmile 　（微笑み）　（微笑み） VoiceVoice 　（はっきりとした声）　（はっきりとした声） Emotional AppealEmotional Appeal 　（心引かれる熱意）　（心引かれる熱意） Logical Reasoning (Flow and support)Logical Reasoning (Flow and support) 2 Content2 Content 　（内容）　（内容） 3 English as an International 3 English as an International LanguageLanguage VTRVTR 　１ 　１ Impressive Speech 1Impressive Speech 1

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What are strategies of a What are strategies of a Persuasive SpeechPersuasive Speech?? What are strategies of a What are strategies of a Persuasive SpeechPersuasive Speech?? Logical ReasoningLogical Reasoning 　　 with valid with valid

EvidenceEvidence 　　　　 Emotional AppealEmotional Appeal 　　 Rhetorical Device (simile, Rhetorical Device (simile,

metaphor, and analogy) ex. metaphor, and analogy) ex. Credibility and Good WillCredibility and Good Will 　信頼関係　信頼関係 方略１方略１　　 Deductive ApproachDeductive Approach 　演繹　演繹

法法 方略２方略２　　 Inductive ApproachInductive Approach 　帰納　帰納

法法

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The Voice from Edward SaidThe Voice from Edward SaidLecture at Cairo Univ. in 2003Lecture at Cairo Univ. in 2003before the Islamic audiencebefore the Islamic audience

You cannot deal with others without You cannot deal with others without profound knowledge of his or her profound knowledge of his or her culture, culture, society and historysociety and history. . (VTR) 2(VTR) 2

Force never works,Force never works, because because you can never you can never destroys the will of people and the power of destroys the will of people and the power of people. people.

Idea is Idea is equality, coexistence and equality, coexistence and sustainable lifesustainable life. .

The present is our battle ground and The present is our battle ground and knowledge is our main weaponsknowledge is our main weapons..

(Said:2003)(Said:2003)

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方略１　演繹法　方略１　演繹法　Deductive ApproachDeductive Approach 　　

方略１　演繹法　方略１　演繹法　Deductive ApproachDeductive Approach 　　

Proposition 　提案・命題We have to end child labor with fair trade.

Reason 1 　理由125 million childrenare forced to work

full time.

Reason 2 　理由110 million workingchildren are out of

school .

Reason3 　理由Hazardous, exploitative

and life-threateningchild labor goes againstThe Rights of the Child.

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方略２　帰納法　方略２　帰納法　Inductive ApproachInductive Approach 　　

方略２　帰納法　方略２　帰納法　Inductive ApproachInductive Approach 　　

Reason 5

理由

Reason 2

理由Reason4 　

理由

Reason3 　理由

Reason1

　理由　

提案・命題Proposition

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　　　　　　　　　　 Mother Teresa Mother Teresa のスピーチのスピーチはは感　　　動感　　　動を与え、を与え、行動行動を促すかを促すか。。

VTR VTR ３３ マザーテレサのハーバード大学でのスピーチマザーテレサのハーバード大学でのスピーチ There is a hunger, maybe not a There is a hunger, maybe not a

hunger for a piece of bread, but hunger for a piece of bread, but there is a terrible hunger for love.there is a terrible hunger for love.

Find them, Find them, lovelove them and them and put your put your love for them in your living actionslove for them in your living actions..

For For lovingloving them, you are them, you are lovingloving God God himself. God bless you.himself. God bless you.

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I I Have a DreamHave a Dream (VTR(VTR 　４　４ ))

by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. I I Have a DreamHave a Dream (VTR(VTR 　４　４ ))

by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. I have a dreamI have a dream that one day that one day

on the red hills of Georgia the on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down will be able to sit down together together at the table of at the table of brotherhoodbrotherhood;;

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I I Have a DreamHave a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

I I Have a DreamHave a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

I have a dreamI have a dream that one day that one day even the state of Mississippi, even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with a state sweltering with the the heat of injusticeheat of injustice, sweltering , sweltering with with the heat of oppressionthe heat of oppression, , will be transformed into an will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justiceoasis of freedom and justice;;

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I I Have a DreamHave a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

I I Have a DreamHave a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

I have a dreamI have a dream that my four that my four little children will one day little children will one day live in a nation where they live in a nation where they will not be judged by will not be judged by the the color of their skincolor of their skin but by but by the the content of their charactercontent of their character; ; I I have a dream todayhave a dream today

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I I Have a DreamHave a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

I I Have a DreamHave a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

With this faith we will be With this faith we will be able to able to transformtransform the the jangling discords of our jangling discords of our nationnation into into a beautiful a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.symphony of brotherhood.

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Why do people regard this speech as one of Why do people regard this speech as one of the best speeches in the 20the best speeches in the 20thth century? century?

Why do people regard this speech as one of Why do people regard this speech as one of the best speeches in the 20the best speeches in the 20thth century? century?

Repeating American Dreams positivelyRepeating American Dreams positively Hating discrimination but loving peopleHating discrimination but loving peopleUniversality Universality (beyond race, religion, culture)(beyond race, religion, culture)Excellent RhetoricExcellent Rhetoric 　　AnalogyAnalogy 類似類似 oasis of freedom and justiceoasis of freedom and justiceMetaphorMetaphor 　　隠喩隠喩 a beautiful symphony of a beautiful symphony of 　　 brotherhoodbrotherhoodSimileSimile 　　直喩 　直喩 　 justice rolls down like watersjustice rolls down like watersParallelParallel 　　並列並列 I have a dream that …I have a dream …I have a dream that …I have a dream …

Persuasive Speeches impress people and Persuasive Speeches impress people and enlighten people and bring compassion, and enlighten people and bring compassion, and people translate their feelings into their people translate their feelings into their action.action. 　　　　　　　　

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How to start your speechHow to start your speech((Attention-getting Introduction)Attention-getting Introduction)

How to start your speechHow to start your speech((Attention-getting Introduction)Attention-getting Introduction)

How do Japanese people start their How do Japanese people start their speeches?speeches?

How do Westerners start their speeches?How do Westerners start their speeches? 　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　 　　 Toastmasters International Speech ContestToastmasters International Speech Contest 　　 in in 1995 1995 by Mark Brownby Mark Brown （ＶＴＲ （ＶＴＲ 5 5 ））　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　

The real The real monstermonster is within your heart is within your heart.. IntoleranceIntolerance 　不寛容　不寛容 IgnoranceIgnorance 　　　無知　　　無知 IndifferenceIndifference 　無関心　無関心

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How to end your speechHow to end your speech ((The Power of ClincherThe Power of Clincher))

How to end your speechHow to end your speech ((The Power of ClincherThe Power of Clincher))

““Government of the people, by the Government of the people, by the people, and for the people people, and for the people shall not perish shall not perish from the earthfrom the earth.” (Lincoln).” (Lincoln)

“ “ Intolerance, indifference and ignoranceIntolerance, indifference and ignorance.. Yes, let’s kill the beast. Because Yes, let’s kill the beast. Because everyone everyone

deserves a second chancedeserves a second chance.”.” ““FreeFree at last at last ！ ！ freefree at last at last ！！ Thank God Thank God

almighty, almighty, we are free at lastwe are free at last!”!” (Dr. King)(Dr. King) ““And so my fellow Americans, ask not And so my fellow Americans, ask not

what your country can do for you, what your country can do for you, ask ask what you can do for your countrywhat you can do for your country.”.”

(John F. Kennedy)(John F. Kennedy)

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How do famous speakers prepare How do famous speakers prepare for their Speeches?for their Speeches?

How do famous speakers prepare How do famous speakers prepare for their Speeches?for their Speeches?

11 You should be an You should be an expertexpert on your on your subject.subject. 　話すテーマに関する　話すテーマに関する専門家 専門家 2 Gathering information.2 Gathering information. 　情報収集　情報収集 ＊ ＊ All the facts on both sides of your All the facts on both sides of your

subjects must be collected, arranged, subjects must be collected, arranged, studied, digested. studied, digested.

＊＊ Prove them; be sure they are facts; Prove them; be sure they are facts; then think out yourself the best solution. then think out yourself the best solution.

  

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Strategy and procedure to present a Strategy and procedure to present a good speechgood speech 方略と手順１方略と手順１

Strategy and procedure to present a Strategy and procedure to present a good speechgood speech 方略と手順１方略と手順１

１ １ State your facts.---Argue from State your facts.---Argue from them---Appeal for actionthem---Appeal for action..

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　事実を述べ、事実から議論事実を述べ、事実から議論 ２ ２ Show something that is wrongShow something that is wrong

(Analysis of the status-quo)(Analysis of the status-quo) 　　 現状分析を示す現状分析を示す ３　３　 Show how to remedy itShow how to remedy it.---.---Appeal for Appeal for

actionaction.. 　　解決策を示し解決策を示し、行動、行動を促すを促す。。　　４　　　４　 Appeal to the motivesAppeal to the motives that make that make

people act.people act. 　　人が人が行動行動を起こす動機をアピールを起こす動機をアピール

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Strategy and procedure to present a Strategy and procedure to present a good speechgood speech 方略と手順２方略と手順２

Strategy and procedure to present a Strategy and procedure to present a good speechgood speech 方略と手順２方略と手順２

　５ 　５ If possible record your speech in If possible record your speech in your tape recorder and listen it your tape recorder and listen it again and again to feed backagain and again to feed back 　　（録音（録音して練習）して練習）

６　６　 Do not read your note. Do not Do not read your note. Do not see your notes.see your notes. (( できる限り原稿を読まなできる限り原稿を読まない）い）

７　７　 Notes destroy about fifty percent Notes destroy about fifty percent of the interest in your talkof the interest in your talk. .

　　　　 (( 原稿を読むと人は聞かない）原稿を読むと人は聞かない）（（

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Strategy and procedure to present a Strategy and procedure to present a good speechgood speech 方略と手順３方略と手順３

Strategy and procedure to present a Strategy and procedure to present a good speechgood speech 方略と手順３方略と手順３

８８ . After you have thought out and . After you have thought out and arranged your talk, then practice it as arranged your talk, then practice it as you walk along the street.you walk along the street. 歩きながら練歩きながら練習 習 ( A dog barked at me when I walked and ( A dog barked at me when I walked and reciting my own speech.)reciting my own speech.)

９．９． Imagine that you areImagine that you are 　　 addressing addressing a real audiencea real audience. The more of this you do, . The more of this you do, the more comfortable you will feel when the more comfortable you will feel when the time comes for you to make your talk. the time comes for you to make your talk.

　　 (Dale Carnegie)(Dale Carnegie)

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Memory SystemMemory System （（記憶記憶システム）システム）を生かそうを生かそう

Memory SystemMemory System （（記憶記憶システム）システム）を生かそうを生かそう

1. Impression1. Impression 　　印象的印象的な記憶な記憶 impressive memoryimpressive memory 2. Repetition2. Repetition 　　繰り返し繰り返し練習 練習 through the power of repetitionthrough the power of repetition 3. Association3. Association 　　連想連想させるさせる We can associate one fact with others.We can associate one fact with others. ４４．． Reading aloudReading aloud (Lincoln Method) (Lincoln Method) 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　声を出して声を出して自分の自分の

耳で聞く耳で聞く

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The Magic of PresentationThe Magic of Presentation 　　Spaced RehearsalSpaced Rehearsal..

The magic power of spaced The magic power of spaced rehearsal.rehearsal. 　　間隔をおいて何回も練習を重ね間隔をおいて何回も練習を重ねるる

After we memorize a thing, we forget as After we memorize a thing, we forget as much during the first eight hours as we do much during the first eight hours as we do during the next thirty days. So go over during the next thirty days. So go over your notes and practice every day.your notes and practice every day.

暗記した記憶は８時間で消える。暗記した記憶は８時間で消える。 毎朝、昼休み、毎夕少しづつ繰り返し口頭練習毎朝、昼休み、毎夕少しづつ繰り返し口頭練習

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A speech must growA speech must grow. . A speech can grow and A speech can grow and explore with enough explore with enough spaced rehearsal and spaced rehearsal and

rewritingrewriting..

A speech must growA speech must grow. . A speech can grow and A speech can grow and explore with enough explore with enough spaced rehearsal and spaced rehearsal and

rewritingrewriting..

A speech must growA speech must grow. . A speech can A speech can grow and explore with enough grow and explore with enough spaced rehearsal and rewritingspaced rehearsal and rewriting..

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　スピーチは練習と共に成長する。スピーチは練習と共に成長する。 We can select our topic early in the We can select our topic early in the

week. We can week. We can narrow down the narrow down the subject into our own favorite topicsubject into our own favorite topic. . Think over it during the day, Think over it during the day, brood brood over it and sleep over itover it and sleep over it and even and even dream over itdream over it. This is a Lincoln . This is a Lincoln Method.Method. 　　 　　 (Dale Carnegie) (Dale Carnegie)

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Speech is a human art.Speech is a human art. It’s just like an art, creating a It’s just like an art, creating a

wonderful sculpture.wonderful sculpture. 　　 スピーチは芸術作品・彫刻と同じスピーチは芸術作品・彫刻と同じ We can’t become an expert of We can’t become an expert of

speech, but we can become an speech, but we can become an expert of our own topic.expert of our own topic. 　　

スピーチの達人ではなく自分の選んだスピーチの達人ではなく自分の選んだ テーマのテーマの専門家専門家にはなれる。にはなれる。 Actor of Royal Shakespeare TheaterActor of Royal Shakespeare Theater

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A Speech is a VoyageA Speech is a Voyage 　　スピーチはスピーチは航海航海

A Speech is a VoyageA Speech is a Voyage 　　スピーチはスピーチは航海航海

A Speech is a A Speech is a voyagevoyage. It must be . It must be charted. charted. スピーチは航海　（海図・誘導）スピーチは航海　（海図・誘導）

A Speech is like A Speech is like drawing a picture.drawing a picture. 　　スピーチはスピーチは絵絵を描くようにを描くように

DrawDraw a horizon, mountains, hills, a horizon, mountains, hills, rivers, villages, parks, gardens, rivers, villages, parks, gardens, houses, a seashore and a big houses, a seashore and a big oceanocean.. 　　白のカンバスに話を描いていく白のカンバスに話を描いていく

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How to Develop Self-confidence How to Develop Self-confidence in Public Speakingin Public Speaking 　　自信自信

How to Develop Self-confidence How to Develop Self-confidence in Public Speakingin Public Speaking 　　自信自信

＊＊ Everybody feels butterflies in his/her Everybody feels butterflies in his/her stomach in public speaking. stomach in public speaking.

　誰でも緊張する。　誰でも緊張する。 誰でもパブリック・スピーキングの素質を伸ばせる。誰でもパブリック・スピーキングの素質を伸ばせる。 多くの有名な話し手は集団やグループの前に立つ時、多くの有名な話し手は集団やグループの前に立つ時、

より巧みに話せる。　是非話したくなる。より巧みに話せる。　是非話したくなる。 　観客の存在は刺激になり、誰でも自分の考えを表　観客の存在は刺激になり、誰でも自分の考えを表

　　 　現したいという基本願望がある。　現したいという基本願望がある。 最も有名なシェイクスピアの役者でも舞台前はいつ最も有名なシェイクスピアの役者でも舞台前はいつ

も緊張するが、よく練習しているので、ひとたび幕も緊張するが、よく練習しているので、ひとたび幕が開くと、もうそこにはいつもの俳優である自分がが開くと、もうそこにはいつもの俳優である自分がいる。いる。

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Public Speaking Public Speaking のまとめのまとめ 1. Start with a strong and persistent 1. Start with a strong and persistent desire. desire. 表現したい表現したい強い願望強い願望からはじめるからはじめる。。 ２２ . Arouse your . Arouse your enthusiasmenthusiasm, urge, , urge, passion, zeal, drive and motivation.passion, zeal, drive and motivation. 3. 3. Prepare everydayPrepare everyday. . 　　準備準備は最善の策は最善の策 4. 4. Enough preparationEnough preparation. If you prepare well . If you prepare well and practice hard, you will have a strong and practice hard, you will have a strong desire to express yourself.desire to express yourself. 5. 5. Act confidentlyAct confidently. . 自信のある振る舞い自信のある振る舞い 6. 6. PracticePractice. . Practice makes perfectPractice makes perfect. . 練習練習 This is the most important point of This is the most important point of all in public speaking. Fear is the all in public speaking. Fear is the result of a lack of confidence. result of a lack of confidence.

  

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Robert Kennedy made an excellent speech in the miRobert Kennedy made an excellent speech in the midst of anti-US Waseda Students at Waseda Univ. Tokdst of anti-US Waseda Students at Waseda Univ. Tok

yo, Japan in 1967.yo, Japan in 1967. ““My friendsMy friends, I appreciate very much the , I appreciate very much the

welcome welcome youyou have given to me and to my have given to me and to my wife. We are here to discuss in a frank and wife. We are here to discuss in a frank and candid manner questions which will be of candid manner questions which will be of interest to interest to you.you. …………… ……………

““There is a There is a gentlemangentleman down in the front down in the front who evidently who evidently disagree with me. If he will disagree with me. If he will ask a single question, I will try to give an ask a single question, I will try to give an answer.answer. That is the democratic way and That is the democratic way and the way we should proceed. He is asking a the way we should proceed. He is asking a question and question and he is entitled to courtesy.”he is entitled to courtesy.”

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２　２　 DiscussionDiscussion ・話し・話し合い合い

Democratic DiscussionDemocratic Discussion 　　 　　　　　　　　　　民主的な論議　　　　　　　　　　民主的な論議 Problem–solving DiscussionProblem–solving Discussion 　問　問

題題解決の論議題題解決の論議 　　（（ John Dewey’s Reflective John Dewey’s Reflective 　　 　　　　 ThinkingThinking ）） 　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　

　　　　 　　　ジョン・デユーイの反省的思考　　　ジョン・デユーイの反省的思考 　　

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John Dewey’sJohn Dewey’s Reflective Reflective Thinking for Problem Solving.Thinking for Problem Solving.

John Dewey’sJohn Dewey’s Reflective Reflective Thinking for Problem Solving.Thinking for Problem Solving.

　　　　ジョン・デユーイの問題解決のための反省思考ジョン・デユーイの問題解決のための反省思考 1. 1. DefiningDefining the problem the problem 　　問題を定義する問題を定義する 2. 2. Analyzing Analyzing the problemthe problem 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　現状分析と問題の因果関係を分析す現状分析と問題の因果関係を分析す

るる 3. 3. SuggestingSuggesting every possible solution every possible solution 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　あらゆる可能な解決策を提案あらゆる可能な解決策を提案

するする 4. 4. Selecting Selecting the best solutionthe best solution 　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　 最善策の選択最善策の選択 5. 5. Carrying outCarrying out the plan for the best the plan for the best 　　　　　　 solution (Implementing)solution (Implementing) 　実行　実行

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Subject: Sexual HarassmentSubject: Sexual HarassmentSubject: Sexual HarassmentSubject: Sexual Harassment    (1) Defining the problem(1) Defining the problem:: mental/physical and mental/physical and 　　 　　　　　　　　　　 sexual bullying/offense/teasing/attacksexual bullying/offense/teasing/attack (2) Analyzing the problem(2) Analyzing the problem:: gender discrimination in gender discrimination in

a a 　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　 male dominated society /infringement of human male dominated society /infringement of human 　　　　　　　　　　 rightsrights

(3) Possible solutions(3) Possible solutions:: 　 　　　　　 　　　　　　 organized protest and bringing it to the court organized protest and bringing it to the court

　 　　　　　 　　　　 education for human rights and egalitarian education for human rights and egalitarian

societysociety 　 　　　　　 　　　　 social and public education, organized protest social and public education, organized protest 　　　　　　　　　　　　 through women’s networkthrough women’s network　 　 (4)(4) Selecting the best solutionSelecting the best solution::

　　　　　 　　　　　 organized protest and public education organized protest and public education (5) Suggesting way of carrying out the solution:(5) Suggesting way of carrying out the solution: 　　　　　　 Public Education, education at school, home and Public Education, education at school, home and 　　 　　　　　　　　 working placesworking places

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３　３　 DebateDebate 聴衆を説得するた聴衆を説得するためにめに相手を論破する討論・討議　相手を論破する討論・討議　ＶＶ

ＴＲ８ＴＲ８　　 with with valid evidencevalid evidence 　信頼できる証拠、事実　信頼できる証拠、事実 　　 Logical Rebuttal Logical Rebuttal 　　　　　　 　　 (Refutation)(Refutation) 　論理的な反駁・反証　論理的な反駁・反証

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Research Paper on Asia Pacific WarResearch Paper on Asia Pacific War 1. Academic Approach1. Academic Approach Narrow downNarrow down the subject (Asia Pacific War) into the subject (Asia Pacific War) into your your

own topic.own topic. Collect relevant information Collect relevant information and select necessary and select necessary

information to information to organize your own opinion in your organize your own opinion in your research paper.research paper.

Be an expert of your topic/issueBe an expert of your topic/issue and discuss the and discuss the causes and effects of the facts. causes and effects of the facts.

The following three factors are necessary in your The following three factors are necessary in your research paper.research paper.

Defining the Issue/ProblemsDefining the Issue/Problems Analyzing causes and effects of the issueAnalyzing causes and effects of the issue Your own interpretation and Opinion (Critical Your own interpretation and Opinion (Critical

Thinking)Thinking)

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(Ex.) Your topics will be (Ex.) Your topics will be Great East Asia Co-Prosperity SphereGreat East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Tripartite Pact made with Germany and ItalyTripartite Pact made with Germany and Italy Japan’s Modernization and Japanese Imperialism Japan’s Modernization and Japanese Imperialism Japanese Emperor and Asia Pacific WarJapanese Emperor and Asia Pacific War Japanese People and Asia Pacific WarJapanese People and Asia Pacific War Kamikaze Commando (Special Attack Corps)Kamikaze Commando (Special Attack Corps) 1910 Japan Annexed Korea 1910 Japan Annexed Korea 日韓併合日韓併合 1931 Japanese Kwantung Army seized Manchuria1931 Japanese Kwantung Army seized Manchuria 1932 Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo1932 Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo 　満州国　満州国 1933 Japan withdraw from League of Nations 1933 Japan withdraw from League of Nations 1937- 1945 War with China 1937- 1945 War with China 日中戦争日中戦争 1938 Nanking Massacre1938 Nanking Massacre 　南京虐殺　南京虐殺 1940 Tripartite Pact made with Germany and Italy1940 Tripartite Pact made with Germany and Italy 1941 Japan attacked US (Pearl Harbor) Pacific War 1941 Japan attacked US (Pearl Harbor) Pacific War 1942 Battle of Midway 1942 Battle of Midway 1945 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan’s unconditional surrenderJapan’s unconditional surrender GHQ, Occupation Troops, Allied Nations, GHQ, Occupation Troops, Allied Nations, Douglas MacArthur and EmperorDouglas MacArthur and Emperor

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2. Format of Research Paper2. Format of Research Paper 1. 1. Quality, originality and critical thinkingQuality, originality and critical thinking, not , not

quantity is the aim. quantity is the aim. 2. The research paper must be more than 2. The research paper must be more than 800 words-800 words-

excluding appendices and other diagrams, charts excluding appendices and other diagrams, charts and diagrams.and diagrams.

3 Research paper must be presented with 3 Research paper must be presented with academic academic format/style making effective use of diagrams, format/style making effective use of diagrams, charts and tables with clear sourcescharts and tables with clear sources—either your —either your own or properly attributed--in communicating key own or properly attributed--in communicating key elements and concepts of the topic.elements and concepts of the topic.

4 4 All sources (including web research) must be All sources (including web research) must be clearly referenced in the text. clearly referenced in the text.

5 All references must be sourced,5 All references must be sourced, otherwise otherwise students will be penalized for plagiarizing others’ students will be penalized for plagiarizing others’ workwork. . PlagiarismPlagiarism is fatal which includes failure of your is fatal which includes failure of your class.class.