1 st international workshop socio-economic development in the era of renewable energies 3-4 th of...
TRANSCRIPT
1st International Workshop
Socio-economic Development in the Era of Renewable
Energies3-4th of September 2012, Tunisia
Prof. Dr. Fatma AshourHead of the Chemical Engineering Department
Faculty of EngineeringCairo University
Energy Problems and Implications
Global Energy Solutions
Recommendations
Local Solutions and Trends
The world depends mainly on fossil fuels This leads to Social and Environmental Issues
Depletion of Non-Renewable Sources
Fuel Crisis and unemployment problems
Worldwide increase in demand for liquid fuels
Fluctuating Prices and Instability in Supply and Production of
Petroleum
Foreign exchange savings
Air Pollution
Global Warming
SOx and NOx emissons causing acid rains
Smog
Depleting sources of locally produced petroleum and natural gas
Fuel subsidies affect negatively on economic growth.
Global and Local Energy Solutions and Trends
Global Energy Solutions Renewable Energies: Solar, Wind, Geothermal, PV
Biofuels: Biodiesel, Biogas, Bioethanol, Algae and Biomass to liquid
Related social issues such as community cohesion, employment, rural development, waste avoidance and health benefits can be of equal importance
Global Energy Solutions: US Fats and Oil Production - 2006
Biodiesel
8-10% of available US rendered fats are currently used for biofuels: yielding 450 Million liters of biodiesel
The International Energy Agency estimates biodiesel from animal fat is currently the cheapest option for producing biodiesel, at about $1.80 per gallon
The high cost of biodiesel is the major obstacle to its commercialization. Biodiesel usually costs over US$0.5/l, compared to US$0.35/l for petroleum- based diesel (Prokop, 2002; Lott, 2002)
Global Energy Solutions: Biodiesel
Global biodiesel production reached 3.8 million tons in 2005. Approximately 85% of biodiesel production came from the European Union
In 2007, in the United States, average retail (at the pump) prices, including federal and state fuel taxes, of B2/B5 were lower than petroleum diesel by about 12 cents, and B20 blends were the same as petrodiesel
Global Energy Solutions: Biodiesel
Global Energy Solutions : Biofuels Costs -2006
Ethanol from sugar cane can compete when the crude oil price is around USD 40-50 /bbl
biodiesel From animal fats around USD 60-70 /bbl without any government support measures
Other biofuels will only compete when oil is well above USD 70/bbl until the production costs can be significantly reduced as a result of returns on current and future R&D investment
Global Energy Solutions: Biofuels
15
Global Energy Solutions: Biodiesel Emissions and Greenhouse Gases
Global Energy Solutions: Employment Requirements for Energy Projects
Production of biodiesel in 2011 supported 39,027 jobs and more than 2.1 billion dollars in household income
In 2011, biodiesel created more than 3 billion dollars in GDP
The extension of the biodiesel tax incentive and the Growth in biodiesel production will create jobs, and lead to an increase in income and GDP by 2012 and 2013
(The National Biodiesel Board, 2011 )
Global Energy Solutions: Socio-Economic Impacts of Biodiesel Production
Green Engineering: Environmental Design, Gasification, Internal Heat Integration (HIDIC) and Retrofit and Revamping of refineries
Renewable Energy: Biodiesel from Waste vegetable oil, Bioethanol from waste, Biorefinery from algae
Water Desalination Solar Energy Storage Green Buildings
It is to design, commercialize and use processes
and products that are feasible and economical
while minimizing:
Risk to human health and environment
Generation of pollution at source
(20)
2.33 t/h of formalin (saturated water-solution of formaldehyde (50%)• Routes: dehydrogenation and partial oxidation of methanol over: (1)
Electrolytic silver catalyst or (2) Ferric molybdate catalyst• Objective : improving process design
Parameter FeMo Catalyst Ag Catalyst
Catalyst bed length 0.77 m 1 m
Tube internal diameter 0.021 m 1.7 m
Nº tubes 8326 1
Inlet temperature 220 ºC 425 ºC
Methanol feed flow rate 41.8 kmol/h 56.3 kmol/h
Methanol to air ratio 2.33 0.35
Feed ratio (explosive limits) Excess of Oxygen (<8% of methanol)
Excess of Methanol (>36% of methanol)
Steam requirements Excess heat for steam generation
Reaction heat insufficient to supply process steam requirements
Equipment Big size Additional equipment for the separation of CH2O
Rigorous Process ModelH2O
• Thermodynamic - calculated based on NRTL• Kinetics are based on experimental data
Environmental Index Based on Geometric Mean (D) FeMo
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
1,1
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
Reaction Temperature (ºC)
D &
Co
nv
ers
ion
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Pro
du
cti
on
kg
/h
D (Invironmental Index)
Conversion (kmol/kmol)
Production (kg/h)
Environmental Index Based on Geometric Mean (D) FeMo
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6
Feed Ratio O2:CH3OH
D &
Co
nve
rsio
n
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
Pro
du
ctio
n (
kg/h
)D (Environmental Index)
Conversion (kmol/kmol)
Production (kg/h)
Formaldehyde Atmospheric Emissions
Absorber42,5%
Reactor Vent29,0%
Storage26,6%
Valves1,0%
Pumps0,2%
Relief valves0,3%
Handling0,4%
Fugitives2%
• Carcinogenic component • Total emissions of 6.07 kg/h • Similar distribution for Ag catalyst• Better control: 70% reduction
Water consumption MBEI indicates better environmental performance for FeMO catalyst option (58% less water use)
• Thermodynamic - calculated based on NRTL• Kinetics are based on experimental data
Biofuels have Social and Economic benefits Economic Benefits
Economic use of wasteland
Useful by-products
Carbon credit opportunities
Additional distribution channel for agricultural products
Social Benefits
Create employment opportunities
Reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Energy diversification
Sustainable use of problematic waste products
Less Toxic
Egypt generates 30 million tons of agricultural waste a year
Environmentalists say that 42 percent of autumnal air pollution is due to the burning of these wastes.
Farmers who burn rice straw are squandering a commodity that could generate as much as 300 Egyptian pounds a ton (Nawwar, NRC)
4 million tons of rice straw every season, emitting 80,000 tons of carbon dioxide on burning
Annual consumption of vegetable oil in Egypt exceeds MT/year (1,248,000 MT in 2005(official statistics of the Ministry of Internal trade in Egypt)
Millions of liters of oil used for frying foods are discarded each year into sewage systems causing blockages of sewer pipes when the oil solidifies
Extra costs of treating effluent or waterways
Chemical process design are key for green engineering applications
Green engineering is a gateway to a better environment
Use of renewable energies provides numerous socio-economic benefits by creating job opportunities and will lead to a healthier environment
Labor is required for operating and maintaining various renewable energy projects. Furthermore, bioenergy projects require additional labor to produce and deliver the biomass to the plant
Agricultural and industrial wastes are local drivers for socio-economic benefits to the Egyptian society
Recommendations
Thank YouProf. Dr. Fatma Ashour
Head of the Chemical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering
Cairo [email protected]
+20 122 732 70 22