1 structure part 1 & file processing. 2 structures
TRANSCRIPT
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Structure part 1 & File Processing
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Structures
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Outline for Structure
Introduction Structure Definitions and declarations Initializing Structures Operations on Structures members Structures as Functions Parameters Arrays of structures and Structures of array
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Introduction Structures
Collections of related data items called components(or members) that are not necessarily of the same data type
Each component in structure called field. Commonly used to define records (A group of
information that may include more than one type of data) to be stored in files
Usually the collections of related data item are characteristics in an object
E.g Object Characteristics
Book price, number of pages, year published
Car price, year, model, colour Student name, matric_no, semester
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Structure Definition Syntax
struct StructureTypeName {structure member declaration list};
E.g.struct book {float price;int numpages;int year; };
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Structure Definition Struct information
A struct cannot contain an instance of itself Can contain a member that is a pointer to the
same structure type A structure definition does not reserve space in
memory Instead creates a new data type used to define
structure variables
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Structure Declaration
After defining a structure type, we may declare variables that are of that type. A structure variable declaration requires these elements : keyword struct structure type name a list of variables names separated by commas A concluding semicolon
E.g. struct book book1;
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How does it look like in my program?
#include <stdio.h>struct book{
float price;int numpages;int year;
};int main( ){
struct book book1;……
}
#include <stdio.h>struct book{
float price;int numpages;int year;
} book1;int main( ){
……}
or
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Initializing structures
e.g. struct book book1={ 25.50, 690, 2005 };
ORbook1.price = 25.50;book1.numpages=690;book1.year = 2005;
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Operations on structure members
Operation Normal variable Structure member
Read from user
scanf(“%f”, &price);
scanf(“%f”, &book1.price);
Assign value price = 25.50; book1.price = 25.50;
Print as output
printf(“%f\n”, price);
printf(“%f\n”, book1.price);
Copy to a variable
newprice = price; newprice=book1.price;
Pass value to a function
if(fun1(price) > 5) if(fun1(book1.price) > 5)
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Multiple structure variables
struct book my_book, his_book, her_book;
my_book
price
numpages
year
price
numpages
year
price
numpages
year
his_book her_book
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Multiple structure variables
e.g.struct book my_book, his_book, her_book;my_book. price = 25.50;her_book.price = 10.50;if(my_book.price > her_book.price)
printf(“My book is more expensive than hers\n”);else
printf(“My book is cheaper than hers\n”);
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Sample program#include <stdio.h>struct book { float price; int numpages; int year;};int main(){ struct book my_book =
{25.50,690,2005}; struct book her_book; printf("Enter book price : "); scanf("%f", &her_book.price); printf("Enter number of
pages : "); scanf("%d",
&her_book.numpages); printf("Enter year published :
"); scanf("%d", &her_book.year);
printf("My book :\n");printf("%.2f\t%d\t%d\n",
my_book.price, my_book.numpages, my_book.year);
printf("Her book :\n");printf("%.2f\t%d\t%d\n",
her_book.price, her_book.numpages, her_book.year);
if(my_book.year > her_book.year)
printf("My book is the latest publication\n");
else printf("Her book is the
latest publication\n"); return 0;}
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File Processing
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Introduction
Almost all of the program developed before this is interactive
In interactive environment, input is via keyboard and output is via screen/monitor
This type of processing is not suitable if it involves huge amount of input or output to be entered or be displayed on the screen at one time
Therefore, file processing can solve the problem mentioned
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Introduction
Storage of data in variables and array are temporary.
File are used for permanent retention of large amount of data.
Two type of files will be considered ; sequential access file and random access file.
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Data Hierarchy
Bit
Byte
Field
Record
File
1
01011025
Judy
Judy Green
Judy Green
Sally Black
Tom Blue
Randy Red
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Files & Stream C views each file simply as a sequential
stream of bytes. When a file is opened, a stream is associated
with the file. The files and their associated streams are
automatically open when program executions begin, the standard input, the standard output and standard error.
Stream provides communication channel between files and program.
For example, standard input stream enable a program to read data from keyboard, the standard output stream enable a program to print data on screen.
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Files & Stream
Opening a file returns a pointer to a FILE structure.
Standard library provides many functions for reading data and writing data to files.
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Creating a sequential file Consider the following example :#include<stdio.h>main () {int account;char name[30];float balance;FILE *cfPtr;if ((cfPtr = fopen("clients.txt", "w"))
== NULL) printf("File cant be opened");else {printf("Enter account, name and
balance.\n"); printf("Enter EOF to end input\n"); printf("?"); scanf("%d%s%f", &account,
name, &balance);
while (!feof(stdin)){ fprintf(cfPtr, "%d %s %.2f\n", account, name, balance); printf("?"); scanf("%d%s%f", &account, name, &balance); } fclose(cfPtr); } return 0;}
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Creating a sequential file
Output Enter the account, name and
balance. Enter the EOF character to end input. ? 100 Jones 24.98 ? 200 Doe 345.67 ? 300 White 0.00 ? 400 Stone -42.16 ?
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Creating a sequential file The statement FILE *cfPtr , states that cfPtr is a pointer to a FILE structure
.
The statement if ((cfPtr = fopen("clients.txt", "w")) == NULL),
names the file “clients.dat” to be used by the program and establish communication with the file.
The file pointer cfPtr is assigned a pointer to the FILE structure for the file open with fopen(takes two argument i.e file name & file open mode).
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Creating a sequential file
File mode = r ( open file for reading), w(create file for writing), a(append; open or create a for writing at the end of file), r+(open file for update – reading and writing), w+(create file for update), a+(append; open or create file for update)
If file does not exist, fopen creates that file.
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Creating a sequential file
The statement while(!feof(stdin)), uses function feof to determine
whether end-of-file indicator is set for file.
EOF – for unix system and Mac is <ctrl> d and for IBM PC is <ctrl>z
The statement fprintf(cfPtr, "%d %s %.2f\n", account, name, balance), writes data to the file clients.dat
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Creating a sequential file
After user enters end-of-file, the program closes the clients.dat with fclose and terminates.
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Reading Data from Sequential File Data stored in files so that can be retrieved for processing when needed. Consider this program
#include <stdio.h>main (){int account;char name[30];float balance;FILE *cfPtr;
if ((cfPtr = fopen("clients.txt", “r")) == NULL)printf("File cant be opened");else{printf(“%-10s%-13s%s\n”, “Account”,”Name”, “Balance”);fscanf(cfPtr, “%d%s%f”,&account, name, &balance);
while(!feof(cfPtr)) {
printf(“%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n”,account, name, balance);fscanf(cfPtr, “%d\t\t%s\t\t%f”,&account, name, &balance);}fclose(cfPtr);}return 0;}
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Reading Data from Sequential File
Output Account Name Balance 100 Jones 24.98 200 Doe 345.67 300 White 0.00 400 Stone -42.16
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Random Access File In sequential access file, record in a file
created with the formatted output function fprintf are not necessarily the same length.
Individual records of a random access file are normally fixed in length
This record can be accessed directly without searching through other record. Thus, the searching will be quicker
It is suitable for the use of airline reservation system, banking system and other kind of transaction processing system.
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Random Access File
Because every record in randomly access file normally fixed in length, data can be inserted in random access file without destroying other data.
Data stored previously can also be updated or deleted without rewriting the entire file.
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Creating a Randomly Accessed File
Function fwrite is used to transfer a specified numbers of byte beginning at a specified location in memory to file.
The data is written beginning at the location in the file indicated by the file position pointer.
Function fread transfer a specified number of bytes from the file specified by the file position to an area in memory with a specified address.
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Creating a Randomly Accessed File
Now, when writing an integer instead of using, fprintf(fPtr, “%d”, number) which could print as few as 1 digit or
as many as 11 digit, we can use fwrite(&number, sizeof(int), 1, fPtr) which always write 4 bytes from
variable number to the file represented by fPtr.
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Creating a Randomly Accessed File fread is used to read 4 of those bytes into
integer variable number. The fread and fwrite functions are capable of
reading and writing arrays of data to and from disk.
The third argument of both is the number of element in array that should be read from disk or written to disk.
The preceding fwrite function call writes a single integer to disk, so third argument is 1.
File processing program rarely write a single field to a file. Normally, we write one struct at a time.
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Creating a Randomly Accessed File
#include <stdio.h>struct clientData{
int acctNum;char lastName[15];char firstName[15];float balance;};
main(){int i;struct clientData blankClient = {0, “ “, “ “,
0.0};FILE *cfPtr;if((cfPtr = fopen(“credit.txt”, “w”)) = = NULL) printf(“file cant be open”);Else { for (I = 1; i<=100; i++) fwrite(&blankClient, sizeof(struct
ClientData), 1, cfPtr); }fclose(cfPtr);return 0; }
This program shows how to open a randomly access file, define a record format using struct, write a data to disk, and close the file.This program initialize all 100 records of a file “credit.txt” with empty struct using function fwrite
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Writing Data Randomly to a Randomly Accessed File #include <stdio.h> struct clientData{
int acctNum;char lastName[15];char firstName[15];float balance;};
main(){ FILE *cfPtr; struct clientData client; if((cfPtr = fopen(“credit.txt”, “r+”)) = = NULL)
printf(“file cant be open”); else{
print(“Enter account number(1 to 100, 0 to end input)”); scanf(“%d”, &client.acct.Num);
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while (client.acctNum != 0){ printf(“Enter lastname, firstname, balance”); scanf(“%s%s%f, &client.lastName, &client.firstName,
&client.balance); fseek(cfPtr, (client.acctNum – 1) * sizeof(struct
clientData), SEEK_SET); fwrite(&client, sizeof(struct clientData), 1, cfPtr); printf(“Enter account number”); scanf(“%d”, &client.acctNum); }
} fclose(cfPtr); return 0; }
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Writing Data Randomly to a Randomly Accessed File
OutputEnter account number (1 to 100, 0 to end)? 29Enter lastname, firstname, balance?Brown Nancy -24.54Enter account number (1 to 100, 0 to end)? 30Enter lastname, firstname, balance?Dunn Stacy 314.33Enter account number (1 to 100, 0 to end)? 31Enter lastname, firstname, balance?Barker Doug 0.00Enter account number (1 to 100, 0 to end)? 0
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Writing Data Randomly to a Randomly Accessed File
The statement fseek(cfPtr, (client.acctNum – 1) * sizeof(struct clientData), SEEK_SET); positions the file position pointer for the file reference by cfPtr to the byte location calculated by (accountNum -1) * sizeof(struct clientData);
Because of the account number is 1 to 100 but the byte positioning is start from 0, thus the account number need to minus 1.
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Reading Data Randomly from a Randomly Accessed File
#include <stdio.h>struct clientData{
int acctNum;char lastName[15];char firstName[15];float balance;
};main(){FILE *cfPtr;struct clientData client;if((cfPtr = fopen(“credit.txt”, “r”)) = = NULL) printf(“file cant be open”);else{ printf(“%-6s%-16s%-11s%10s\n”, “Acct”, “LastName”, “
First Name”, “Balance”);
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while (!feof(cfPtr)){ fread(&client, sizeof(struct clientData), 1,
cfPtr); if (client.acctNum != 0) printf(“(“%-6s %16s %11s %10.2f\n ”,
client.acctNum, client.lastName, client.firstName, client.balance);
}} fclose (cfPtr); return 0; }
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Reading Data Randomly from a Randomly Accessed File
Output
Acct Last Name First Name Balance
29 Brown Nancy -24.54
30 Dunn Stacey 314.33
31 Barker Doug 0.00
fread(&client, sizeof(struct clientData), 1, cfPtr);
Reads the number of bytes determined by sizeof(struct clientData) from the file reference by cfPtr and stores the data in the structure client.