1 summary of turf insect trials with clothianidin (arena™) david j. shetlar, ph.d. the...

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Summary of Turf Insect Trials with Clothianidin (Arena™)

David J. Shetlar, Ph.D.The “BugDoc”

The Ohio State University, OARDC & OSU Extension

Columbus, OH

© March 2008, D.J. Shetlar, all rights reserved

2

Notes:

While imidacloprid or Merit™ was the first neonicotinoid to achieve registration, several more neonicotinoids are now available. While some have stated that these are “just another neonicotinoid,” this is like stating that all organophosphates are the same! We are finding that each neonicotinoid has unique properties, especially in their speed of action and spectra of pests that are controlled. This presentation was developed to provide more information on one of these new neonicotinoids, clothianidin or Arena™.

Insecticide LD50s

Acephate (Orthene) 980Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) 270Diazinon 400Ethoprop (Mocap) 62Fonofos (Crusade) 18Isofenphos (Oftanol) 20Isazofos (Triumph) 40-60Malathion 1000Trichlorfon (Dylox/Proxol) 250

Organophosphates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)

4

Notes:

If we review the insecticides we’ve commonly used in the past to manage turf and ornamentals pests, it’s pretty clear that we did fulfill Rachael Carson’s predictions of using pesticides of ever increasing toxicity! Remember that a category I insecticide (danger, poison, skull & crossbones) are ones that have (as one component) an oral LD50 of 0.01 to 50.0 milligrams of toxicant per kilogram of body weight. Category II insecticides (medium toxicity level) have LD50s of 51.0 to 500.0 mg/kg, category III (low toxicity level) have LD50s of 501 to 5000 mg/kg and category IV (practically non-toxic) have LD50s above 5000. With these in mind we were using some pretty toxic materials (though formulations significantly reduce the toxicity of the pure active ingredient)! Through EPA’s Food Quality Protection Act Review, most of these organophosphates have been removed from residential use.

Bendiocarb (Turcam) 156Carbaryl (Sevin) 246

Bifenthrin (Talstar) 375Cyfluthrin (Tempo) 826Fluvalinate (Mavrik) 282L-cyhalothrin (Scimitar) 79Permethrin (Astro) 430

Pyrethroids (disrupt nerve sodium pump)

Carbamates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)

Insecticide LD50s

6

Notes:

Even if we look at the carbamates, most of these are medium toxicity materials. However, if you look at carbaryl or Sevin, its LD50 is actually lower than the banned Dursban! So, what gives? In this case, dursban is relatively easy to absorb through human skin while carbaryl isn’t easily absorbed. In short, there are other factors that are also considered in the overall toxicity of a pesticide. If you look at the pyrethroids, there is also quite a range of toxicity levels and EPA will likely restrict some of these as they apply the FQPA rules to this category of insecticides!

Halofenozide (MACH2) 2850Diacylhydrazine (molt accelerating compound, induces molt)

Spinosads (Conserve) 3783-5000Spinosad (synaptic stimulation nicotinic acetycholine sites)

Fipronil (Chipco Choice) 97Phenylpyrazoles (GABA receptor disruption)

Newer Insecticide LD50s

Azadirachtin A & B (Azatrol, Neem, etc.)>3540

Tetranortriterpenoid (ecdysone blocker; antifeedant)

Chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn) >5000Anthranilic Diamides (muscle calcium disruption)

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Notes:

So, let’s look at the really different insecticides. Most of these appear to be much less toxic when compared to the organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. Some of these, like azadirachtins, are botanicals; some, like spinosad, are microbial derivatives; some, like halofenozide, are insect growth regulators (IGRs). On the other hand, it may look like fipronil is going the wrong direction in toxicity, but this insecticide is used at 0.03 to 0.003 pounds of active per acre! This illustrates a well-known toxicological principle – the dose makes the poison. In this case, even though the insecticide is pretty “hot,” its low dose usage rate makes it a low risk insecticide.

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Imidacloprid (Merit) 450Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)

Thiamethoxam (Meridian) 1563Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)

New Insecticide LD50s

Clothianidin (Arena) >5000Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)

The Neonicotinoids

Acetamiprid (TriStar) 217Pyridylmethylamine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)

Dinotefuran (Safari) >2000Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)

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Notes:

Finally, we get to the largest new category of insecticides, the neonicotinoids. As stated before, imidacloprid was the first of this category to achieve registration and use. If we look closely at this insecticide, it has a moderate toxicity level (for the 100% active ingredient), but look at the other neonicotinoids! Most of these are at the low to practically non-toxic level! In fact, while clothianidin 100% has an LD50 of over 5000, the formulated product has an LD50 of 3500! Why would the formulated product be more toxic than the active ingredient? It’s the inerts! In this case the surfactants and spreading agents actually make Arena slightly more toxic than if you use the pure insecticide by itself! But, we need these inerts to help make Arena work better.

DJS

Affects on Nerves

12

Notes:

The modes of action of the major insecticide groups are illustrated in this diagram of a nerve synapse. Pyrethroids block the nerve’s ability to reset the electrical impulse that travels down the axons. Affected insects drop from the plants, and can not function. On the other hand fiproles (like fipronil) cause the electrical impulse to fire as soon as it is reset. Both organophosphates and carbamates destroy the acetylcholine esterase, so when the sending nerve sends its chemical messenger across the synapse, the receiving nerve continues to be stimulated. Affected insects literally twitch to death! The neonicotinoids block the reception of the chemical messenger, so they shut down the insect’s nerve system. Specifically, they block the nicotinic form of the receptors which are 20 to 30 times more numerous in insect nerves. Affected insects just sit and do nothing, or their normal behaviors, especially eating, grooming and egg laying, are stopped. I often call neonicotinoids as being “mood-altering drugs for bugs!” Spinosyns actually stimulate the post-synaptic nerves so the insects twitch like they are being affected by an organophosphate or carbamate!

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Pest Management Approaches

• Tolerance (do nothing, spread Milorganite to discourage animals, irrigate and foliar feed).

• Preventive (let turf go dormant, use deep-rooted turfgrasses, eliminate insect populations early – with insecticides).

• Curative (eliminate populations that are sampled and will likely cause damage).

• Rescue (damage has occurred, apply quick acting insecticide).

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Notes:

Before we review Arena’s performance, let’s look at the general pest management options. First, we always have the option of doing nothing. In many cases we control pests just because they are present, not because they are causing any real damage. Preventive use of pesticides is well understood and used by weed scientists (e.g., pre-emergent herbicides) and plant pathologists, but entomologist have often had insecticides that worked well AFTER you discovered the pests. Some of the newer insecticide groups really work best when used in the preventive rather than the curative mode. Curative treatments are made after you have determined that a pest is present and is highly likely to cause unacceptable damage. Rescue treatments are made because the pest was missed and now you have to perform emergency treatments to kill the pests AND repair damage!

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Major Turfgrass Insect Pests in North America

• White Grubs (annual species)

• Mole Crickets (south)

• Weevils (billbugs/annual BG weevil)

• Caterpillars (cutworms, armyworms, sod webworms)

• Ants (fire ants/turfgrass ant)

• Other (chinch bugs, crane flies)

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Notes:

Around the world, we find white grubs, mole crickets, weevils and caterpillars damaging turfgrasses. Most of the white grubs eat organic matter, like thatch and the turf roots that grows through this layer. While there are species of grubs that take several years to develop and a few species that can complete two or more generations in a year, most of the damaging species take one year to complete their life cycles. Billbugs are weevils that have larvae which burrow down grass stems to eventually kill and devour the crowns. Smaller weevils, often called stem weevils, also have larvae that burrow down grass stems or that feed at the bases of stems. Caterpillars include the large species like cutworms and armyworms as well as a host of small species represented by the webworms. Of course there are other localized pests, like ants, chinch bugs and crane fly larvae.

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Notes:

This image of raccoon digging damage illustrates several principles. First, notice that the turf itself looks pretty good so there was likely good water and fertility present and the grub populations were likely below the damage threshold of over 8 to 10 grubs per square foot. Foraging animals, like skunks, raccoons, armadillos, and even wild boars will often dig up turf where grub populations are in the 3 to 5 grubs per square foot range. This means that you may need to control grubs well below the thresholds stated in many textbooks.

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Grub Complex –

May/June Beetle green June beetle

European chafer masked chafer

Japanese beetle Oriental beetle

Asiatic garden beetle

Ataenius Aphodius

Grub Complex – Changing each year!

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Notes:

There are many species of scarabs that have larvae, or white grubs, that are known to feed on turfgrasses. While most of the grubs look similar, the adult beetles are quite different in color and form. Some species, like the European chafer, Oriental beetle and the Asiatic garden beetle seem to be less susceptible to some grub insecticides. Halofenozide or MACH2™ does not work well on these species of grubs and even imidacloprid or Merit is slightly less effective.

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Grub Complex –

May/June Beetle green June beetle

European chafer Japanese beetle

Masked chafer Oriental beetle

Asiatic garden beetle

Ataenius

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Notes:

As stated before, most of the grubs look very similar with the obvious difference in size of the May-June beetle grub and the giant green June beetle grub. Fortunately, the May-June beetle grubs take two to five years to complete their development and they are quite susceptible to most of the grub insecticides. The green June beetle larva is unique in that it actually comes to the turf surface at night to feed on grass clippings and grass blades. This species requires that the grub insecticide be left on the surface rather than being irrigated in as is recommended for most grub treatments. All the white grubs are pretty easily identified by looking at the patterns of bristles located on the underside of the tip of the abdomen. This is called the raster pattern, and there are many web sites that show these patterns.

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Masked Chafers –

Pair of masked chafers at night on turf

Masked chafer eggsnewly laid (below)48 hours in moist soil (above)

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Notes:

Most white grub species, like these northern masked chafers, come out at night to mate. In these cases, once mated, the females dig back into the soil to begin egg laying. All white grub species lay dehydrated eggs that require absorption of water from the soil before development can start. If the egg doesn’t absorb this water within 24 to 36 hours, the egg will die. This is why grub populations tend to decrease during summers where there is a significant drought during late June through July. However, if the turf is irrigated, drought is not a factor.

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Northern Masked Chafer Life Stages –

egg 1st 2nd 3rd pupa adult instar larva

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Notes:

All white grubs go through egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. The larval stage is subdivided into three instars where most of the body growth occurs. Obviously, the tiny first instar would be the easiest target for neonicotinoid insecticides like Arena. When the first instar grub hatches, it has to quickly begin to feed in the soil-thatch interface. If this zone has neonicotinoid residues, after the first few bites of thatch, the white grub is forced to quit feeding and moving. Within hours or a day or two, this tiny grub will dry up or die of starvation. Actually, neonicotinoids have the same affect on second and third instar grubs, but these forms require longer time to die.

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Masked Chafer Annual Cycle

Larval P

reventio

n

Larval R

escue

Larval C

urative

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Notes:

Most annual white grubs have adults that fly between mid-June and early August. During this time, they lay their eggs which usually take about two weeks to hatch. If we know that most of the neonicotinoid insecticides have effective residuals within the soil-thatch zone of 90 to 120 days, we can use a preventive strategy of applying the insecticide from May to August and still achieve excellent grub control. If we look at other potential pests that may be present during this time period we can often control one to three additional pests. This is especially true for billbug and chinch bugs. Most of the neonicotinoids also control the second instar grubs that are present in August into early September. When we get into September and third instar grubs, only thiamethoxam (Meridian) and clothianidin (Arena) kill these grubs in 7 to 10 days.

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Ranked Efficacy of White Grub Insecticides1976 – 2005a

–

rate ave range % of testsInsecticide lb.ai./a. % control # tests % control below 70%Carbaryl 8.0 72.8 43 13-100 40

(=Sevin)Chlorpyrifos 4.0 54.6 32 0-96 59 (=Dursban)

Permethrin 0.26 31.8 8 0-54 100

Trichlorfon 8.0 77.6 91 0-98 19 (=Dylox, Proxol)

a Data from ESA publications (1977-2005) & Ohio testing using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks.

Clothianidin0.3 99.5 4 99-100 0 (=Arena)0.25 94.7 3 90-100 0

Halofenozide 1.5 91.2 65 10-100 12 (=MACH2) 2.0 89.6 53 56-100 9Imidacloprid 0.3 94.1 88 58-100 6 (=Merit) 0.4 94.1 7 82-100 0

Thiamethoxam 0.2 96.1 38 0-100 3(=Meridian)

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Notes:

This summary chart contains efficacy data on all the currently registered grub insecticides. Notice that the top performers are the neonicotinoids, Arena, Meridian and Merit, as well as the IGR, MACH2. The organophosphate, trichlorfon or Dylox is commonly used as a curative insecticide but its average efficacy and chance of failure of 19% is much higher than the top performers. Recently, carbaryl or Sevin has been suggested as another curative grub insecticide, but notice that it has a very high potential for failure rate of 40%. The data in this table are from applications made during egg lay and first instar grub activity where masked chafers and Japanese beetle grubs were the targets.

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Comparison of Grub Insecticide Efficacyby Time of Application

Halofenozide 1.5 88.5 (8) 94.4 (23) 88.8 (21) 89.6 (19) 77.7 (27)(=MACH2) 2.0 80.5 (4) 63.7 (9) 93.8 (12) 75.0 (5) ---

Imidachloprid 0.3 74.4 (12) 91.3 (27) 94.7 (39) 93.6 (29) 94.1 (35)(=Merit) 0.4 62.0 (1) 88.0 (1) 89.0 (1) 82.0 (1) ---

Clothianidin 0.25 100.0 (1) 90.0 (1) 97.0 (2) --- ---(=Arena) 0.3 93.0 (1) 100.0 (2) 99.0 (2) --- 97.0 (1)

Thiamethoxam 0.2 80.0 (5) 98.8 (11) 98.6 (9) 98.3 (11) 93.7 (8) (=Meridian) 0.26 91.5 (4) 99.3 (3) 99.3 (2) 98.0 (6) 100.0 (4)

Trichlorfon 8.0 --- --- --- 62.2 (5) 77.7 (19)

rate ave % control (#tests)Insecticide lb.ai./a. May June July to Aug 16 to Sept 10

a Data from ESA publications (1977-2005) & Ohio testing using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks.

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Notes:

If we look at earlier and later grub insecticide applications, we see that the top grub insecticides perform quite well from applications made in May, though the efficacy of Merit drops. On the other end of the application window, applications made from mid-August into early September also show excellent grub control. In short, from these data, we see that we can likely use our grub insecticides earlier than is normally recommended and most can also be used as early curative insecticides where second instar grubs are present.

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2005 Ohio Grub April Preventive

Treatment % ControlRate

0.25Acelepryn SC 100

0.30Merit 75WP 81

0.40Merit 75WP 93


0.30Arena 50 WDG 99


appl – 11 April; Springfield, OH; read - 30 Sep (172DAT); 15.2 grubs/sq.ft. check

2.00MACH2 1.33G 92

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Notes:

In this 2005 study, we put out these grub insecticides in early April and you can see that all produced excellent grub control for the season!

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2006 April Preventive Grub Trial (6 Apr)


Hilliard, OH; read - 11 Oct; 23.0 grubs/ft.sq. check; 27%NMC/73%JB

0.26 lb.Acelepryn SC 100

0.15 lb.Arena 50WDG 100


2.00 lb.MACH2 1.5G 50




0.30 lb.Merit 75WP 92

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Notes:

In this 2006 study, we again had excellent, season-long grub control with an early April application of Merit or Arena. Notice that the MACH2 treatment did not produce satisfactory control. We believe that this may be due to accelerated degradation since this course had used MACH2 for three years previous to the 2006 season.

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2007 April & May Preventive Grub TrialTreatment % ControlRate

Columbus, OH; read - 2 Oct; 5.13 grubs/ft.sq. check; 37%NMC/63%JB

Date

0.157 lb.Acelepryn SC 8510 Apr

0.209 lb.Acelepryn SC 10010 Apr

0.30 lb.Merit 75 WP 10010 Apr

0.26 lb.Meridian 25 WDG 10010 Apr

0.25 lb.Arena 50WDG 10010 Apr

0.157 lb.Acelepryn SC 1008 May

0.209 lb.Acelepryn SC 958 May

0.30 lb.Merit 75 WP 1008 May

38

Notes:

Our 2007 study where we applied the grub insecticides in April and then May.

39

2006 Late Grub Trial (15 Sept)


Hilliard, OH; read - 10 Oct; 24.9 grubs/ft.sq. check; 15%NMC/85%JB

0.20 lb.Meridian 25WG 82

0.30 lb.Merit 2F 63


0.20 lb.Triazicide G (Scimitar) 29

0.45 lb.Allectus Fert 89

8.10 lb.24-hr Grub (Dylox) 91

0.26 lb.Meridian 25WG 88

4.00 lb.Sevin Lawn G 56

40

Notes:

If we look at the other side of the grub control window, we see from this 2006 grub “rescue” study that the neonicotinoids Arena and Meridian produced quite satisfactory results when compared to the industry standard of Dylox.

42

Notes:

If I told you that this was a golf course bunker slope in early July, what would you say is wrong with the turf? Most would state that it is simply drought and/or heat, but this is classic bluegrass billbug damage! Billbug damage continues to be one of the most commonly misdiagnosed insect problems of turf, whether on golf courses, sport fields or in home lawns.

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Billbug Diagnosis – Use the “tug test”

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Notes:

To properly diagnose bluegrass billbug damage, I recommend using the “tug” test. Simply grasp some of the dead grass stems and pull upward. If the stems break off easily and they are filled with a fine sawdust-like material, you have confirmed billbugs! The sawdust-like material is called frass, which is the feces of the billbug larva.

46

Notes:

Like white grubs, billbugs have complete life cycles with egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. However, the larvae appear to go through five to six instars.

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Bluegrass Billbug Life Cycle in Ohio

Ad

ult C

on

trol

Larval P

reventio

n

Larval C

urative

48

Notes:

Bluegrass billbugs overwinter in the adult stage within the turf. In the early spring, the surviving adults become active, mate, eat and lay eggs in grass stems. In the past, dursban or diazinon applications at this time killed the adults before they could lay sufficient eggs to cause damage. You can still accomplish this using one of the pyrethroid insecticides. On the other hand you can apply one of the neonicotinoids in early to mid-May which would likely stop adult egg laying as well as prevent larvae from causing their damage. Of course, this early application would also persist in the thatch to kill white grubs that occur later in the season. Few insecticides work well as billbug curative treatments, but Arena seems to do a pretty good job at this time.

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2006 Ohio Billbug Preventive Test


0.10Acelepryn SC 81

0.30Merit 75WP 69

0.21Acelepryn SC 94

0.30Arena 50WDG 94

0.16Acelepryn SC 88

appl - 15 May (preventive); Columbus, OH; read – 11 July; 23.2 larvae+pupae/sq.ft. check

0.26Acelepryn SC 94

0.10Talstar F SC 69

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2006 Ohio Billbug Alternates


0.28Allectus GR 95

0.20Arena 50WDG 75

0.20Scimitar CS 95

0.16Conflict GF 90

appl - 15 May (preventive); Columbus, OH; read – 11 July; 29.0 larvae+pupae/sq.ft. check

0.20Talstar F 95

0.15Arena 50WDG 75

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2005 Ohio Billbug Then Grub Test

TreatmentBillbug

% ControlRate

0.13+0.10Allectus SC 18

0.20Talstar One 53

0.14+0.11Allectus SC 2X 82

0.20Arena 50WDG 100


appl - 24 May (& 17 June); Columbus, OH; billbug read - 6&7July, 31.1/sq.ft. check; JB adults caged in July, grubs read - 27 Sept, 24.4/sq.ft. checks

0.20Merit 2F 710.30Merit 2F 71


0.10Talstar One 37

Grub% Control

76

62

94

100

79

86 91

68

59

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2007 Ohio Billbug Then Grub Test

TreatmentBillbug

% ControlRate

appl - 9 May; Columbus, OH; billbug read – 28 June, 18.6/sq.ft. check;JB adults caged in July, grubs read - 28 Sept, 17.9/sq.ft. checks

Grub% Control

0.12/0.06 lb.Aloft SC 100.0 68.0

24oz/ABifenthrin SC 68.2 80.0

0.25Arena 50WDG 100.0 100.0

0.25/0.13 lb.Aloft G 77.3 100.0

0.20Meridian 25WDG 100.0 84.0

0.25Merit 75 WP 77.3 72.0

0.24/0.12 lb.Aloft SC 95.5 100.0

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Notes:

In order to illustrate that a single application of an insecticide can control two pests, we applied several insecticides in early May for control of bluegrass billbugs. After rating the billbug populations in late June, we caged Japanese beetle adults over the treated plots to force them to lay eggs in the underlying soil. As you can see, Arena provided the most consistent, high level of control of both pests.

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Black cutworm damage spots on short-cut bentgrass.

Black cutworm larva feeding at night.

Black cutworm larvae the morning after treatment with insecticide.

55

Notes:

Moving to the caterpillar pests, black cutworm is one of the most important species, especially on golf course turf where they make characteristic pock marks on greens and tees. In high cut lawn turf, cutworms are rarely a problem.

57

Notes:

Cutworms also have complete life cycles with egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. The fourth through the sixth larval instars are very mobile, often moving 50 feet or more in a single night to establish a new burrow from which they feed for several nights. Because of this, we usually recommend spraying one to two boom widths around golf greens and tees to reduce the movement of caterpillars back onto these surfaces shortly after the pesticide residues have disappeared.

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Sod WebwormsSpring damage

Larva and frass

Adult bluegrass webworm

59

Notes:

Sod webworm larvae are one of the most common caterpillars found in turf. However, in high cut turf, sod webworms are rarely a damaging pest. They often get blamed for damage due to drought or disease because the adult moths are easy to spot while mowing the turf and the green frass pellets excreted by the larvae are also easy to find in the thatch.

61

Notes:

Sod webworms have complete life cycles, but the larvae construct silk-lined burrows which extend into the soil and along the thatch surface.

62Sod webworm damage to green often resembles disease or other maladies.

63

Notes:

We are finding that sod webworm activity in the short cut grass of golf course greens and tees is often very important. The damage can be mistaken for turf disease and birds certainly know how to peck the turf surface in search of the sod webworms.

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Bluegrass Webworm in Ohio

Overw

intered

Larval C

on

trol

Early L

arval Co

ntro

l (preven

tive)

Larval D

amag

e (curative)

Overw

interin

g L

arvae?

65

Notes:

The bluegrass webworm is a common species that typically has two generations per year. All sod webworm species overwinter as partially mature larvae. These larvae finish feeding in the early spring before they pupate in order to transform into the adult moth. The summer generation of larvae are usually present in the turf during June and early July and damage becomes visible in mid-July. The adults fly again, dropping their eggs into the turf and the larvae of this generation are the ones that ovewinter. This means that we can control these pests several times during a season, but it is our belief that an application in early May will eliminate most of the sod webworms for the season.

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2005 Ohio SWW Control withOver-the-Counter Products

appl. 16 Aug, OSU Turf Facility;27.0, 82.0 & 97.25 sww/sq.yd. checks @ 3, 7 & 13 DAT

Treatment Rate% Control

3DAT 13DAT

Merit 0.2G 0.10 80 18

720.13 9Merit 0.2G

960.061 64Arena 0.1G

840.19 82Allectus 0.2G

940.05 53Arena 0.1G

810.034 90Scimitar 0.04G

821.01 82MACH2 1.5G

7DAT

63

36

88

96

91

83

76

67

Notes:

Traditionally, neonicotinoids have been stated as being “weak” for caterpillar control. In many cases, this seems to be a timing and expectation issue. Most expect to see dead caterpillars on the turf surface within hours of an appliciation of Dursban or one of the pyrethroids. In actuality, Arena seems to have significant caterpillar control ability, but the control may take five to seven days to reach its maximum compared to maximum control being achieved with a pyrethroid in three to five days.

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2005 Ohio BCW-SWW ControlWith Provaunt, Acelepryn & Arena

appl. 7 Sept, OSU Turf Facility; 4.25 BCW/sq.yd. @ 2DAT; 34.25, 59.5 & 60.25 sww/sq.yd. checks @ 2, 6 & 13 DAT


2DAT 14DAT 21DAT

Provaunt SC 0.0266 94 67 911000.053 92Provaunt SC 99

940.025 99Acelepryn SC 99


1000.106 95Provaunt SC 100


1000.10 99Talstar One SC 1001000.25 100Arena 50WDG 92

2DAT

5364

98

99

65

99

9399

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2007 Ohio Long Term BCW-SWW Control Evaluation

appl. 22 June, OSU Turf Facility; 0.0, 4.25, 2.5 BCW/sq.yd. @ 26, 56, & 83DAT; 0.5, 37.25 & 9.5 sww/sq.yd. checks @ 22, 56 & 83 DAT


56DAT 83DAT26DAT

0.104 94-100Acelepryn SC 80-100---

0.10 47-69Merit 75 WP 40-84---

0.209 100-100Acelepryn SC 70-100---

0.10 59-66Arena 50WG 70-91---

0.25 65-62Meridian 25WG 70-91---

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Notes:

This is classic hairy chinch bug damage to a Kentucky bluegrass lawn in July. We are seeing more of this damage and it is often being misdiagnosed as drought dormancy, heat stress and disease. The only way to tell for sure is to do the old “hands-and-knees” sampling technique!

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Hairy chinch bugs in thatch

Hairy chinch bug adults -long wing & short wing forms

73

Notes:

If chinch bugs are present, they will be easy to find by spreading the turf canopy down to the thatch level. Wait a few seconds and the chinch bug nymphs and adults will soon start running about!

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Hairy Chinch Bug Life Stages

egg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th normal winged short winged instar nymphs adult adult

75

Notes:

Hairy chinch bugs have gradual life cycles in which the nymphs look and act like the adults, except that the nymphs are smaller and lack wings. Because of this, any time you find chinch bugs, you can control them since all the stages will be present.

76weeks

# o

f in

sect

s/ s

q. ft

OctoberSeptember,August,J uly,J une,May,April,

OctoberSeptember,August,J uly,J une,May,April,

250

200

150

100

50

0

250

200

150

100

50

0

VariableAdultsNymphsEggs

Populations of the Hairy Chinch Bug 2004

Ad

ult C

on

trol

Nym

ph

-Ad

ult C

urative

Nym

ph

-Ad

ult C

urative

77

Notes:

Recent studies in Ohio lawns have shown that the hairy chinch bug has two generations and the second generation can be larger or smaller than the first generation, depending on the weather and turf quality. Since chinch bug adults overwinter in the turf, past controls have often utilized a surface insecticide applied to kill these overwintering adults. In our studies, you can easily control hairy chinch bugs in June or August when their nymphs are smallest.

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2005 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control – Over-the-Counter Insecticides

appl. 21 July., Pickerington, OH; 70.6, 111.8 & 116.4 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 4, 7 & 14 DAT


4DAT 14DAT7DAT

Merit 0.2G 0.13 77 9370

280.10 95Merit 0.2G 81

820.05 64Arena 0.1G 75

640.19 88Bayer Complete 80

510.06 75Arena 0.1G 86

620.034 92Triazicide 0.04G 93

381.01 86Grub Stop 1.5G 82

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Notes:

Notice that in this study, we used half and third rates of the insecticides. Even then, we got acceptable control when using the neonicotinoid insecticides. This suggests that a May application of Arena will take out billbugs, overwintered chinch bugs, first generation sod webworms AND the new crop of white grubs!

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2005 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control – Talstar, Arena, DuPont Insecticides

appl. 1 Sept., Pickerington, OH; 175.1, 304.4 & 145.8 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 5, 7 & 13 DAT


5DAT 13DAT7DAT

DPX HGW 86 10SC 0.25 92 9097

650.50 42DPX HGW 86 10SC 75


950.20 74Arena 50WDG 88


900.10 96Talstar 0.67SC 96

750.15 67Arena 50WDG 69

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Notes:

There are many species of ants that live in turfgrass habitats, but fire ants and the turfgrass ant are two of the most common problems. Fire ants are obviously a problem because of their stings, but the turfgrass ant is a mound-builder ant that can cause real problems on a golf course green or tee.

84

Notes:

The turfgrass ant feeds on other insects but its primary food is honeydew (the sugary excrement of some aphids and scales) which it apparently gets from root-infesting aphids.

2001 Ohio Ant Curative ControlTreatment 21DATRate

appl – 18 June; Clyde, OH;

7DAT 14DAT 4WAT 6WAT

Fipronil Bait 0.0002 13 028 11 4

DeltaGard 0.42E 0.13 0 00 0 8

Talstar GC 0.67E 0.2 0 058 0 0

0.26 71Meridian 25WG 6929 54 74

Fipronil Bait 0.002 68 4484 78 0

8.9, 7.9, 7.6, 4.9, 5.5, 4.4 mounds/sq.yd.@ 0, 7, 14 & 28DAT&10 & 16WAT

Tempo Ultra 1SC 0.07 0 00 0 0

Dursban Pro 2E 2.0 40 1981 68 22

mailto:mounds/sq.yd.@

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Notes:

Traditionally, the turfgrass ant is controlled by applying surface insecticides such as Dursban or one of the pyrethroids. This usually achieves two to four weeks of control. Baits are considered to be more effective, but the Fipronil bait is only available for southern fire ant control. When we applied the neonicotinoid, Merit, we often got control of the turfgrass ant six to eight weeks after the application, so you can anticipate our surprise when we got much more rapid control from another neonicotinoid, Meridian.

2006 Ant Trial – July CurativeTreatment 22DATRate

0.45 lb. 65Allectus Fert 6781

0.45 lb.Allectus GC 8484 82

0.90 lb. 87Allectus Fert 8796

0.90 lb.Allectus GC 88 8893

0.30 lb.Arena 50WDG 80 8089

960.20 lb.Talstar F GC 9662

571.00 lb.Orthene TTO 5716

842.00 lb.Orthene TTO 8447

6DAT

Clyde, OH; applied 18 July; ant mounds in 4x8ft strip down middle of 10x10ft plots,25.8, 28.5, 25.8 & 24.5 mounds per plots in checks at 6, 14, 22 & 44 DAT.

14DAT 44DAT

86

71

87

92

91

33

55

82

88

Notes:

What we now know is that Arena is a good, and often better than Meridian at rapidly knocking down the turfgrass ant and its activities. More importantly, this control continues for many weeks!

89

Come visit the BugDoc at:Come visit the BugDoc at:http://bugs.osu.eduhttp://bugs.osu.edu

90

Notes:

Remember that this presentation as well as many others are available from the BugDoc’s web site which is located at:

http://bugs.osu.edu/~bugdoc/

Just click on the “Recent Talks” button and you can observe the presentations online or download them to your computer!

http://bugs.osu.edu/~bugdoc/

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Use Milorganite to discourage animals!

Questions??

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Notes:

As one last note, if you are having trouble with skunks or raccoons digging for grubs while you wait until the grubs die from a treatment, try spreading some Milorganite over the area. This product, made from human sewage sludge, has what can be call a “unique” odor which most foraging animals will not tolerate!

1 summary of turf insect trials with clothianidin (arena™) david j. shetlar, ph.d. the...

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