1 taxonomy and introduction to common species bob doneley … · 2020. 1. 5. · leopard gecko...
TRANSCRIPT
Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice, First Edition. Edited by Bob Doneley, Deborah Monks, Robert Johnson and Brendan Carmel. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: Doneley 0003177513.INDDComp. by: R. RAMESH Date: 07 Nov 2017 Time: 03:16:44 PM Stage: Printer WorkFlow:CSW Page Number: 1
1
Taxonomy
Class Reptilia is one of the largest groups of vertebrates, with over 10,000 species. It is also the oldest, evolving some 310–320 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. They share several common charac-teristics: all are covered with scales or scutes and are ectothermic. Most lay amniotic eggs (oviparity), although some are live bearers (viviparity, including ovovivaparity). They may be carnivorous, omnivorous or herbivorous.
Class Reptilia is made up of four orders: Squamata, Testudines, Crocodilia and Rhynchocephalia (Table 1.1). Each order is further divided into sub‐orders, families, genera and species.
Squamata
Squamates are characterized by their scaled skin, which is shed periodically (ecdysis), and a moveable quadrate bone that allows the maxilla to open wide relative to the rest of the skull. The order is divided into three sub‐orders: Lacertilia (the lizards), Serpentes (the snakes) and Amphisbaenia (the worm lizards), although some classifications place Amphisbaenia within Lacertilia.
Lacertilia has five infraorders based mainly on morphological similarities between family groups. These are the Diploglossa (including the glass lizards and the American legless
lizards), Gekkota (the geckos, the blind lizards and the legless lizards), Iguania (including the agamids, chameleons, iguanas, anoles, collared lizards and the neotropical ground lizards), Platynota (varanids and Gila monsters) and Scincomorpha (including skinks, tegus, plated lizards and spiny‐tail lizards). Most are omniv-orous or carnivorous. They are primarily ovip-arous, although some are ovoviviparous.
Serpentes has two infraorders: Alethinophidia (including the boas, pythons, vipers, elapids, colubrids, file snakes and rattle snakes) and Scolecophidia (the blind snakes). All snakes are carnivorous. Most are oviparous, although some are ovoviviparous.
Amphisbaenia has five families found in the northern hemisphere, Africa and South America. They are largely legless squamates with rudimentary eyes capable of only detect-ing light (two species have rudimentary fore-limbs). Their skin is loosely attached to the body, and appears to be their means of locomo-tion; the skin moves and ‘drags’ the body behind it. They are carnivorous, with strong jaws and interlocking teeth. Most species lay eggs, although some are known to be ovoviviparous.
Testudines
Testudines, sometimes known as Chelonia, are the turtles, tortoises and terrapins. They are characterized by a bony or cartilaginous
1
Taxonomy and Introduction to Common SpeciesBob Doneley
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COPYRIG
HTED M
ATERIAL
Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice2
shell developed from their ribs. There is some confusion in the terminology. In North America, ‘turtle’ is used to describe the whole order, while in Europe and Australia it refers to freshwater and sea‐dwelling chelonians, with ‘tortoise’ used to describe terrestrial, non‐swimming species. ‘Terrapin’ is a term used to describe several small species of tur-tle living in fresh or brackish water. Terrapins do not form a taxonomic unit and are not closely related. There are two suborders of Testudines: the Pleurodirans (three families), also called the side‐necked or long‐necked turtles, have long necks that are folded side-ways to align them with the shell; the Cryptodirans (eleven families), or short‐neck turtles and tortoises, pull their neck straight back to conceal their head within the shell. Sea turtles are Cryptodirans, although they have lost the ability to retract their heads.
Crocodylia
Crocodylia, an order of large, predatory, semi‐aquatic reptiles, is divided into three families: Crocodylidae (the true crocodiles), Alligatoridae (the alligators and caimans) and Gavialidae (the gharial and false gharial).
Rhynchocephalia
Rhynchocephalia is a primitive order of lizard‐like reptiles that includes only one living spe-cies, the Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) of
New Zealand. There is debate as to whether S. guntheri is a separate species. They are slow‐growing, reaching sexual maturity at 10–20 years, and breed until they are at least 60 years old. It takes the female between one to three years to develop eggs and up to seven months to form the shell. It then takes between 12 and 15 months from copulation to hatch-ing. Thus, reproduction occurs at two‐ to five‐yearly intervals, the longest of any reptile.
Tuatara lack external ears and possess a parietal eye (a light‐sensitive spot located on the top of the animal’s head, thought to play a role in setting circadian rhythms). They are capable of autotomy and have only rudimen-tary hemipenes. Tuatara have unique denti-tion, namely two rows of acrodont teeth in the maxilla and one row in the mandible.
Commonly Kept Species
Table 1.1 Reptile orders.
Order and sub‐order Common name Species (n)
Squamata Squamates 9,671Lacertilia Lizards 5,987Serpentes Snakes 3,496Amphisbaenia Worm lizards 188
Testudines Turtles, tortoises and terrapins 341Crocodylia Crocodiles, gharials, caimans and alligators 25Rhynchocephalia Tuataras 1
Key
The following abbreviations are used in this section:d, daysG, gestationI, incubationm, monthsO, oviparousOV, ovoviviparousPBT, preferred body temperaturey, years
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Taxonomy and Introduction to Common Species 3
Tables
● Table 1.2 Lizards ● Table 1.3 Geckos ● Table 1.5 Chameleons
● Table 1.6 Snakes ● Table 1.7 Turtles ● Table 1.8 Tortoises
Figure 1.1 Bearded dragons (courtesy of Bob Doneley).
Figure 1.2 Blue‐tongued skinks (courtesy of Bob Doneley).
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Tabl
e 1.
2 Li
zard
s.
Rept
ileO
rigi
nSp
ecie
sH
abita
tD
iet
Sexu
al
mat
urit
yM
ode
of
repr
od.
Incu
batio
n or
Ges
tatio
n
Ther
mal
gr
adie
nt
(°C)
PBT
(°C)
Rela
tive
hum
idit
y (%
)Lo
ngev
ity
(yea
rs)
Bear
ded
drag
on
(Fig
ure
1.1)
Aus
tral
iaM
ost c
omm
on:
inla
nd o
r cen
tral
(Pog
ona
vitti
ceps
)ea
ster
n (P
. bar
bata
)bl
acks
oil (
P. h
enry
law
soni
)dw
arf (
P. m
inor
)O
ther
s inc
lude
:w
este
rn (P
. min
ima)
nort
hwes
t (P.
mitc
helli
)N
ulla
rbor
(P. n
ulla
rbor
)K
imbe
rley
(P. m
icro
lepi
toda
)
Terr
estr
ial
Om
nivo
rous
, al
thou
gh th
e ju
veni
les a
re
initi
ally
in
sect
ivor
ous b
ut
will
eat
veg
etab
les
and
flow
ers a
s th
ey g
row
9–24
ma
O(I
) 61–
74 d
at
30–
31 °C
(P
. vitt
icep
s)
28–4
035
25–4
010
–15
Blue
‐to
ngue
d sk
ink
(Fig
ure
1.2)
Aus
tral
iaea
ster
n (T
iliqu
a sc
inco
ides
sc
inco
ides
)py
gmy
(T. a
dela
iden
sis)
cent
ralia
n (T
. mul
tifas
ciat
a)bl
otch
ed (T
. nig
rolu
tea)
wes
tern
(T. o
ccip
italis
)
Terr
estr
ial
Om
nivo
rous
18–3
6 m
bO
V(G
) 3–5
m28
–32
(hig
her
for
inla
nd
spec
ies)
25–3
525
–40
10–1
5
Shin
gleb
ack
Aus
tral
iaA
lso
know
n as
bob
tail
lizar
d (T
. rug
osa)
Terr
estr
ial
Om
nivo
rous
18–3
6 m
cO
V(I
) 4–5
m36
–40
25–4
525
–40
10–1
5
Frill
ed
lizar
dA
ustr
alia
Chl
amyd
osau
rus k
ingi
iPr
imar
ily
arbo
real
Prim
arily
in
sect
ivor
ous b
ut
will
acc
ept s
ome
vege
tabl
es
12–1
8 m
(mal
e)
to 2
–3 y
(fe
mal
e)
O(I
) 60–
90 d
32–3
728
–38
50–7
010
–15
a Dep
endi
ng o
n sp
ecie
s (sm
all s
peci
es m
atur
e yo
unge
r tha
n la
rger
spec
ies)
.b M
ale
mat
ures
ear
lier t
han
fem
ale.
c Thi
s spe
cies
form
s clo
se p
air b
ondi
ng a
nd sh
ould
be
paire
d be
fore
sexu
al m
atur
ity.
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Tabl
e 1.
3 G
ecko
s.
Rept
ileO
rigi
nSp
ecie
sH
abita
tD
iet
Sexu
al
mat
urit
yM
ode
of
repr
od.
Incu
batio
n or
Ges
tatio
nTh
erm
al
grad
ient
(°C)
PBT
(°C)
Rela
tive
hum
idit
y (%
)Lo
ngev
ity
(yea
rs)
Leop
ard
geck
oPa
kist
an,
nort
hern
Indi
a an
d A
sian
des
ert
regi
ons
Eubl
epha
ris
mac
ular
ius
Terr
estr
ial
Inse
ctiv
orou
s1
yO
(I) 4
5–60
d21
–32
2620
–40
6–10
(lar
ge
mal
es c
an
live
up to
20)
Toka
y ge
cko
Nor
th‐e
ast
Indi
a, N
epal
, In
done
sia
and
the
Phili
ppin
es
Two
spec
ies:
Gek
ko
geck
o ge
cko
and
G. g
. azh
ari
Arb
orea
lIn
sect
ivor
ous
1–2
yO
(I) 6
0–10
0 d
27–2
825
–31
55–8
010
–20
Kno
b‐ta
iled
geck
o
Aus
tral
ia9
spec
ies;
mos
t co
mm
only
kep
t: th
ree‐
lined
(N
ephr
urus
levi
s)ce
ntra
l rou
gh
(N. a
mya
e)
Terr
estr
ial
Inse
ctiv
orou
s7–
12 m
O(I
) 57–
70 d
(N
. lev
is)77
–94
d (N
. am
yae)
20–3
026
Kee
p on
e en
d of
the
encl
osur
e m
oist
7–8
(N. l
evis)
; 9–
11
(N. a
mya
e)
Cre
sted
ge
cko
New
Cal
edon
iaC
orre
loph
us ci
liatu
s, al
so k
now
n as
the
New
Cal
edon
ian
cres
ted
geck
o,
Gui
chen
ot’s
gian
t ge
cko
or e
yela
sh
geck
o
Arb
orea
lIn
sect
ivor
ous
6–9 m
(mal
e)12
m (f
emal
e)O
(I) 6
0–90
da
21–2
9H
eat
into
lera
nt50
–70
15–2
0
a At r
oom
tem
pera
ture
; up
to 1
20 d
ays a
t coo
ler t
empe
ratu
res.
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Tabl
e 1.
4 Ch
amel
eons
.
Rept
ileO
rigi
nSp
ecie
sH
abita
tD
iet
Sexu
al
mat
urit
yM
ode
of
repr
od.
Incu
batio
n or
Ges
tatio
nTh
erm
al
grad
ient
(°C)
PBT
(°C)
Rela
tive
hum
idit
y (%
)Lo
ngev
ity
(yea
rs)
Veile
d ch
amel
eon
(Fig
ure
1.3)
Saud
i Ara
bia
and
Yem
en(C
ham
aele
o ca
lypt
ratu
s), a
lso
know
n as
the
Yem
en c
ham
eleo
n
Arb
orea
lIn
sect
ivor
ous
but w
ill ta
ke
som
e ve
geta
bles
an
d fr
uit
1 y
O12
0–27
0 d
24–3
5 by
day
–50
–60
4–8
Pant
her
cham
eleo
nM
adag
asca
rFu
rcife
r par
dalis
Arb
orea
lIn
sect
ivor
ous
7 mO
240
d24
–35
–50
–70
5–7
Gre
en
igua
na
(Fig
ure
1.4)
Mex
ico,
C
entr
al
Am
eric
a an
d th
e C
arib
bean
Igua
na ig
uana
Arb
orea
lH
erbi
voro
us18
mO
70–1
05 d
26–3
535
65–7
515
–20
Chi
nese
w
ater
dr
agon
Chi
na a
nd
Indo
chin
aPh
ysig
nath
us
coci
ncin
us, a
lso
know
n as
Tha
i w
ater
dra
gon,
gre
en
wat
er d
rago
n, a
nd
Asi
an w
ater
dra
gon
Arb
orea
lIn
sect
ivor
ous,
alth
ough
they
w
ill e
at so
me
vege
tabl
es
1–2
yO
55–6
5 d
29–3
3–
40–8
015
–25
Vara
nids
Aus
tral
ia,
Afr
ica,
Asi
a an
d In
done
sia
Cur
rent
ly 7
8 sp
ecie
s re
cogn
ized
aM
ost t
erre
stri
al
but s
ome
sem
i‐arb
orea
l an
d so
me
sem
i‐aqu
atic
Car
nivo
rous
3–5
yO
170–
265
d30
–40
35–3
660
–80
10–2
0
a Som
e of
the
mor
e co
mm
on sp
ecie
s inc
lude
: Lac
e m
onito
r (Va
ranu
s var
ius)
, Aus
tral
ia; G
ould
’s m
onito
r (V.
goul
dii,
also
kno
wn
as th
e sa
nd m
onito
r), A
ustr
alia
; Mer
ton’s
wat
er m
onito
r (V
. mer
tens
i), A
ustr
alia
; Sav
anna
h m
onito
r (V.
exa
nthe
mat
icus
, als
o kn
own
as B
osc’s
mon
itor)
, Afr
ica;
Nile
mon
itor (
V. n
ilotic
us),
Afr
ica;
Bla
ck‐t
hroa
ted
mon
itor (
V. a
lbig
ular
is io
nide
si), A
fric
a.
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Tabl
e 1.
5 Sn
akes
.
Rept
ileO
rigi
nSp
ecie
sH
abita
tD
iet
Sexu
al
mat
urit
yM
ode
of
repr
od.
Incu
batio
n or
Ges
tatio
n
Ther
mal
gr
adie
nt
(°C)
PBT
(°C)
Rela
tive
hum
idit
y (%
)Lo
ngev
ity
(yea
rs)
Car
pet
pyth
ons
Aus
tral
ia3
spec
ies,
with
4 su
bspe
cies
a,b
Sem
i‐ar
bore
alC
arni
voro
us18
–24 m
(m
ale)
; 24
–36 m
(fe
mal
e)
O55
–65
d w
hen
incu
bate
d at
31 °
C
20–3
229
–30
40–8
0c15
–30
Gre
en p
ytho
n (F
igur
e 1.
6)A
ustr
alia
and
Pa
pua
New
G
uine
a
Als
o kn
own
as c
hond
ropy
thon
or
gre
en tr
ee p
ytho
n (M
. vir
idis)
Arb
orea
lC
arni
voro
usA
fter 2
.4 y
(m
ale)
; A
fter 3
.6 y
(fe
mal
e)
O50
d w
hen
incu
bate
d at
31 °
C
20–3
230
–32
40–7
0d15
–20
Ant
ares
ia
spp.
Aus
tral
iaSp
otte
d py
thon
(Ant
ares
ia
mac
ulos
a); C
hild
ren’s
pyt
hon
(A. c
hild
reni
), py
gmy
pyth
on
(A p
erth
ensis
); St
imso
n py
thon
(A. s
timso
ni) –
2
subs
peci
es: w
este
rn
(A. s
. stim
soni
) and
eas
tern
(A
. s. o
rien
talis
)
Terr
estr
ial
Car
nivo
rous
2–3
yO
55–6
0 d
at 3
1 °C
26–3
229
–32
50–7
015
–30
Asp
idite
s spp
.A
ustr
alia
Blac
k‐he
aded
pyt
hon
(Asp
idite
s mel
anoc
epha
lus)
an
d th
e W
oma
pyth
on
(A. r
amsa
yi)
Terr
estr
ial
Car
nivo
rous
18–2
4 mO
50–6
0 d
at 3
1 °C
28–3
628
–32
40–5
015
–25
Boa
cons
tric
tor
Mex
ico,
So
uth
Am
eric
a an
d th
e C
arib
bean
Boa
cons
tric
tor c
onst
rict
or,
also
kno
wn
as th
e
red‐
taile
d bo
a
Sem
i‐ar
bore
alC
arni
voro
us3–
4 y
OV
100–
120
d27
–33
–50
–70
20–3
0
(Con
tinue
d )
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Rept
ileO
rigi
nSp
ecie
sH
abita
tD
iet
Sexu
al
mat
urit
yM
ode
of
repr
od.
Incu
batio
n or
Ges
tatio
n
Ther
mal
gr
adie
nt
(°C)
PBT
(°C)
Rela
tive
hum
idit
y (%
)Lo
ngev
ity
(yea
rs)
Rain
bow
boa
Sout
h A
mer
ica
Epic
rate
s cen
chri
a, a
lso
know
n as
the
slend
er b
oaTe
rres
tria
lC
arni
voro
us2.
5–4
yO
V15
0 d
21–3
0–
70–9
015
–20
Ball
pyth
onA
fric
aPy
thon
regi
us, a
lso
know
n as
th
e ro
yal p
ytho
nTe
rres
tria
lC
arni
voro
us11
–18 m
(m
ale)
, 20
–36 m
(fe
mal
e)
O50
–60
d27
–32
50–6
0–
20–3
5
Cor
n sn
ake
Nor
th
Am
eric
aPa
nthe
roph
is gu
ttat
usTe
rres
tria
l or
sem
i‐ar
bore
al
Car
nivo
rous
2 y
O70
d24
–30
–50
–60
20–2
5
a Cen
tral
ian
carp
et p
ytho
n (M
orel
ia b
redl
i); S
outh
wes
tern
car
pet p
ytho
n (M
. ari
egat
e); D
iam
ond
pyth
on (M
. spi
lota
spilo
ta);
Jung
le c
arpe
t pyt
hon
(M. s
. che
ynei
; Fig
ure
1.5)
; Coa
stal
car
pet
pyth
on (M
. s. m
cdow
elli)
; Mur
ray/
Dar
ling
carp
et p
ytho
n (M
. s. m
etca
lfei);
Dar
win
car
pet p
ytho
n (M
. s. a
rieg
ate)
.b In
add
ition
to th
ese,
ther
e ar
e fo
ur o
ther
Mor
elia
spec
ies:
the
scru
b py
thon
(M. a
mes
thist
ina)
, the
roug
h‐sc
aled
pyt
hon
(M. c
arin
ata)
, the
gre
en p
ytho
n (M
. vir
idis,
see
belo
w) a
nd th
e O
enpe
lli p
ytho
n (M
. oen
pelli
ensis
).c V
arie
s with
spec
ies b
ut in
this
rang
e.d A
void
con
stan
t hig
h hu
mid
ity.
Tabl
e 1.
5 (C
ontin
ued)
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Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: Doneley 0003177513.INDDComp. by: R. RAMESH Date: 07 Nov 2017 Time: 03:16:44 PM Stage: Printer WorkFlow:CSW Page Number: 9
Tabl
e 1.
6 Tu
rtle
s.
Rept
ileO
rigi
nSp
ecie
sH
abita
tD
iet
Sexu
al
mat
urit
yM
ode
of
repr
od.
Incu
batio
n or
Ges
tatio
n
Ther
mal
gr
adie
nt
(°C)
PBT
(°C)
Rela
tive
hum
idit
y (%
)Lo
ngev
ity
(yea
rs)
East
ern
long
‐nec
ked
turt
le
Aus
tral
iaC
helo
dina
lo
ngic
ollis
, als
o kn
own
as th
e sn
ake‐
neck
ed
turt
le
Sem
i‐aqu
atic
Car
nivo
rous
7–8
y (m
ale)
; 10
–12
y (fe
mal
e)
O90
–150
dW
ater
24
–26
Air
22–2
6
––
30–4
0 (p
ossib
ly
long
er)
Broa
d sh
elle
d tu
rtle
Aus
tral
iaC
. exp
ansa
Sem
i‐aqu
atic
Car
nivo
rous
9–11
y
(mal
e),
14–1
5 y
(fem
ale)
OIn
resp
onse
to lo
w
tem
pera
ture
s, em
bryo
s ent
er a
di
apau
se, w
hich
en
able
s the
m to
su
rviv
e ov
er w
inte
r in
nes
ts, r
esul
ting
in
a ye
ar‐lo
ng
incu
batio
n pe
riod
Wat
er
22–2
6–
–30
–40
(or
long
er)
Shor
t‐ne
cked
tu
rtle
s (E
myd
ura
spp;
Fi
gure
1.8
)
Aus
tral
iaTh
e ge
nus
Emyd
ura
is st
ill
taxo
nom
ical
ly
cont
rove
rsia
la,b
Sem
i‐aqu
atic
Initi
ally
ca
rniv
orou
s but
be
com
e om
nivo
rous
as
they
get
old
er
5–6
y (m
ale)
, 10
–12
y (fe
mal
e)c
O45
–60
d25
–28
––
15–2
0
Saw
‐she
lled
turt
leA
ustr
alia
Myu
chel
ys
latis
tern
umSe
mi‐a
quat
icPr
edom
inan
tly
carn
ivor
ous b
ut
will
take
som
e ve
geta
bles
10 y
(m
ale)
, 20
y
(fem
ale)
O60
d a
t 30 °
CW
ater
24
–28
––
Ove
r 40
Mar
y riv
er
turt
leA
ustr
alia
Elus
or m
acru
rus
Sem
i‐aqu
atic
Om
nivo
rous
25 y
(m
ale)
, 30
y (fe
mal
e)
O47
–64
d at
28–
29 °C
Wat
er
24–2
8–
–75
–100
(Con
tinue
d )
0003177513.INDD 9 11/7/2017 3:16:46 PM
Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: Doneley 0003177513.INDDComp. by: R. RAMESH Date: 07 Nov 2017 Time: 03:16:44 PM Stage: Printer WorkFlow:CSW Page Number: 10
Tabl
e 1.
6 (C
ontin
ued)
Rept
ileO
rigi
nSp
ecie
sH
abita
tD
iet
Sexu
al
mat
urit
yM
ode
of
repr
od.
Incu
batio
n or
Ges
tatio
n
Ther
mal
gr
adie
nt
(°C)
PBT
(°C)
Rela
tive
hum
idit
y (%
)Lo
ngev
ity
(yea
rs)
Pig‐
nose
d tu
rtle
Nor
ther
n A
ustr
alia
an
d so
uthe
rn
New
Gui
nea
Car
etto
chel
ys
insc
ulpt
a, a
lso
know
n as
the
pitte
d‐sh
elle
d tu
rtle
or F
ly ri
ver
turt
le
Sem
i‐aqu
atic
, ve
rgin
g on
co
mpl
etel
y aq
uatic
Om
nivo
rous
16 y
(m
ale)
, 18
y
(fem
ale)
O86
–102
dW
ater
26
–30
Air
26–2
8
––
35–4
0
Red‐
eare
d sli
der
Sout
hern
U
nite
d St
ates
and
no
rthe
rn
Mex
icod
Trac
hem
ys sc
ript
a el
egan
s or
red‐
eare
d te
rrap
in
Sem
i‐aqu
atic
, fr
eshw
ater
Car
nivo
rous
as
juve
nile
s, be
com
ing
omni
voro
us a
s th
ey g
et o
lder
3–5
yO
59–1
12 d
, dep
endi
ng
on te
mpe
ratu
reW
ater
24
–30
Air
24–3
2
––
30–5
0
Mus
k tu
rtle
Sout
h‐ea
st
Can
ada
and
east
ern
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Ster
noth
erus
od
orat
usSe
mi‐a
quat
icPr
edom
inan
tly
carn
ivor
ous b
ut
adul
ts w
ill e
at
som
e ve
geta
ble
mat
eria
l
4 y
(mal
e),
10 y
(fe
mal
e)
O65
–86
dW
ater
20
–23
Air
23–3
0
––
50
Pain
ted
turt
leSo
uthe
rn
Can
ada,
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es a
nd
nort
hern
M
exic
o
Chr
ysem
ys p
icta
) w
ith 4
subs
peci
es:
east
ern
(C. p
. pi
cta)
, wes
tern
(C
. p. b
ellii
), so
uthe
rn (C
. p.
dors
alis)
, Mid
land
(C
. p. m
argi
nata
)
Sem
i‐aqu
atic
Om
nivo
rous
2–4
y (m
ale)
; 6–
10 y
(fe
mal
e)
O72
–80
dW
ater
24
–27
Air
27–3
2
17–2
3–
25–3
0
a Acc
epte
d sp
ecie
s are
cur
rent
ly: M
acqu
arie
turt
le (E
. mac
quar
ii); M
urra
y riv
er tu
rtle
(E. m
. mac
quar
ii); K
refft
’s tu
rtle
(E. m
. kre
fftii)
; – F
rase
r isla
nd sh
ort‐
neck
turt
le (E
. m. n
igra
); C
oope
r cr
eek
turt
le (E
. m. e
mm
otti)
; Red
‐bel
lied
shor
t‐ne
cked
turt
le o
r Jar
dine
rive
r tur
tle (E
. sub
glob
osa)
; Red
‐bel
lied
shor
t‐ne
cked
turt
le (E
. s. s
ubgl
obos
a); W
orre
ll’s sh
ort‐
neck
ed tu
rtle
(E. s
. w
orre
lli);
Nor
ther
n ye
llow
‐fac
ed tu
rtle
(E. t
anyb
arag
a); V
icto
ria
river
red‐
face
d tu
rtle
(E. v
icto
riae
).b A
s wel
l as t
he g
enus
Em
ydur
a, o
ther
shor
t‐ne
ck tu
rtle
s inc
lude
the
Mar
y Ri
ver t
urtle
(Elu
sor m
acru
rus)
and
the
saw
shel
l tur
tle (M
yuch
elys
latis
tern
um);
see
indi
vidu
al e
ntri
es.
c Som
e sp
ecie
s may
hav
e de
laye
d on
set o
f sex
ual m
atur
ity.
d Thi
s is a
n in
vasiv
e sp
ecie
s and
has
bec
ome
esta
blish
ed in
the
wild
els
ewhe
re in
the
wor
ld.
0003177513.INDD 10 11/7/2017 3:16:46 PM
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Tabl
e 1.
7 To
rtoi
ses.
Rept
ileO
rigi
nSp
ecie
sH
abita
tD
iet
Sexu
al
mat
urit
yM
ode
of
repr
od.
Incu
batio
n or
Ges
tatio
nTh
erm
al
grad
ient
(°C)
PBT
(°C)
Rela
tive
hum
idit
y (%
)Lo
ngev
ity
(yea
rs)
Med
iterr
anea
n to
rtoi
ses
Nor
th A
fric
a,
wes
tern
Asi
a an
d Eu
rope
Cur
rent
ly 5
spec
ies a
ccep
ted.
Li
kely
that
som
e w
ill b
e re
clas
sifie
d ba
sed
on D
NA
di
ffere
nces
a
Terr
estr
ial
Her
bivo
rous
9–12
yO
55–1
00 d
, de
pend
ing
on sp
ecie
s
21–3
2–
30–5
030
–100
Sulc
ata
Nor
ther
n A
fric
a an
d so
uthe
rn e
dge
of th
e Sa
hara
de
sert
Cen
troc
hely
s sul
cata
, als
o kn
own
as th
e A
fric
an sp
urre
d to
rtoi
se
Terr
estr
ial;
burr
ows i
nto
the
grou
nd
to e
scap
e th
e he
at
Her
bivo
rous
5–8
yO
90–1
20 d
29–4
0–
Low
50–1
50
Leop
ard
tort
oise
East
ern
and
Sout
hern
A
fric
a, fr
om
Suda
n to
the
sout
hern
C
ape
Stig
moc
hely
s par
dalis
Terr
estr
ial
Her
bivo
rous
6–15
yO
150–
400
d at
28–
32 °C
, of
ten
follo
win
g a
cool
ing
perio
d of
30
d at
18–
24 °C
24–3
8–
Low
80–1
00
Box
turt
leU
nite
d St
ates
an
d M
exic
oG
enus
Ter
rape
ne a
re te
rres
tria
l m
embe
rs o
f the
Am
eric
an
pond
turt
le fa
mily
(Em
ydid
ae).
Cur
rent
ly, 4
spec
ies a
re
clas
sifie
d w
ithin
the
genu
s and
12
taxa
are
dis
tingu
ished
b
Terr
estr
ial
Om
nivo
rous
7–10
yO
56–7
5 d
at 2
9 °C
24–3
2–
60–8
050
–100
Star
tort
oise
(F
igur
e 1.
10)
Indi
a an
d Sr
i Lan
kaG
eoch
elon
e ele
gans
, als
o kn
own
as th
e In
dian
star
to
rtoi
se
Terr
estr
ial
Her
bivo
rous
6–8
y (m
ale)
, 10
–12
y (fe
mal
e)
O90
–170
d24
–32
–<4
030
–80
Red‐
foot
ed
tort
oise
Nor
ther
n So
uth
Am
eric
a
Che
lono
idis
carb
onar
ia, a
lso
clas
sifie
d as
Geo
chel
one
carb
onar
ia)
Terr
estr
ial
Om
nivo
rous
6–8
y (m
ale)
, 8–
12 y
(fe
mal
e)
O10
5–20
2 d
21–3
0–
50–7
020
–30
a Rus
sian
tort
oise
(Tes
tudo
hor
sfiel
dii),
als
o kn
own
as H
orsf
ield
’s to
rtoi
se; H
erm
ann’s
tort
oise
(T. h
erm
anni
); Sp
ur‐t
high
ed o
r Gre
ek to
rtoi
se (T
. gra
eca;
Fig
ure
1.9)
; Kle
inm
ann’s
tort
oise
(T
. kle
inm
anni
), al
so k
now
n as
the
Egyp
tian
tort
oise
; Mar
gina
ted
tort
oise
(T. m
argi
nata
).b C
omm
on b
ox tu
rtle
(T. c
arol
ina)
; Flo
rida
box
turt
le (T
. c. b
auri
); Ea
ster
n bo
x tu
rtle
(T. c
. car
olin
a); G
ulf c
oast
box
turt
le (T
. c. m
ajor
); M
exic
an b
ox tu
rtle
(T. c
. mex
ican
a); T
hree
‐toe
d bo
x tu
rtle
(T
. c. t
riun
guis
); Yu
catá
n bo
x tu
rtle
(T. c
. yuc
atan
a); C
oahu
ilan
box
turt
le (T
. coa
huila
); Sp
otte
d bo
x tu
rtle
(T. n
elso
ni);
Nor
ther
n sp
otte
d bo
x tu
rtle
(T. n
. kla
uber
i); S
outh
ern
spot
ted
box
turt
le
(T. n
. nel
soni
); O
rnat
e bo
x tu
rtle
(T. o
rnat
a), a
lso
know
n as
the
Wes
tern
box
turt
le; D
eser
t box
turt
le (T
. o. l
uteo
la).
0003177513.INDD 11 11/7/2017 3:16:46 PM
Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: Doneley 0003177513.INDDComp. by: R. RAMESH Date: 07 Nov 2017 Time: 03:16:44 PM Stage: Printer WorkFlow:CSW Page Number: 12
Figure 1.4 Green iguana (courtesy of Bob Doneley).
Figure 1.3 Veiled chameleon (courtesy of Brendan Carmel).
Figure 1.5 Jungle carpet python (Morelia spilota cheynei; courtesy of Bob Doneley).
0003177513.INDD 12 11/7/2017 3:16:48 PM
Taxonomy and Introduction to Common Species 13
Figure 1.6 Green python (courtesy of Bob Doneley).
Figure 1.7 Corn snake (courtesy of Robert Johnson).
Figure 1.8 Short‐necked turtle (Emydura spp; courtesy of Bob Doneley).
0003177513.INDD 13 11/7/2017 3:16:50 PM
Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice14
Figure 1.9 Spur‐thighed or Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca; courtesy of John Chitty).
Figure 1.10 Star tortoise (courtesy of Bob Doneley).
0003177513.INDD 14 11/7/2017 3:16:52 PM