1 techniques of crowd management. 2 crowd management and crowd control defined crowd management is...

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1 Techniques of Crowd Management

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Page 1: 1 Techniques of Crowd Management. 2 Crowd Management and Crowd Control Defined Crowd management is defined as the planned movement and assembly of people

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Techniques ofCrowd Management

Page 2: 1 Techniques of Crowd Management. 2 Crowd Management and Crowd Control Defined Crowd management is defined as the planned movement and assembly of people

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Crowd Management and Crowd Control Defined

• Crowd management is defined as the planned movement and assembly of people.

• Although the terms crowd management and crowd control are often used interchangeably, there are important differences. 93

Page 3: 1 Techniques of Crowd Management. 2 Crowd Management and Crowd Control Defined Crowd management is defined as the planned movement and assembly of people

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Crowd Management and Crowd Control Defined

• Crowd management involves the systematic assessment of all aspects of venue occupancy prior to use.

• It can be considered an adjunct to the life safety evaluation process, with greater concentration on the possibilities for extreme crowding and its potentially fatal consequences. 93

Page 4: 1 Techniques of Crowd Management. 2 Crowd Management and Crowd Control Defined Crowd management is defined as the planned movement and assembly of people

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Crowd Management and Crowd Control Defined

• Crowd management planning includes determination of expected number of occupants of a space, anticipated group behavior, assessment of the adequacy of assembly areas, means of both ingress and egress, processing procedures such as ticket collection and security screening, staffing requirements, and means of communication. 93

Page 5: 1 Techniques of Crowd Management. 2 Crowd Management and Crowd Control Defined Crowd management is defined as the planned movement and assembly of people

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Crowd Management and Crowd Control Defined

• Crowd control is defined as the restriction or limitation of group behavior.

• Crowd control may be part of a crowd management plan or may occur as a reaction to a group problem 93

Page 6: 1 Techniques of Crowd Management. 2 Crowd Management and Crowd Control Defined Crowd management is defined as the planned movement and assembly of people

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Crowd Management and Crowd Control Defined

• It can include extreme measures to enforce order, such as the use of force, threat of personal injury, or arrest.

• It may employ barriers that alter the space available for occupancy and patterns of group movement .93

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Crowd Composition

• Crowds can attract participants who come to observe and to enjoy an event peacefully, as well as predators in search of victims and people with other psychological, social, or political agendas.

• The crowd provides some with a cover to engage in hostile or aberrant behavior, or as an opportunity for theft, selling drugs, or solicitation.94

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Crowd Psychology

• Psychologists have likened a crowd to a series of intermeshing behavioral cells. Each crowd cell is composed of a small group of surrounding people, with limited personal interaction and communication within it.

• The members of an individual cell have no broad view of what is occurring in the crowd mass. 94

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Crowd Psychology

• A dominant cell member may influence the behavior of others within the cell.

• There may be cell-to-cell communication, often with the spread of unfounded rumors and misinformation. 94

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Crowd Psychology

• Crowd situations show a lack of front-to-back communication.

• People in the rear of the crowd will continue to press forward, while those in front experience severe distress but are unable to communicate their plight. 94

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Crowd Psychology

• This situation is due in part to the differences in pedestrian densities between front and rear ranks of a crowd.

• Those in the rear are at densities that still permit movement, whereas those in front are immobile and under great pressure. 94

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Crowd Categories

• Three general categories of potentially dangerous crowd situations have been identified: (1) critical occupancy, (2) flight response, and (3) craze.

• All types of crowds, even relatively small gatherings, can quickly become dangerous if not carefully managed. 94

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Crowd Categories

• Critical occupancy is the gradual accumulation and overloading of a pedestrian space, beginning at levels below 3 ft2/person until it reaches the plan view area of the human body of about 1.3 to 1.5 ft2

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Crowd Categories

• Critical occupancies can occur in transportation terminals during service disruptions, at public events, or at other venues where ingress and assembly are not controlled 94

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Crowd Categories

• The flight response occurs where people are fleeing either from a real threat, such as a fire or explosion, or from a perceived, but otherwise nonthreatening, event.

• Flight responses may be labeled as panics and stampedes, but closer examination shows that rapid group movement away from the threat was a reasonable reaction 94

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Crowd Categories

• Flight response fatalities may occur where egress facilities are overwhelmed by the sudden rush and are restricted or blocked.

• Flight response incidents may occur due to fire, explosions, power outages, structural failures ect. 94

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Crowd Categories

• Flight response fatalities may occur where egress facilities are overwhelmed by the sudden rush and are restricted or blocked.

• Craze fatalities can occur where ingress facilities such as doors, ticket collection, or other pedestrian movement elements in the path between the crowd and its intended objective are overwhelmed 94

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CROWD DISASTER MODEL

• The primary elements involved in crowd disasters have been determined from personal experiences in dense crowds, studies of many major crowd incidents, and basic pedestrian traffic engineering principles.

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CROWD DISASTER MODEL

• The model is patterned after classic systems analysis elements of time, space, information, and energy, and modified to form the descriptive acronym FIST 94

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CROWD DISASTER MODEL

• When crowd density equals the area of the human body, individual control is lost as one becomes an involuntary part of the mass.

• The crowd mass becomes almost fluid, with shock waves propagated through it sufficient to lift people off their feet and propel them distances of 10 ft (3 m) or more.95

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CROWD DISASTER MODEL

• Intense crowd pressures, exacerbated by anxiety, can make it difficult to breathe.

• Compressive asphyxia from these pressures is the most common cause of crowd deaths, not the trampling usually reported in the press. 95

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CROWD DISASTER MODEL

• Compressive asphyxia, a condition medically difficult to reverse, has occurred in people as others pile up on them as they fall.

• The pressures are not due entirely to pushing, but are also the domino effect of people being forced off balance and leaning on those in front. 95

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CROWD DISASTER MODEL

• The human shock waves that surge through the crowd are a combination of this domino effect and a collective muscular reflex to obtain breathing space.

• Persons falling during a crush will have others forced on top of them, pinning them down and if the pile is high enough, causing respiratory failure. 95

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CROWD DISASTER MODEL

• Space encompasses all the physical facilities used for the assembly and movement of people.

• Deficiencies in the capacity and configuration of assembly and movement facilities are considered to be the primary cause of crowd disasters. 95

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CROWD DISASTER MODEL

• Time is the duration of the crowding experience. It is a direct determinant of total movement capacity.

• Crowd incidents may begin with a rapid buildup of people at a point where practical capacity is exceeded and free movement is blocked. 95

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CROWD DISASTER MODEL

• During the exit sequence, facilities are used to near maximums, and dense crowding occurs. Time-based strategies can be used to manage the degree of crowding during some events.

• Major art exhibitions have reduced traffic peaking and venue crowding by time-of-arrival ticketing. 95

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CROWD DISASTER MODEL

• Metering is a time-based crowd management and control technique used to control the arrival rate of persons at any “bottleneck” facility with limited capacity.

• In California, a form of metering was applied by the Bay Area Rapid Transit system planners at the Oakland stadium pedestrian bridge connection to the adjacent transit station. 95

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CROWD DISASTER MODEL

• The bridge was purposely under-designed so that bridge traffic flow rate equaled the passenger loading rate of the transit system trains.

• This form of crowd management avoids potentially dangerous crowding on transit platforms. 96

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Festival Seating Events

• Festival seating events, actually general admission without the formalized control offered by reserved seats and aisles, consistently result in critical occupancy conditions.

• Fan exuberance combined with extreme densities in front ranks cause most of these incidents. 96

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Festival Seating Events

• In June 2000, 9 persons were killed and more than 25 injured as the band Pearl concert in Denmark. It was estimated that 50,000 people had congregated at the Pearl Jam venue.

• Band members became aware of the crush and implored the audience to step back. sense no danger 96

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Festival Seating Events

• It is virtually impossible to reverse a crowd crush in progress by this method because those in front ranks, in the “crush zone,” cannot move, while those in the rear sense no danger.

• Security staff is relatively ineffective in festival seating events, relegated to standing around the perimeter of the audience, without direct crowd access 96

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Festival Seating Events

• Persons becoming ill in a dense crowd must be “surfed” out of the venue, by being passed overhead by the audience to security personnel on the perimeter

• Venue owners and managers have the responsibility of controlling promoter and entertainer actions, consistent with the venue capabilities and audience safety 96

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Flight Response Incidents

• Flight response incidents are triggered by fires, explosions, or unusual weather events that are perceived as threatening personal safety. Misinformation has also caused flight response incidents when there is no real threat.97

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Flight Response Incidents

• The DuPont Plaza Hotel fire in San Juan, Puerto Rico, in December 1986 resulted in 98 deaths in the hotel casino.

• The casino had a double door at the front entrance off the main lobby and a single door at the rear. 97

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Flight Response Incidents

• The fire, started by arsonists, began in a ballroom on the other side of a wide stair adjacent to the casino.

• Hotel staff became aware of the fire shortly after ignition and made futile attempts to extinguish it. 97

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Flight Response Incidents

• Had this door opened outward, instead of inward, many lives would have been saved because of its close proximity to the pool area.

• However, fleeing victims piled up against the door, jamming it shut. Virtually all the victims were found at this door. 97

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Flight Response Incidents

• The incident illustrates the importance of rapid communication, and the design and maintenance of viable egress routes.

• The incident illustrates the importance of rapid communication, and the design and maintenance of viable egress routes.(sprinklers and hard wired smoke detectors) 97

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Flight Response Incidents

• In February 2003 a DJ dance at the E2 nightclub in Chicago resulted in 21 dead and 85 injured.

• Occupancy estimates vary, but a fire department official stated that as many as 1500 persons were on the second floor of the popular club at the time. 97

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Flight Response Incidents

• There was an altercation in the club and the promoter’s security personnel used mace pepper spray in an attempt to quell it.

• The spray permeated the air causing some to choke. Rumors spread that it was a terrorist act using poison gas. 97

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Flight Response Incidents

• The bulk of the crowd rushed toward a 54-in. wide stair that connected to the front entrance, exceeding its capacity. Critical occupancy of the stair resulted in a pileup in the 11 ft by 12 ft entrance lobby below. 98

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Craze Incidents

• The Station Nightclub fire in West Warwick, Rhode Island, also in February 2003, resulted in 100 dead and more than 180 injured.

• A fire official stated that the nightclub was fully involved within 3 minutes. For a brief moment some watched the fire, thinking it was part of the act, but then quickly realized the danger. 98

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Craze Incidents

• Most headed for the front entrance, the typical escape route in many incidents, jamming it and blocking orderly egress.

• Those outside tried to extricate victims in the pileup, succeeding in rescuing some. 98

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Craze Incidents

• A power failure resulted in 45 deaths, 27 of them children, in 1981 at the Tower in New Delhi, India. The 800-year-old tower is a popular tourist attraction and museum.

• A blackout, combined with unfounded cries that the tower was falling, triggered a sudden flight of 300 to 400 people. The fatalities occurred on a narrow tower stair .98