1

The

Cha

lleng

es o

f Dev

elop

ing

a Fo

od S

yste

m fo

r a M

ars

Mis

sion

Mic

hele

Per

chon

ok, P

h.D

.Ad

vanc

ed F

ood

Tech

nolo

gy L

ead

Shut

tle F

ood

Syst

em M

anag

erN

ASA/

JSChttps://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070008092 2019-04-10T00:25:24+00:00Z

We’

re n

ot w

here

we

wan

t to

be

We’

re n

ot w

here

we

are

goin

g to

be

BU

T, w

e’re

cer

tain

ly n

ot w

here

we

wer

e ye

ster

day.

3

The

Pres

iden

t’s V

isio

n fo

r U.S

. Spa

ce E

xplo

ratio

n -

Janu

ary

14, 2

004

Ret

urn

the

Shu

ttle

to fl

ight

as

soon

as

poss

ible

in o

rder

to c

ompl

ete

the

cons

truct

ion

of th

e In

tern

atio

nal S

pace

Sta

tion

Focu

s U

.S. r

esea

rch

and

use

of th

e In

tern

atio

nal S

pace

Sta

tion

on

supp

ortin

g sp

ace

expl

orat

ion

goal

s, w

ith e

mph

asis

on

unde

rsta

ndin

g ho

w th

e sp

ace

envi

ronm

ent a

ffect

s as

trona

ut h

ealth

and

capa

bilit

ies

and

deve

lopi

ng c

ount

erm

easu

res

Impl

emen

t a s

usta

ined

and

affo

rdab

le h

uman

and

robo

ticpr

ogra

m to

ex

plor

e th

e so

lar s

yste

m a

nd b

eyon

dE

xten

d hu

man

pre

senc

e ac

ross

the

sola

r sys

tem

, sta

rting

with

a h

uman

re

turn

to th

e M

oon

by th

e ye

ar 2

020,

in p

repa

ratio

n fo

r hum

an

expl

orat

ion

of M

ars

and

othe

r des

tinat

ions

Mar

san

d ot

her d

estin

atio

nsC

ondu

ct ro

botic

expl

orat

ion

of M

ars

to s

earc

h fo

r evi

denc

e of

life

, to

unde

rsta

nd th

e hi

stor

y of

the

sola

r sys

tem

, and

to p

repa

re fo

r fut

ure

hum

an

expl

orat

ion.

C

ondu

ct h

uman

expe

ditio

ns to

Mar

s af

ter a

cqui

ring

adeq

uate

kno

wle

dge

abou

t the

pla

net u

sing

robo

tic m

issi

ons

and

afte

r suc

cess

fully

dem

onst

ratin

g su

stai

ned

hum

an e

xplo

ratio

n m

issi

ons

to th

e M

oon

4

Intr

oduc

ing

Orio

n (a

nd A

res)

5

His

tory

and

Pre

sent

6

Mer

cury

(196

1 –

1963

)

Obj

ectiv

eTo

orb

it a

man

ned

spac

ecra

ft ar

ound

E

arth

To in

vest

igat

e m

an’s

abi

lity

to fu

nctio

n in

sp

ace

To re

cove

r bot

h m

an a

nd s

pace

craf

t sa

fely

Food

Sys

tem

Hig

hly

engi

neer

ed fo

ods

(Mea

l in

a P

ill)

Tube

food

(not

see

n or

sm

elle

d/

unac

cept

able

text

ure)

Cub

es: (

no c

hang

e in

flav

or, t

extu

re:

unlik

e or

igin

al p

rodu

ct)

No

crum

bs

Cub

es

Tub

es

7

Gem

ini (

1965

–19

66)

Obj

ectiv

eTo

sub

ject

men

and

equ

ipm

ent t

o sp

ace

fligh

t up

to 2

wee

ks in

dur

atio

nFo

od S

yste

mH

ighl

y en

gine

ered

food

s (M

eal i

n a

Pill

)M

ore

varie

tyS

hrim

p co

ckta

ilC

hick

en a

nd v

eget

able

sB

utte

rsco

tch

pudd

ing

App

lesa

uce

8

Apo

llo (1

968

–19

72)

Obj

ectiv

eTo

land

Am

eric

ans

on th

e M

oon

and

retu

rn th

em s

afel

y to

E

arth

Food

Sys

tem

Impr

oved

pac

kagi

ng w

ith

impr

oved

qua

lity

Inte

rmed

iate

Moi

stur

e Fo

od/

Nat

ural

For

m

Rea

dy-to

Eat

Ther

mos

tabi

lized

: fle

xibl

e pa

ckag

es,

alum

inum

can

sFi

rst t

o us

e “s

poon

bow

l” –

cont

aine

r tha

t is

open

ed a

nd c

onte

nts

eate

n w

ith a

spo

on

9

Skyl

ab (1

973

–19

74)

Firs

t spa

ce s

tatio

n w

ith a

labo

rato

ryFo

od s

tore

d at

tim

e of

initi

al la

unch

; no

chan

ce fo

r re

supp

lyR

eady

to e

at, r

ehyd

rata

ble

food

sP

reco

oked

, the

rmal

ly s

tabi

lized

or f

resh

food

Bev

erag

es: c

olla

psib

le p

last

ic

acco

rdio

n-lik

e di

spen

sers

Pre

-coo

ked

or fr

esh

food

kep

t fro

zen

10

Shut

tle/M

ir (1

995-

1998

)

Typi

cal R

ussi

an S

pace

Men

u P

lan

6 D

ay c

ycle

, 4 m

eals

per

day

Hal

f Rus

sian

, hal

f U.S

. mea

lsS

huttl

e fo

od w

arm

er u

sed

to h

eat U

.S.

food

Shu

ttle

drin

king

wat

er c

onta

iner

s us

edU

.S. c

ondi

men

tsD

eliv

ered

to M

ir by

Shu

ttle

and

Pro

gres

s9

mon

th s

helf

life

11

Shut

tle (1

981-

pres

ent)

Inte

rnat

iona

l Spa

ce S

tatio

n (2

000

–pre

sent

)Fo

ods

are

indi

vidu

ally

pac

kage

dA

ll fo

ods

are

prep

roce

ssed

(e

xcep

t fre

sh fo

ods)

Ther

mos

tabi

lized

Deh

ydra

ted/

Free

ze d

ried

Inte

rmed

iate

moi

stur

eN

atur

al fo

rmIrr

adia

ted

to c

omm

erci

al s

teril

ityS

ome

fresh

food

s av

aila

ble

for e

arly

pa

rt of

mis

sion

Sto

red

at a

mbi

ent t

empe

ratu

reIS

S –

50%

US

/50%

Rus

sian

Free

ze-d

ried,

inte

rmed

iate

moi

stur

e,

and

natu

ral f

orm

food

s ov

erw

rapp

ed

to m

aint

ain

12 –

18 m

onth

she

lf lif

e

12

NA

SA S

tore

d Fo

od S

yste

m

13

Futu

re

14

Goa

ls a

nd O

bjec

tives

•P

rovi

de a

n ad

equa

te fo

od s

yste

m•

Dev

elop

a s

afe

food

sys

tem

•D

evel

op a

nut

ritio

us fo

od s

yste

m•

Dev

elop

an

acce

ptab

le fo

od s

yste

m

•P

rovi

de a

n ef

ficie

nt fo

od s

yste

m th

at

min

imiz

es re

sour

ces

•M

inim

ize

volu

me

•M

inim

ize

mas

s•

Min

imiz

e w

aste

•M

inim

ize

pow

er•

Min

imiz

e tra

ce g

as e

mis

sion

s•

Min

imiz

e cr

ew ti

me

Saf

e,

Nut

ritio

us,

Acc

epta

ble

Food

Sys

tem

Min

imiz

e R

esou

rces

The

goal

s an

d ob

ject

ives

of A

FT

are

at o

dds

with

one

ano

ther

•Ex

ampl

e: T

o m

aint

ain

an a

dequ

ate

food

sys

tem

may

requ

ire m

ore

pack

agin

g m

ass

whi

ch c

onfli

cts

with

m

inim

ize

mas

s.

Adv

ance

d Fo

od T

echn

olog

y

15

Adv

ance

d Fo

od T

echn

olog

yTh

e fo

od s

yste

m w

ill in

itial

ly e

mph

asiz

e te

chno

logi

es fo

r spa

ce

vehi

cle

appl

icat

ions

(IS

S a

nd S

huttl

e) th

en s

low

ly in

crea

se fo

cus

on te

chno

logi

es to

war

d ta

sks

that

sup

port

expl

orat

ion.

Ass

umpt

ion:

The

re a

re p

sych

olog

ical

ben

efits

of th

e fo

od

syst

em a

nd p

lant

sS

ocia

lizat

ion

durin

g m

ealti

mes

Food

qua

lity,

var

iety

and

acc

epta

bilit

yar

e im

porta

nt a

nd

enco

urag

e ea

ting

a w

ell-b

alan

ced

diet

. H

ighl

y ac

cept

able

food

is a

fa

milia

r ele

men

t in

an u

nfam

iliar a

nd h

ostil

e en

viro

nmen

t, es

peci

ally

im

porta

nt a

s m

issi

on d

urat

ions

incr

ease

.N

utrit

ion

Men

us m

ust p

rovi

de a

dequ

ate

nutri

tion

for l

ong

dura

tion

mis

sion

sS

tart

with

US

RD

I and

then

mak

e ad

just

men

ts to

com

pens

ate

for

affe

cts

from

long

dur

atio

n sp

ace

mis

sion

Hig

her c

alci

umLo

wer

iron

Low

er s

odiu

mTB

D

16

Orio

n M

issi

ons

Orio

n w

ill d

ock

with

Inte

rnat

iona

l Spa

ce S

tatio

n (IS

S)

–2

wee

ks d

urat

ion

-201

4Lu

nar S

ortie

–2

wee

ks d

urat

ion

-201

8Lu

nar O

utpo

st –

6 m

onth

mis

sion

s –

2022

Mar

s M

issi

ons

–3

year

s -?

??

17

Orio

n C

halle

nges

Hab

itabl

e vo

lum

e is

ver

y lim

iting

and

sig

nific

antly

less

th

an S

huttl

e an

d In

tern

atio

nal S

pace

Sta

tion

(ISS

)Li

mite

d vo

lum

e re

quire

s a

diffe

rent

way

of t

hink

ing

Gal

ley

ques

tions

Hot

, col

d, a

mbi

ent w

ater

?Fo

od w

arm

erFo

od s

yste

mC

an w

e us

e a

com

bina

tion

of n

utrie

nt d

ense

food

s an

d IS

S fo

od?

Can

we

find

anot

her w

ay to

sto

w th

e fo

od?

How

muc

h w

ater

doe

s th

e cr

ew a

ctua

lly n

eed?

Can

we

redu

ce th

e m

ass/

volu

me

of th

e fo

od s

yste

m?

Nut

ritio

nal a

nd P

sych

olog

ical

Req

uire

men

ts fo

r a “c

ampi

ng tr

ip”

How

will

ing

will

the

crew

be

to c

ompr

omis

e th

e fo

od s

yste

m?

18

Cur

rent

pac

kagi

ngTh

erm

al a

nd ir

radi

ated

pac

kagi

ng –

mul

tilay

er in

clud

ing

a fo

il la

yer

Exc

elle

nt b

arrie

r pro

perti

es to

oxy

gen

and

wat

erFo

il di

fficu

lt to

pro

cess

whe

n w

aste

Foil

is m

ore

dens

e (h

eavi

er)

Nat

ural

form

, fre

eze-

drie

d, e

tc. –

poly

mul

tilay

er w

hich

requ

ires

over

wra

p fo

r IS

S to

mai

ntai

n sh

elf l

ife o

f 12

mon

ths

Exp

lora

tion

mis

sion

pac

kagi

ngD

evel

op p

acka

ging

mat

eria

l with

EXC

ELLE

NT

barr

ier p

rope

rties

w

ithou

t the

foil

laye

rand

with

out i

ncre

asin

g m

ass

Con

side

r bio

-deg

rada

ble,

com

pact

able

, reu

sabl

e pa

ckag

ing

to

min

imiz

e so

lid p

roce

ssin

gC

ompa

tible

with

pro

cess

ing

and

stor

age

cond

ition

sN

eede

d fo

r lon

ger d

urat

ion

mis

sion

s

Food

Pac

kagi

ng

19

HYP

OG

RA

VITY

(1/3

Ear

th)

Pla

neta

ry fo

od s

yste

mP

repa

ckag

ed fo

od s

yste

mC

rop

proc

essi

ngH

ydro

poni

c gr

owth

Bul

k st

orag

e

MA

RS

SUR

FAC

EM

ICR

OG

RA

VITY

Pre

pack

aged

food

sys

tem

Veg

etab

les?

EA

RTH

6 –

8 m

onth

s 18

mon

ths

6 –

8 m

onth

s

20

Mar

s M

issi

on A

ssum

ptio

ns

Tran

sit f

ood

syst

em w

ill b

e st

ored

food

sys

tem

Req

uire

3 –

5 ye

ar s

helf

life

N

o fo

od p

repa

ratio

n 0G M

ass

of tr

ansi

t foo

d sy

stem

for a

Mar

s M

issi

on h

as b

een

estim

ated

to

be 9

660k

g. P

acka

ging

was

te is

144

0kg

of th

is m

ass.

(Ass

umes

100

%

stor

ed fo

od fo

r 100

0 da

ys fo

r a c

rew

of 6

)S

urfa

ce h

abita

t foo

d sy

stem

-C

ombi

natio

n of

a b

iore

gene

rativ

e an

d st

ored

food

sys

tem

Food

pro

cess

ing

Food

pre

para

tion

in g

alle

yR

educ

ed a

tmos

pher

e pr

essu

re (>

8 ps

ia)

3/8G

Will

hav

e lit

tle o

r no

resu

pply

opt

ions

Tota

l rad

iatio

n do

se fo

r 3 y

ear m

issi

on c

ould

be

as h

igh

as 3

gre

y.Fo

od w

ill li

kely

be

in a

n un

prot

ecte

d ar

eaFo

od m

ay b

e us

ed fo

r rad

iatio

n sh

ield

ing

Ant

ioxi

dant

s w

ithin

the

food

may

be

a po

tent

ial c

ount

erm

easu

re fo

r ra

diat

ion

Res

ults

in si

gnifi

cant

cr

ewtim

e}

21

Plan

etar

y Fo

od S

yste

m S

elec

ted

Cro

ps

Oth

er c

rops

Pot

ato

Sw

eet p

otat

oW

heat

Soy

bean

sP

eanu

tR

ice

Drie

d be

ans

NE

ED

PR

OC

ES

SIN

G

Sal

ad C

rops

Tom

ato

Car

rot

Spi

nach

Cab

bage

Gre

en O

nion

Lettu

ceR

adis

hH

erbs

Bel

l Pep

per

Stra

wbe

rry

CA

N B

E U

SE

D F

RE

SH

22

Food

Pro

cess

ing

Equi

pmen

t Con

stra

ints

Wat

er a

nd E

nerg

y Li

mita

tions

Lim

ited

wat

er fo

r pro

cess

ing

and

clea

ning

-co

nsid

er re

cycl

ing

of w

ater

dur

ing

proc

essi

ng to

ca

ptur

e lo

st n

utrie

nts

Res

trict

ed p

ower

for f

ood

proc

essi

ng a

nd c

lean

ing

Was

te a

nd C

onta

min

atio

n C

once

rns

Was

te w

ater

pro

cess

ing

time

Res

trict

ed p

ower

Com

petit

ive

bact

eria

l con

tam

inat

ion

of w

ater

pr

oces

sing

sys

tem

23

Cre

w In

volv

emen

t Con

stra

ints

Tim

e C

onst

rain

ts

Max

imiz

e ex

plor

atio

n tim

eM

inim

ize

daily

task

tim

eE

ase

of c

lean

ing

Eas

e of

ass

embl

y/di

sass

embl

yA

utom

atio

n C

onst

rain

tsS

aves

tim

eTe

chno

logi

cally

inte

nsiv

eIn

cas

e of

pow

er fa

ilure

, is

ther

e a

sim

ple

proc

edur

e fo

r man

ual o

verr

ide?

cere

al

harv

est

seed

s

grow

th

mill

brea

d

WH

EAT

flour

extr

uder

extr

uder

past

asn

acks

star

ch/g

lute

nse

para

tor

glut

en

star

ch

seite

n

grow

thse

eds +

wat

er

Soy

milk

Soy

harv

est

Tofu

+ W

hey

Oka

raM

eat

Ana

log

+ O

il

fiber

26

Nut

ritio

n

Hab

itabi

lity

Hum

an

Fact

ors

Med

ical

Psyc

hoso

cial

Bio

mas

s Pr

oduc

tion

Wat

er

Rec

over

yA

ir R

evita

lizat

ion

Ther

mal

C

ontr

ol

Solid

Was

te

Man

agem

ent

Syst

ems

Ana

lysi

s

Bas

elin

e C

rops

/Bul

k In

gred

ient

s

Sala

d C

rops

Prep

acka

ged

Food

s

AFT

Te

chno

logy

Py

ram

id

Rad

iatio

n

EVA

Adv

ance

d Fo

od T

echn

olog

y In

tegr

atio

n

27

Cur

rent

Res

earc

h

28

Res

earc

h H

ighl

ight

s –

Inte

rnal

Acc

eler

ated

she

lf lif

e te

stin

gTh

erm

osta

biliz

ed p

ouch

es

Thre

e ye

ar te

st a

t 40o

F, 7

2oF

and

95o F

; sam

ple

ever

y 4

–6

mon

ths

Four

item

s co

mpl

eted

; 8 it

ems

still

in te

stB

ulk

Ingr

edie

nts

Coc

oa p

owde

r, dr

ied

egg

whi

tes,

cor

n st

arch

Thre

e ye

ar te

st a

t 40o

F, 7

2oF

and

95o F

; sam

ple

ever

y 4

–6

mon

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