1 the cold war expands angela brown chapter 16 section 3
TRANSCRIPT
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The Cold War ExpandsAngela Brown
Chapter 16 Section 3
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The Korean War•1945 Allies divide Korea into Soviet-Occupied northern zone and an American – Occupied Southern Zone.•Occupying forces withdrew from both zones in 1948-1949.
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Korean War• June 1950, the Korean War
broke out when North Korean troops streamed across the 38th parallel, the latitude dividing the two nations, aiming to reunite Korea by Force.
• The USSR was boycotting the Security Council protesting the exclusion of Communist China, the UN was able to act to defend South Korea.
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Today
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Douglas MacArthur •Hero of two World Wars – strong anti-communist Truman’s choice to lead UN forces in Korea•Graduated from U.S. military academy at West Point in 1903
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MacArthur• Cited 7 times for bravery in WWI and
by 1918 at age 38 he attained rank of general.
• 1930 Army Chief of Staff• WWII – Commander of American
forces in Asia• Virtual dictator of Japan during
postwar – responsible for establishing Western Democracy – creating new democratic constitution
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MacArthur• Less successful in
implementing democracy in South Korea – supported South Korean President Syngman Rhee
• Hero to troops and American Public
• Disliked as overly ambitious by political leaders
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MacArthur• MacArthur had little respect for
both Roosevelt and Truman.• He viewed them as soft on
communism.• He had contempt for anyone
with authority over him; it undermined his otherwise brilliant career.
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The Korean War• Excellent military strategist,
MacArthur, developed a bold plan to drive the invaders from South Korea.
• South Korea overtaken in just a few weeks – except small part near port city of Pusan.
• Guessed that swift advance had left supply lines stretched thin.
• Sept 1950 attacked enemy supply lines from behind and sent forces to defend Pusan.
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Korean War• His strategy worked . The
North Koreans fled back across 38th Parallel.
• UN troops pursued them Northward and began boasting of reuniting Korea under South Korean government.
• Chinese joined North Koreans and pushed UN forces back into South Korea; a stalemate developed.
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• MacArthur favored opening a second front by bringing Chinese opposition from Taiwan under Jiang Jieshi to fight communist Chinese.
• Truman opposed; he feared widespread war in Asia.
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MacArthur Fired• MacArthur sent letter to House
minority leader Joseph Marlin in March 1951 attacking the President’s policy.
• Martin made letter public; on April 11 Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination.
• The struggle dragged on for two more years.
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Truce?• 1953 truce signed; left Korea
divided by the 38th parallel as before.
• Americans wondered why 55,000 soldiers had been killed and 103,000 wounded for limited results.
• Was the U.S. serious about stopping communism?
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The Cold War in the 1950s • 1953 Eisenhower succeeded
Truman.• New phase of Cold War policy• Sec of State John Foster Dulles
called for a policy to roll back communism.
• Eisenhower recognized risk of confronting Soviets did not intervene in revolts in Eastern Germany, Poland and Hungary in 1956.
• Policy of containment continued.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Southeast Asia • July 1953 fulfilled campaign
promise to end Korean War – aided by death of Stalin in March.
• Conflict developed in Vietnam – French colony
• 1945 Ho Chi Minh, head of Vietnamese Communist Party declared independence.
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Ho Chi Minh
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Domino theory• France sent troops to reassert
authority = war• Eisenhower believed in Domino
theory• If one country fell to
communists its neighbors would soon follow.
• By 1954 U.S. providing military aid to support France in Vietnam.
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Vietnam• May 1954, major defeat =
France withdrew forces• International conference divided
Vietnam like Korea.• U.S. provided aid to South
Vietnam but resisted greater involvement.
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The Middle East • British controlled Palestine –
region on Med. Coast and biblical home of Jewish people
• 1930s many Jews sought safety in Palestine – called for a Jewish state
• 1947 British turned over to UN – created two states one Jewish and one Arab
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Palestine
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Israel - Iran• May 1948 Jews in Palestine
proclaimed new nation of Israel.• Arab nations opposed – backed by
Soviets• U.S. worked to prevent oil-rich Arab
nations from falling to Soviets.• 1952 nationalist leader gained
control in Iran• U.S. (CIA) organized overthrow –
returned power to pro-American Shah of Iran
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Israel
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Suez Crisis• Suez Crisis in 1956 – Egypt’s ruler,
Nasser, sought Soviet support• U.S./GB stopped aid.• Nasser seized the Suez Canal a vital
waterway through Egypt allowing Middle East oil to reach Europe.
• 1956 British and French attack Egypt.
• Eisenhower persuaded NATO allies to withdraw from Egypt.
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Suez Canal
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Eisenhower Doctrine• 1957 announced Eisenhower
Doctrine • The U.S. would use force to
safeguard independent countries in Middle East requesting aid against aggression.
• Used Doctrine in 1958 to put down revolt against Lebanese government.
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Latin America • 1947 Rio Pact – a regional
defense alliance with 18 other nations in the Western Hemisphere.
• 1948 formed organization of American States (OAS) to increase cooperation among nations of Hemisphere.
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Latin America • 1954 CIA helped overthrow
government of Guatemala.• Leaders were sympathetic to
radical causes. • Restored property of United
Fruit company seized by Guatemalan government from American corporation.
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Guatemala
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Cuba• 1958 Fidel Castro overthrew corrupt
Cuban dictator Batista. (ties to U.S. organized crime)
• Eisenhower would not support Castro; CIA reported infiltration of movement by communist.
• Castro seized U.S. property in Cuba; Eisenhower cut diplomatic ties and halted exports to Island.
• Castro turned to Soviets for economic and military aid.
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Leadership Change
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Republic of Cuba
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The Arms Race • Arms Race – struggle to gain
weapons superiority The Growth of Nuclear Arsenals
• 1953 one year after U.S test of thermonuclear device, Soviets tested hydrogen device.
• 1953 Eisenhower announced atoms for Peace Plan at UN.
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First Hydrogen Test• World’s nations work together
under UN supervision to find peaceful uses for nuclear technology; Soviets refused to participate.
• Eisenhower stepped up American weapons development program.
• First hydrogen test in March 1954; 750 times more powerful than bomb dropped on Nagaski.
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Results• Japanese fisherman 90 miles
away radiation burns-Island 200 miles away evacuated
• Test revealed nuclear war threatened entire world with radioactive contamination.
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Brinkmanship• 1956 Secretary of State Dulles
stated U.S. prepared to risk war to protect national interest.
• Brinkmanship – ability to get to verge without getting into war
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Cold War in the Skies • U.S. Airforce to carry hydrogen
bombs to targets; Soviets could not match strength.
• Developed ICBM’s – long-range rockets known as intercontinental ballistic missiles as primary delivery system
• U.S worked to develop ICBM’s lagged behind Soviet’s in missile development due to dependence on conventional air power.
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ICBM launch
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Sputnik• Technological gap startling in
1957; Soviets used one of rockets to launch Sputnik – first artificial satellite to orbit Earth.
• Americans mortified – rocket could carry hydrogen bomb to U.S.
• U.S. satellite rushed to launch before ready; crashed.
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Sputnik
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U-2 incident• U-2 incident – Soviets shot down
U.S. spy plane over Soviet Union with guided missile.
• It flew 15 miles high; we assumed it was immune to attack.
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Gary Powers
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Sentence• Francis Gary Powers: Imprisoned
Powers spent almost 21 months in prison in the Soviet Union.
• During that time, he openly kept a diary of his daily activities.
• In November 1960 he began secretly writing a journal, which opens with a detailed recounting of the downing of his U-2.
• When released, Powers hid the diary and journal in a rug he had embroidered while in prison and carried them out of the Soviet Union.http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/lae/script/ss_flyers.htm