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The role of Geographic Information for good governance

Joep CrompvoetsKU LeuvenEuroSDR

Wageningen, 27 January 2015

Leuven

KU Leuven

Founded 1425

1968 – Split into KU Leuven – UC Louvain

KU Leuven - 16,000 Staff (incl. 8000 ‘medical’ staff)- 55,000 students (9900 foreign students)- Satellite campuses in Kortrijk Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Ostend, Geel, Diepenbeek, Aalst, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Brussels- 3 Leuven Campus (Hospital, Science, Human)

Strong research-oriented

Numerous spin-offs

Famous Professors: Erasmus, Mercator, VesaliusFamous Alumnus: Herman Van Rompuy

– Not-for Profit Organisation (+ Member Organisation)– Linking National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies with

Research Institutes and Universities– Aim: Applied Research in Provision, Management and

Delivery of Spatial Data and Mapping Products– Technical structure:

• Commission 1: Sensors, Primary Data Acquisition and Georeferencing

• Commission 2: Image Analysis and Information Extraction • Commission 3: Production Systems and Processes • Commission 4: Data Specifications• Commission 5: Network Services

EuroSDR

European Spatial Data Research Network (EuroSDR)

http://eurosdr.net/

Scientific Meetings

Rolling Research Plan

Research Proposals Projects, Workshops, Taskforces

Reports

Engagement with Standards and Specifications Organisations

Official Publications and EduServ Courses

EuroSDR – Research & Dissemination

NMCAs ResearchOrganisations

+

Transferring Results of Research to Mapping / Production Domain

Mapping Agencies together with Research Institutes

Leading in Calibration and Validation Initiatives

EuroSDR – The network idea

• Form a network of GI experts within EuroSDR• Build and maintain alliances with neighbouring

organisations in GI research, development and practice:– EuroGeographics– ISPRS, ICA, FIG, AGILE, OGC– INSPIRE– JRC, OGC Europe, ISO TC 211, CEN TC 287– ...

Relevant topics

UAV

Cloud

Mobile Laser Scanning

Imaging Sensors

Mobile Mapping3D Cadastres

Smart City Automated Change Detection

Data ArchivingCrowd-SourcingOpen data

Open StandardsCity GML

Geospatial Web ServicesRegistries

Spatio-Time ModellingCoordination models

E-governance

Location EduServ pre-course seminars

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Year Host Organisation Country2002 Aalborg University, Aalborg Denmark2004 Budapest University, Budapest Hungary2005 Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin Ireland2006 ITC, Enschede The Netherlands2007 Charles University, Prague Czech Republic2008 University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart Germany2009 Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås Norway2010 KU Leuven, Leuven Belgium2011 ENSG, Paris France2012 Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin Ireland2013 CISM, Udine Italy2014 Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento Italy2015 Vienna University of technology Austria / Trento

EduServ Courses

• Integrated Sensor Orientation• Automatic Orientation of Aerial Images on Databases• Laser scanning & Airborne Interferometric SAR• Digital Cameras/Sensors• Co-ordinate Reference Systems and Transformations for Spatial Data Position• Positional Accuracy Improvement in GI Databases• Quality of Geospatial Data and Related Statistical Concepts• Mapping with SAR• Laserscanning for 3D city models• CityGML• Geometric performance of digital airborne cameras• Schema matching, mapping and• Laser scanning for Tree Extraction• Assessment of the quality of Digital Terrain Models• The INSPIRE Directive and its Implementing Rules• Geodetic Reference Systems• 3D Urban Modelling• Radiometric performance of Digital Photogrammetric Cameras and Laser Scanners• Open Standards & Open Source Web Mapping• Integrated use of airborne laser scanning and aerial photogrammetry• High Density Image Matching

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EduServ13

• Pre-course seminar– BEV, Vienna, 9-10 March 2015

– Local host: Michael Franzen

• e-learning courses:– Mapping using high-resolution satellite imagery (16 - 27 March 2015)

Daniela Poli, Terra Messflug GmbH

– Change detection in High-Resolution land use/cover geodatabases (7-17 April 2015) Clément Mallet, IGN France

– RPAS in land survey – theory and practice (27 April - 8 May 2015)Görres Grenzdörffer, University of Rostock, Michael Cramer, University of Stuttgart

– International standards for geographic information (8 -19 June 2015) Wolfgang Kresse, University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg

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EduServ13 (spring 2015)

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Objectives Presentation

• Role of spatial data for good governance• Levels of good governance• Conditions for good governance• Propositions

• INSPIRE

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Expectation

• What do you expect from the lectures of today?

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1. Role of spatial data for good governance

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Trend of governance (OECD, EGPA)

• Open• Performance• Accountability/Control• Restructuring for fit for purpose• Market type mechanisms within public sector• Modernize personnel policies

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From good government to good governance

Criteria for good governance:• -performing policies and service delivery• -responsibility/accountability• -transparency• -rights and duties

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Performing policies and service delivery

Location target groups (Wevelgem)Location schools and services(Kortrijk region)

Waste Water (Deerlijk)Child care (Kuurne)

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Unoccupied houses (Wevelgem)

Impact Tour de France (Deerlijk) Roadworks (Wevelgem)

Cemetaries (Avelgem)

Levels of good governance

-Corporate Governance: GI Agencies / GI Users/Producers

-Holding Governance: Territorial/Functional

-Public Service Governance: Public, Private, NGO, citizen

-State Governance: Macro systems

Three systems:

NPM (market), NWS (Hierarchy), NPG (Networks)

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Macro/meso governance

Task allocation at the publicSector

What is the best task allocation scenario for GI-development?- Hierarchy- Market- Network

Private companies

NGO’s, citizenOrganisations

Supranational (incl. EU)

Sub-national (e.g. local)

National (nation) state

Private sector Public sector

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cen tra l gove rnmen t

agency A agency B

o rgan iza tion C organ iza tion D

Hierarchy

d irect con tro l (s tr ic t ex an te , s tructu ra l and financia l con tro l)

quasi-au toma tic coo rd ina tion be tween agencies and o rgan iza tions

pub lic secto r

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cen tra l g ove rn me n t

a ge ncy A a ge ncy B

o rga n iza tio n C o rga n iza tio n D

M arkets

in d irect co n tro l (ma in ly ex p ost co n tro l)

'ho r izon ta l' 'spo n tan e ou s' co o rd in a tio n be twee n a ge ncie s a nd o rga n iza tion s

marke t

ma rke t crea tion &re gu la tio n a nd b y g o ve rn me n t

p ub lic se cto r

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cen tra l go ve rn men t

ag ency A ag ency B

o rga n iza tion C o rga n iza tion D

NetworkCo o rd in atio n = n e two rk manage me nt + in d ire ct co n tro l (ag e n cy A - N)

+ se lf-co o rd in atio n

ind ire ct co n tro l (ma in ly ex post con tro l)

'ho r izon ta l' 'sp on ta neo us ' coo rd ina tio n be tween age ncies a nd o rg an iza tions

ne two rk

ne two rk ma nage men t b y gove rnmen t

pu b lic secto r

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Spatial data infrastructures

A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is an • Shared network of organizations• to facilitate • the access, use and sharing of spatial data

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SDI – network in Flanders (Belgium)

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SDI-Flanders – network (2)

Perceelsnetwerk Adresnetwerk

Wegennetwerk Hydrografienetwerk

Parcels network Address network

Roads network Hydrography network

SDI – Chains

Process step

Organisation

A

B

C

F

E

D

H

G

I

Process step

Organisation

A

B

C

F

E

D

H

G

I

SDI-Flanders – Chain

Traffic accident registration

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2. Conditions for good governance

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GI-management development

Organisations with Databases with Databases Organisations

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First SDI-condition for good governance

• Good governance requires:

A shift from

Organisations with databases

to

Databases with Organisations

Why is the obvious not obvious?

CBA of GI :

Costs: creating, transferring, collecting, processing, storing, making available, …

Benefits: comparing, registering change, improved decisions, better allocations, transparency, responsibility/accountability, learning, ...

CBA of the Performance of GI:

Costs: immediate, allocated to specific organisation (for us), budgeted, not conditional

Benefits: not always immediate, spread over organisations (for others), not always tangible, conditional

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Supply and demand

• We technically have superior data and Geo Information

• What about its use?

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Bouckaert & Halligan (2008) Managing Performance, International Comparisons. Routledge, London, p. 113.

Avoid frustration: Shifting from supply (availability) feeding demand (needs) to demand generating supply

Supply and demand

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SDI-Development + Community

Techno-CentricSpatial data community

Focus on technology Technology push Because it’s possible Others are developing Specified by technologist Static in nature

Techno-CentricSpatial data community

Focus on technology Technology push Because it’s possible Others are developing Specified by technologist Static in nature

Socio-TechnicalSpatial data community

People and technology Demand pull Because it’s needed We need it Specified by Users dynamic in nature

Socio-TechnicalSpatial data community

People and technology Demand pull Because it’s needed We need it Specified by Users dynamic in nature

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Second SDI-condition for good governance

• Good governance requires:

Matching supply and demand -> more demand driven supply

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Implementation

• Classical domino dynamics are sequential:

Technology/ Legislation/ Finance/ Organisation/ Service delivery

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SDI performance in the Flemish Region

geomatics

law

economics

sociology

public management

SDI-configuration

SDI-performance

access, use andexchange of spatialinformation in thebusiness process

+

contribution to business process

performance

standards

rules and agreements

funding and pricing

organisational structures

data policy

Spatial PlanningMapping FloodsTraffic accident registrationAddress Management

Performance results

Spatial Planning

Address Maintenance

Accidents registrations

Flood risk mapping

Efficiency High Average Low High

Use intensity Average / High

Low Average High

Sharing Average / High

Low Low Average

Success factors: - Degree of Standardisation - Open Privacy Attitude- Consistent Data Policy- Organisational data management integrated in work processes

Legal framework in Flanders

• 2 types of regulations– Facilitating the availability of spatial data– Limiting the availability of spatial data

Governance framework in Flanders

Pricing & Funding

– Benefit Cost AnalysisExamples 4:1 (AUS / Malaysia) / 23:1 (AT) / 30:1 (DK)

– Funding• Direct Central Government funding – direct from citizens and private sector taxes• Indirect Central Government funding – e.g. waiving of taxes• Direct revenue – sale of products and services• Sponsorship / advertising (e.g. via the geo-portal)• Indirect revenue – from products and services related to spatial data e.g. real estate registration• Partnerships:• Government and Donor agencies joint funding partnerships (e.g. World Bank ); • Donor agencies and private sector partnerships; • Donor agencies, government and private sector partnerships; and • Partnerships with international private sector• Donor “gift” funding • Private sector non-cash contribution e.g. services such as software development, advertising• Special Bank / Special Loans

Pricing & Funding

– Pricing Policies • Free• Below price of provision• Price of provision• Price of provision ‘plus’: reproduction, distribution• Price of provision and part of the maintenance costs

– Marketing

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Third SDI-condition for good governance

• From sequential implementation • to parallel and simultaneous implementation

• Requirement: multidisciplinary task force

Functional GI Governance

Three challenges:• 1 Managing Databases with Organisations• 2 Demand-driven Supply• 3 Creating a multi-disciplinary Approach

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3. Propositions

Staten-Generaal

Annual event/meeting with key decision makers and GI-practitioners of Flanders (at different administrative levels)

Subject: Sustainable Flemish SDINature: Mobilising, Steering Organisers: SPATIALIST, NGI, Flemish Services for Government Policy, Association of Flemish Cities and Municipalities, AGIVTime: 1 December 2012Location: Brussels, Academy PalaceNumber of inscriptions: 280

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Voting

COMMUNICATORCOMMUNICATOR

DISPLAY__________

CORRECTION ____

______VOTING BUTTONS

YOU CAN CHOOSE ONLY ONE OPTION

81%

16%

3%

0%

0%

Helemaal Eens

Eerder Eens

Noch Eens / Noch Oneens

Eerder Oneens

Helemaal Oneens

Proposition 1

THE GOVERNMENT COULD IMPROVE ITS COMMUNICATION INTERNALLY, WITH THE CITIZENS AND PRIVATE SECTOR BY USING SPATIAL DATA

FULLY AGREE

AGREE

NOT AGREE / NOT DISAGREE

DISAGREE

FULLY DISAGREE

81%

16%

3%

0%

0%

Helemaal Eens

Eerder Eens

Noch Eens / Noch Oneens

Eerder Oneens

Helemaal Oneens

Proposition 1

THE GOVERNMENT COULD IMPROVE ITS COMMUNICATIONINTERNALLY, WITH THE CITIZENS AND PRIVATE SECTOR BY USING SPATIAL DATA

FULLY AGREE

AGREE

NOT AGREE / NOT DISAGREE

DISAGREE

FULLY DISAGREE

3%

1%

4%

0%

92%

de voorbereiding van beleid

de bepaling van beleid

de uitvoering van beleid

de evaluatie van beleid

alle fasen van beleid

Proposition 2

THE PROVISION OF SPATIAL DATA HAS TO FOCUS ON:

THE PREPARATION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING

THE DEFINITION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING

THE EXECUTION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING

THE EVALUATION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING

ALL PHASES OF POLICY MAKING

3%

1%

4%

0%

92%

de voorbereiding van beleid

de bepaling van beleid

de uitvoering van beleid

de evaluatie van beleid

alle fasen van beleid

Proposition 2

THE PROVISION OF SPATIAL DATA HAS TO FOCUS ON:

THE PREPARATION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING

THE DEFINITION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING

THE EXECUTION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING

THE EVALUATION PHASE OF POLICY MAKING

ALL PHASES OF POLICY MAKING

67%

21%

9%

3%

Gratis zijn

Tegen transactiekostprijs

Tegen integrale kostprijs (inclusief verrekening van de investeringen)

Tegen marktprijs

Proposition 3

THE EXCHANGE OF SPATIAL DATA WITHIN AND BETWEEN ADMINISTRATIVE LEVELS HAS TO HAPPEN:

FOR FREE

BY TRANSACTION COST PRICE

BY INTEGRAL COST PRICE (INCLUDING PRICEFOR INVESTMENTS)

MARKET PRICE

67%

21%

9%

3%

Gratis zijn

Tegen transactiekostprijs

Tegen integrale kostprijs (inclusief verrekening van de investeringen)

Tegen marktprijs

Proposition 3

THE EXCHANGE OF SPATIAL DATA WITHIN AND BETWEEN ADMINISTRATIVE LEVELS HAS TO HAPPEN:

FOR FREE

BY TRANSACTION COST PRICE

BY INTEGRAL COST PRICE (INCLUDING PRICEFOR INVESTMENTS)

MARKET PRICE

13%

31%

25%

31%

Gratis zijn

Tegen transactiekostprijs

Tegen integrale kostprijs (inclusief verrekening van de investeringen)

Tegen marktprijs

Proposition 4

MAKING SPATIAL DATA PRODUCED BY THE GOVERNMENT AVAILABLE TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR HAS TO BE:

FOR FREE

BY TRANSACTION COST PRICE

BY INTEGRAL COST PRICE (INCLUDING PRICEFOR INVESTMENTS)

MARKET PRICE

13%

31%

25%

31%

Gratis zijn

Tegen transactiekostprijs

Tegen integrale kostprijs (inclusief verrekening van de investeringen)

Tegen marktprijs

Proposition 4

MAKING SPATIAL DATA PRODUCED BY THE GOVERNMENT AVAILABLE TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR HAS TO BE:

FOR FREE

BY TRANSACTION COST PRICE

BY INTEGRAL COST PRICE (INCLUDING PRICEFOR INVESTMENTS)

MARKET PRICE

5%

15%

36%

29%

15%

Helemaal Eens

Eerder Eens

Noch Eens / Noch Oneens

Eerder Oneens

Helemaal Oneens

Proposition 5

THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN ACQUIRE SPATIAL DATA MORE EFFICIENT THAN THE GOVERNMENT

FULLY AGREE

AGREE

AGREE / DISAGREE

DISAGREE

FULLY DISAGREE

5%

15%

36%

29%

15%

Helemaal Eens

Eerder Eens

Noch Eens / Noch Oneens

Eerder Oneens

Helemaal Oneens

Proposition 5

THE PRIVATE SECTOR CAN ACQUIRE SPATIAL DATA MORE EFFICIENT THAN THE GOVERNMENT

FULLY AGREE

AGREE

AGREE / DISAGREE

DISAGREE

FULLY DISAGREE

38%

19%

37%

2%

4%

het Europese

het federale

het regionale

het provinciale

het lokale

Proposition 6

THE ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL THAT HAS TO TAKE THE LEAD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI IS:

THE EUROPEAN / INTERNATIONAL

THE NATIONAL

THE REGIONAL

THE PROVINCIAL

THE LOCAL

38%

19%

37%

2%

4%

het Europese

het federale

het regionale

het provinciale

het lokale

Proposition 6

THE ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL THAT HAS TO TAKE THE LEAD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI IS:

THE EUROPEAN / INTERNATIONAL

THE NATIONAL

THE REGIONAL

THE PROVINCIAL

THE LOCAL

13%

43%

4%

7%

33%

het Europese

het federale

het regionale

het provinciale

het lokale

Proposition 7

THE WEAKEST SDI IS THE FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL:

THE EUROPEAN / INTERNATIONAL

THE NATIONAL

THE REGIONAL

THE PROVINCIAL

THE LOCAL

13%

43%

4%

7%

33%

het Europese

het federale

het regionale

het provinciale

het lokale

Proposition 7

THE WEAKEST SDI IS THE FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL:

THE EUROPEAN / INTERNATIONAL

THE NATIONAL

THE REGIONAL

THE PROVINCIAL

THE LOCAL

24%

3%

73%

Duidelijke regels, wetten en werkstructuren

Concurrentie en marktwerking

Diepgaandere samenwerking

Proposition 8

In order to develop a successful Spatial Data Infrastructure, there is a strong need for:

Clear rules, laws, and working structures

Competition and market

Profound cooperation

24%

3%

73%

Duidelijke regels, wetten en werkstructuren

Concurrentie en marktwerking

Diepgaandere samenwerking

Proposition 8

In order to develop a successful Spatial Data Infrastructure, there is a strong need for:

Clear rules, laws, and working structures

Competition and market

Profound cooperation

1%

31%

26%

31%

4%

7%

Nieuwe geografische gegevens

Actuele geografische gegevens

Gestandaardiseerde geografische gegevens

Toegankelijke geografische gegevens

Op maat gemaakte geografische gegevens

Eénmalig ingezamelde geografische gegevens

Proposition 9

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI HAS TO ADDRESS MAINLY TO:

NEW SPATIAL DATA

ACTUAL SPATIAL DATA

STANDARDISED SPATIAL DATA

EASY SPATIAL DATA ACCESS

SPATIAL DATA PRE-PROCESSING

AVOIDANCE OF SPATIAL DATA DUPLICATION

1%

31%

26%

31%

4%

7%

Nieuwe geografische gegevens

Actuele geografische gegevens

Gestandaardiseerde geografische gegevens

Toegankelijke geografische gegevens

Op maat gemaakte geografische gegevens

Eénmalig ingezamelde geografische gegevens

Proposition 9

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SDI HAS TO ADDRESS MAINLY TO:

NEW SPATIAL DATA

ACTUAL SPATIAL DATA

STANDARDISED SPATIAL DATA

EASY SPATIAL DATA ACCESS

SPATIAL DATA PRE-PROCESSING

AVOIDANCE OF SPATIAL DATA DUPLICATION