1. Themes: 1920s has been referred to as Eat, drink & be merry, for tomorrow we die Return to normalcy US turned inward---isolationism Jazz Age first modern era in the U.S. change from a rural society to an urban. 2. Cultural clashes in US Traditional America vs a changing America Hostility towards un-American ideas Red ScareWhy? Feared communism..Red Scare KKKRise of KKK Immigration restriction Scopes Trial---evolution vs creation Liberated woman vs traditional Flappers Margaret Sangor----Birth control African Americans move to the cities led to race riots Americans violate Prohibition 18 th Amendment Volstead Act 3. Revolution in styles and technologies. electricity, radio, automobile, mass media Fads---new dances, music & clothing 4. American heroes: Babe Ruth and Charles Lindbergh 5. Presidents during the 1920s Conservative Republicans Supported laissez faire Warren Harding 1921 to 1923 Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge 1921 to 1929 Coolidge-Mellon Fiscal Program 6. Foreign policy during the 1920s and early 30s. n Decade notable for obsessive interest in celebrities n Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainment n Eat, drink & be merry, for tomorrow we die n Return to normalcy n US turned inward (WWI is over!), this caused isolationism n Jazz Age n First modern era in the U.S. The Second Industrial Revolution n U.S. develops the highest standard of living in the world n The twenties and the second industrial revolution Electricity replaces steam Henry Fords modern assembly line introduced n Rise of the airline industry n Modern appliances and conveniences begin to change American society (VERY modern) The Automobile Industry n Auto makers stimulate sales through model changes, advertising. n Autos encourage movement and more individual freedom. n Railroad Industry grows hand in hand. Patterns of Economic Growth n Structural change corporations become the dominant business form n Big business weakens regionalism, brings uniformity to America n How does this affect small businesses? Economic Weaknesses n Railroads poorly managed n Coal displaced by petroleum n Farmers face decline in exports, prices n Growing disparity between income of laborers, middle-class managers Beginning of the Jazz Age in New York City Acceptance of African American culture African American literature and music Rural Americans identify urban culture with Communism, crime, immorality Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainment Communities of home, church, and school are absent in the cities Conflict: Traditional values vs new ideas found in the cities. Rural Americans identify urban culture with Communism, crime, immorality Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainment Communities of home, church, and school are absent in the cities Conflict: Traditional values vs new ideas found in the cities. IKA IKA Imperial Klans of America Rise of the KKK was due to the ever changing of a traditional America. 1925: Membership of 5 million 1926: Marched on Washington. Attack on urban culture and defends Christian/Protestant and rural values Against immigrants from Southern Europe, European Jews, Catholics and American Blacks Sought to win U.S. by persuasion and gaining control in local/state government. Violence, internal corruption result in Klans virtual disappearance by 1930 but will reappear in the 1950s and 1960s. undesirableThe U.S. Government began to restrict certain undesirable immigrants from entering the U.S. Emergency Quota Act of 1921Immigration Act of 1924Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and Immigration Act of 1924 Kept out immigrants from southeastern Europe. Emergency Quota Act of Emergency Quota Act of newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in Immigration Act of Immigration Act of the quota was pushed down to 2% and the origins base was shifted to that of 1890, when few southeastern Europeans lived in America. was to reduce crime and poverty and improve the quality of lifeGoal: was to reduce crime and poverty and improve the quality of life by making it impossible for people to get their hands on alcohol. "Noble Experiment"This "Noble Experiment" was a failure. Midnight, January 16th, 1920, US went dry. 18th Amendment Volstead Act,The 18th Amendment, known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale and possession of alcohol in America. Prohibition lasted for thirteen years. bootlegging, speakeasies and Bathtub Gin.So was born the industry of bootlegging, speakeasies and Bathtub Gin. drankPeople drank more than ever during Prohibition, and there were more deaths related to alcohol. flagrantlydecent law-abidingNo other law in America has been violated so flagrantly by so many "decent law-abiding" people. criminalsOvernight, many became criminals. Mobsters controlled liquor created a booming black market economy. Gangsters owned speakeasies and by 1925 there were over 100,000 speakeasies in New York City alone. Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a hidden underground brewery during the prohibition era. Agent with the U.S. Treasury Department's Prohibition Bureau during a time when bootlegging was rampant throughout the nation. Chicago gangster during Prohibition who controlled the bootlegging industry. Al Capone Elliot Ness, part of the Untouchables Prohibition is an awful flop. We like it. It can't stop what it's meant to stop. We like it. It's left a trail of graft and slime, It's filled our land with vice and crime, It can't prohibit worth a dime, Nevertheless we're for it. Franklin Pierce Adams, New York World It is impossible to stop liquor trickling through a dotted line A Prohibition agent Flappers sought individual freedom Ongoing crusade for equal rights cult of domesticity Most women remain in the cult of domesticity sphere Discovery of adolescence Teenaged children no longer needed to work and indulged their craving for excitement The Playful flapper here we see, The fairest of the fair. She's not what Grandma used to be, You might say, au contraire. Her girlish ways may make a stir, Her manners cause a scene, But there is no more harm in her Than in a submarine. She nightly knocks for many a goal The usual dancing men. Her speed is great, but her control Is something else again. All spotlights focus on her pranks. All tongues her prowess herald. For which she well may render thanks To God and Scott Fitzgerald. Her golden rule is plain enough - Just get them young and treat them rough. by Dorothy Parker 1925 vs. The first conflict between religion vs. science being taught in school was in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee. John T. Scopes Respected high school biology teacher arrested in Dayton, Tennessee for teaching Darwins Theory of Evolution. Clarence Darrow Famous trial lawyer who represented Scopes William J. Bryan Sec. of State for President Wilson, ran for president three times, turned evangelical leader. Represented the prosecution. Dayton, Tennessee Small town in the south became protective against the encroachment of modern times and secular teachings. The trial is conducted in a carnival-like atmosphere. The people of Dayton are seen as backward by the country. The right to teach and protect Biblical teachings in schools. The acceptance of science and that all species have evolved from lower forms of beings over billions of years. Westinghouse Radio Station KDKA was a world pioneer of commercial radio broadcasting. Transmitted 100 watts on a wavelength of 360 meters. KDKA first broadcast was the Harding-Cox Presidential election returns on November 2, KDKA 220 stations eighteen months after KDKA took the plunge. $50 to $150 for first radios 3,000,000 homes had them by 1922. $60 millionRadio sets, parts and accessories brought in $60 million in 1922 $136 million $136 million in 1923 $852 million$852 million in 1929 every third homeRadio reached into every third home in its first decade. Listening audience was 50,000,000 by 1925 (VERY IMP. FOR GREAT DEPRESSION & WWII) The 1920 Election Wilsons idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding US turned inward and feared anything that was European Wilsons idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding US turned inward and feared anything that was European The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet. The 1920 Election Harding and Coolidge Republican presidents appeal to traditional American values Harding dies in office after 2 years. Scandals break after his death Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge becomes President after Hardings death in Republican presidents appeal to traditional American values Harding dies in office after 2 years. Scandals break after his death Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge becomes President after Hardings death in Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall leased naval reserve oil land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny Fall had received a bribe of $100,000 from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair. Fall found guilty of taking a bribe. Republican Policies Return to "normalcy" tariffs raised corporate, income taxes cut spending cuts Government-business cooperation The business of government, is business Return to isolation Return to "normalcy" tariffs raised corporate, income taxes cut spending cuts Government-business cooperation The business of government, is business Return to isolation The 1924 Election Calvin Coolidge served as President from 1923 to Silent Cal. Republican president Calvin Coolidge served as President from 1923 to Silent Cal. Republican president ++ = $$ LAISSEZ FAIRE REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTED LAISSEZ FAIRE AND BIG BUSINESS. Lower Taxes Less Federal Higher Strong Spending Tariffs National Economy Fordney-McCumber Tariff Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised the tariff to an unbelievable 60%!!! Bad Economic Policies Depression, anyone? Sound familiar? Our current economy?