1. thoracic cage
TRANSCRIPT
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Thoracic
cage
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Surface
Anatomy
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Anterior Surface of Thorax
Palpate Sternum (3 parts)
Jugular notch
Sternal Angle (= 2nd
rib) Clavicle
Costal margin
Infrasternal angle
Xiphosternal joint Midclavicular Line
Midaxillary Line
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Posterior Surface of Thorax
Palpate Spinous Process of C7
Scapula (ribs 2-7) Scapular spine
Acromion Process
Inferior Angle of Spine
Inferior Border
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Locating Internal Structures
Heart deep to xiphosternalangle
Pleural Cavities Inferior margin = adjacent
to T12 in Posterior Midline
To Rib 10 at Midaxillary line
To Rib 8 at Midclavicularline
To Xiphosternal jointmedially
Lungs posterior border is 2ribs superior to pleuralcavity (rib 8)
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The Vertebral Column Composed of 26 bones, including
24 individual vertebrae and the
fused vertebrae that form both the sacrum andthe coccyx
The vertebral column has several functions: providing vertical support for the body supporting the weight of the head helping to maintain upright body position
helping to transfer axial skeletal weight to theappendicular skeleton of the lower limbs
housing and protecting the delicate spinal cord andproviding a passageway for spinal nerves connectingto the spinal cord
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The Chest Wall
Rib cage Soft tissues
Muscles
The chest wall is lined by the parietal pleura.
The parietal pleura also covers the mediastinum. The visceral and parietal pleurae are attached by a
thin film of liquid.
There is normally no pleural space.
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Thoracic Wall Dimensional Changes
During Respiration Lateral dimensional changes occur with rib
movements. Elevation of the ribs increases the lateral
dimensions of the thoracic cavity, whiledepression of the ribs decreases the lateraldimensions of the thoracic cavity.
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Muscles that Move the Ribs The scalenes help increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating
the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.
The ribs elevate upon contraction of the external intercostals,
thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavityduring inhalation.
Contraction of the internal intercostals depresses the ribs, but thisonly occurs during forced exhalation.
Normal exhalation requires no active muscular effort.
A small transversus thoracis extends across the inner surface of the
thoracic cage and attaches to ribs 26. It helps depress the ribs. Two posterior thorax muscles also assist with respiration. These
muscles are located deep to the trapezius and latissimus dorsi, butsuperficial to the erector spinae muscles.
The serratus posterior superior elevates ribs 25 during inhalation,and the serratus posterior inferior depresses ribs 812 during
exhalation. In addition, some accessory muscles assist with respiratory
activities.
The pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and sternocleidomastoidhelp with forced inhalation, while the abdominal muscles (externaland internal obliques, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis)
assist in active exhalation.
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Boyles Law The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the
container increases, and vice versa.
When the volume of the thoracic cavity increases evenslightly during inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressuredecreases slightly, and air flows into the lungs throughthe conducting airways.
Air flows into the lungs from a region of higherpressure (the atmosphere) into a region of lower
pressure (the intrapulmonary region). When the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
during exhalation, the intrapulmonary pressureincreases and forces air out of the lungs into theatmosphere.
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Parts and regions of the thorax
Boundaries Superiorjugular notch,
sternoclavicular joint,superior border ofclavicle, acromion,spinous processes ofC7
Inferiorxiphoidprocess, costal arch,12th and 11th ribs,vertebra T12
Regions Thoracic wall Thoracic cavity
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Landmarks Jugular notch corresponds with
The 2th thoracic vertebra inmale, the 3th thoracic vertebrain female
Sternal angle connects 2ndcostal cartilage laterallycorresponds with The lower border of 4th thoracic
vertebra The bifurcation of trachea in the
adult The beginning of aortic arch
which ends posteriorly at the
same level The esophagus is crossed by the
left main bronchus
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Xiphoid processphisternal junction lies
opposite the body of the9th thoracic vertebra
Clavicle Inferior fossa of clavicle
Coracoid process
Ribs and intercostalspaces
Costal arch Infrasternal angle
Xiphocostal angle Papillae
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Thoracic wall
Skin
Superficial fascia Thoracoepigastric v.
Supraclavicular n. Anterior and lateral
cutaneous branchesof intercostal n.
Deep fascia
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Intercostal space
Posterior intercostal v.
Posterior intercostal a.
Intercostal n.
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Internal thoracic vessels
Internal thoracic a.&v Parasternal ln
Endothoracic fascia
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Anatomy of the Breast Location:
Female
Superior border: 2nd rib Inferior border: 6th rib Medial border: Sternum Lateral border: Midaxillary line
Male Fourth Intercostal Space, Midclavicular line
Underlying muscle Pectoralis major and minor Part of serratus anterior, external obliques
Arterial blood supply
Internal thoracic artery
Lateral thoracic artery
Posterior intercostals
Thoracoacromial artery Venous blood supply
Axillary vein
Internal thoracic vein
Intercostal veins
Innervations
Intercostal nerves
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Mammary Glands
Modified sweat glands Function only in lactating
females Role to provide
nourishment and passiveimmunity to the neonate
15 to 25 lobes Lobes made of lobules
Alveoli Alveoli lined by epithelial
cells Secrete milk
Lactiferous ducts open tothe nipple Compound alveolar gland
M Gl d
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Mammary Glands
Mammar Glands
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Mammary Glands
Suspensoryligament Lobes surrounded
by adipose and
connective tissue Areola
Pigmented skinthat surrounds thenipple