11

UML Models for DAML OntologiesUML Models for DAML Ontologies

OMG Agent SIG 12/11/00OMG Agent SIG 12/11/00

Dr. Paul Kogut and Bill HolmesDr. Paul Kogut and Bill Holmes

Lockheed Martin Management & Data SystemsLockheed Martin Management & Data Systems

Lewis Hart - GRC InternationalLewis Hart - GRC International

22

RoadmapRoadmap

• Agents and OntologiesAgents and Ontologies

• DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML)DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML)

• The DAML ProgramThe DAML Program

• The Origins of DAMLThe Origins of DAML

• UML and DAMLUML and DAML

– projectsprojects

– process exampleprocess example

– mappingmapping

– mapping examplesmapping examples

• Conclusions Conclusions

33

Agents and OntologiesAgents and Ontologies

• Domain models are used at run-timeDomain models are used at run-time

– agents share a context for efficient communication:agents share a context for efficient communication:

– messages declare an ontology messages declare an ontology

– ontology = vocabulary, relations, operations, rules, constraints...ontology = vocabulary, relations, operations, rules, constraints...

– example ontology: example ontology: fruit-marketfruit-market

– ontology agent - allows application agents to query, retrieve and translate ontology agent - allows application agents to query, retrieve and translate ontologies ontologies

– example agent conversation: example agent conversation:

– (cfp :to i :from j :ontology fruit-market :content (cfp :to i :from j :ontology fruit-market :content (sell plum 50))(sell plum 50))

– (propose :to j :from i :ontology fruit-market :content (propose :to j :from i :ontology fruit-market :content ((sell plum 50 ) (cost 200)))((sell plum 50 ) (cost 200)))

– (reject-proposal :to i :from j :ontology fruit-(reject-proposal :to i :from j :ontology fruit-market :content (price-too-high))market :content (price-too-high))

44

Agents and OntologiesAgents and Ontologies

RDBMS

knowledgebase

reasoningnatural

languageprocessing

learning

ontology agent

userinterface

informationretrieval

personal assistantagent

business software

broker agent

otheragents

webpages

DAML annotatedDAML annotated

55

DARPA Agent Markup LanguageDARPA Agent Markup Language

• DAML DAML willwill create the next major generation of create the next major generation of Web/Internet technology...Web/Internet technology... – The first generation, theThe first generation, the Internet Internet, created largely by DARPA, enabled , created largely by DARPA, enabled

disparate machines to exchange data. disparate machines to exchange data.

– The second generation, the The second generation, the World Wide WebWorld Wide Web, enabled a wide range of , enabled a wide range of new applications on top of the growing Internet. The Web made a huge new applications on top of the growing Internet. The Web made a huge amount of information available, in amount of information available, in humanhuman-readable form, allowing a -readable form, allowing a revolution in new applications, environments, and b2c e-commerce.revolution in new applications, environments, and b2c e-commerce.

– The next generation of the net is an “agent-enabled” resource (the The next generation of the net is an “agent-enabled” resource (the ““Semantic WebSemantic Web”) which makes a huge amount of information available in ”) which makes a huge amount of information available in machinemachine-readable form creating a revolution in new applications, -readable form creating a revolution in new applications, environments, and b2b e-commerce.environments, and b2b e-commerce.

……by enabling “agent” communication at a by enabling “agent” communication at a Web-wide scale.Web-wide scale.

from Hendler - DAML briefing - www.daml.org

66

DAML ProgramDAML Program

• Main DAML website - www.daml.orgMain DAML website - www.daml.org

• Duration: August 2000 to Fall 2002Duration: August 2000 to Fall 2002

• Approach:Approach:

– MIT W3C semantic web concept MIT W3C semantic web concept

• www.w3.org/2000/Talks/0516-sweb-tbl/allwww.w3.org/2000/Talks/0516-sweb-tbl/all

– extend XML/RDF: extend XML/RDF:

• represent ontologiesrepresent ontologies

• annotate web pages and other information with links to ontologiesannotate web pages and other information with links to ontologies

77

DAML ProgramDAML Program

• 15 research teams and 1 integration team15 research teams and 1 integration team

– industry, academia and World Wide Web Consortiumindustry, academia and World Wide Web Consortium

– expertise in AI knowledge representation, logic and web technologies expertise in AI knowledge representation, logic and web technologies

– cooperation with European Union IST Program - www.cordis.lu/ist/cooperation with European Union IST Program - www.cordis.lu/ist/

• DAML language definition DAML language definition

• DAML toolsDAML tools

– ontology development and verificationontology development and verification

– web page annotationweb page annotation

– agent servicesagent services

– ontology translationontology translation

• DAML trial applicationsDAML trial applications

– Government: imagery analysis, DoD logistics, DoD simulation Government: imagery analysis, DoD logistics, DoD simulation

– Commercial: information retrieval, transportation, financial Commercial: information retrieval, transportation, financial

88

The Origins of DAML: Web TechnologiesThe Origins of DAML: Web Technologies

• XMLXML

– provides syntactic interoperabilityprovides syntactic interoperability

– depends on implicit semantic agreements depends on implicit semantic agreements

• Resource Description Framework (RDF)Resource Description Framework (RDF)

– designed for representing metadata for web resources with XML syntaxdesigned for representing metadata for web resources with XML syntax

– triples: triples:

• RDF SchemaRDF Schema

– adds OO concepts: class and subclassadds OO concepts: class and subclass

• For more information see www.w3.orgFor more information see www.w3.org

<shoeGen:GovermentOrganization rdf:ID="DARPA”/>

<shoeGen:OrganizationHomePage rdf:about="http://www.darpa.mil/"> <shoeProj:authorOrg rdf:resource="#DARPA" />

</shoeGen:OrganizationHomePage>

XMLXML

RDFRDF

RDFSRDFS

DAMLDAML

99

The Origins of DAML: AI TechnologiesThe Origins of DAML: AI Technologies

• SHOE - Simple HTML Ontology Extensions SHOE - Simple HTML Ontology Extensions

– defines ontologies and inference rules in superset of HTMLdefines ontologies and inference rules in superset of HTML

– prototype for DAML ideasprototype for DAML ideas

– http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/index.htmlhttp://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/index.html

• OIL - Ontology Inference LayerOIL - Ontology Inference Layer

– defines ontologies on top of XML and RDFdefines ontologies on top of XML and RDF

– based on description logicsbased on description logics

• research on tradeoffs between expressiveness and computational complexityresearch on tradeoffs between expressiveness and computational complexity

– influenced the semantics of DAMLinfluenced the semantics of DAML

– http://www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/http://www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/

• DAML design issues:DAML design issues:

– efficient reasoning is importantefficient reasoning is important

– are traditional knowledge representation assumptions violated on the are traditional knowledge representation assumptions violated on the web?web?

– should “web logic” be monotonic or nonmonotonic? should “web logic” be monotonic or nonmonotonic?

1010

The Origins of DAML: Evolution The Origins of DAML: Evolution

• DAML-ONT v1.2 DAML-ONT v1.2

– declarative knowledge representationdeclarative knowledge representation

– specification and examples released October 2000specification and examples released October 2000

• http://www.daml.org/resourceshttp://www.daml.org/resources

– extensive discussions found on: extensive discussions found on:

• http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-rdf-logic/http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-rdf-logic/

– formal semantics specification:formal semantics specification:

• http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/daml-ont-kif-axioms-001129.htmlhttp://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/daml-ont-kif-axioms-001129.html

• DAML-ONT v2.0DAML-ONT v2.0

– expected early 2001expected early 2001

• DAML-L (logic)DAML-L (logic)

– rule representation and reasoningrule representation and reasoning

– draft expected early 2001draft expected early 2001

1111

UML and DAML: ProjectsUML and DAML: Projects

• Projects investigating UML DAML issues:Projects investigating UML DAML issues:

– UML-based Ontology Toolset (UBOT)UML-based Ontology Toolset (UBOT)

• UML/XMI tools for DAML ontology development, webpage annotation UML/XMI tools for DAML ontology development, webpage annotation and formal consistency checkingand formal consistency checking

• http://ubot.lockheedmartin.com/http://ubot.lockheedmartin.com/

– Components for Ontology Driven Push (CODIP)Components for Ontology Driven Push (CODIP)

• DAML ontology development and fusion with Rose 2000DAML ontology development and fusion with Rose 2000

• dissemination of DAML messages via channels dissemination of DAML messages via channels

• http://grcinet.grci.com/maria/www/CodipSite/codip.htmlhttp://grcinet.grci.com/maria/www/CodipSite/codip.html

– Stanford Database GroupStanford Database Group

• OntoAgents - http://WWW-DB.Stanford.EDU/OntoAgents/OntoAgents - http://WWW-DB.Stanford.EDU/OntoAgents/

• Layered Approach to Information Modeling and InteroperabilityLayered Approach to Information Modeling and Interoperability

– http://www.interdataworking.com/converter/http://www.interdataworking.com/converter/

• Representing UML in RDFRepresenting UML in RDF

– http://www-db.stanford.edu/~melnik/rdf/uml/http://www-db.stanford.edu/~melnik/rdf/uml/

1212

UML and DAML: Process ExampleUML and DAML: Process Example

• Baseline ontology for businessBaseline ontology for business

1313

UML and DAML: Process ExampleUML and DAML: Process Example

• Extended ontology for e-commerceExtended ontology for e-commerce

1414

UML and DAML: Process ExampleUML and DAML: Process Example

• Translation to DAMLTranslation to DAML

1515

UML and DAML: Process ExampleUML and DAML: Process Example

• Graphical annotation:Graphical annotation:

– "Trey Clever is the CEO of the B2B company acronym.com"."Trey Clever is the CEO of the B2B company acronym.com".

1616

UML and DAML: Mapping UML and DAML: Mapping

• A UML profile:A UML profile:

– is a predefined set of stereotypes, taggedvalues, constraints and iconsis a predefined set of stereotypes, taggedvalues, constraints and icons

– tailors UML for a specific domain or processtailors UML for a specific domain or process

• Draft UML profile for DAML:Draft UML profile for DAML:

– primary goal - translate class diagrams into DAML ontologiesprimary goal - translate class diagrams into DAML ontologies

• assumption: purpose of model is to design a DAML ontology assumption: purpose of model is to design a DAML ontology

– secondary goal - translate DAML ontologies into class diagramssecondary goal - translate DAML ontologies into class diagrams

– future goal - translate legacy class diagrams into DAMLfuture goal - translate legacy class diagrams into DAML

– approach - use UML extensions sparingly approach - use UML extensions sparingly

– status - work in progress status - work in progress

• not all DAML concepts mapped to UMLnot all DAML concepts mapped to UML

– for more information see:for more information see:

• http://ubot.lockheedmartin.com/ubot/details/uml_to_daml.htmlhttp://ubot.lockheedmartin.com/ubot/details/uml_to_daml.html

• http://grcinet.grci.com/maria/www/CodipSite/DAML_UML/index.htmhttp://grcinet.grci.com/maria/www/CodipSite/DAML_UML/index.htm

1717

UML and DAML: OntologiesUML and DAML: Ontologies

• This model shows dependencies between ontologies.This model shows dependencies between ontologies.

1818

UML and DAML: Domain and RangeUML and DAML: Domain and Range

• Using explicit navigability and rolenamesUsing explicit navigability and rolenames

– DAML property: ageDAML property: age

• domain: Persondomain: Person

• range: Integerrange: Integer

– DAML property: mother-parentDAML property: mother-parent

• domain: Persondomain: Person

• range: Womanrange: Woman

1919

UML and DAML: Domain and RangeUML and DAML: Domain and Range

• Using name direction arrow and no rolenamesUsing name direction arrow and no rolenames

– DAML property: ageDAML property: age

• domain: Persondomain: Person

• range: Integerrange: Integer

– DAML property: motherDAML property: mother

• domain: Persondomain: Person

• range: Womanrange: Woman

2020

UML and DAML: subPropertyOfUML and DAML: subPropertyOf

• For simple hierarchy model subPropertyOf as:For simple hierarchy model subPropertyOf as:

– stereotyped dependency between 2 associationsstereotyped dependency between 2 associations

2121

UML and DAML: subPropertyOfUML and DAML: subPropertyOf

• For complex hierarchy model subPropertyOf as:For complex hierarchy model subPropertyOf as:

– generalization between stereotyped classes generalization between stereotyped classes

2222

UML and DAML: CardinalityUML and DAML: Cardinality

cardinality maxcardinality

mincardinality

UniqueProperty UnambiguousProperty

2323

ConclusionsConclusions

• Graphical modeling of DAML ontologies in UML appears to Graphical modeling of DAML ontologies in UML appears to be a promising approach.be a promising approach.

• Differences in the design goals and origins of UML and Differences in the design goals and origins of UML and DAML complicate the mapping.DAML complicate the mapping.

• We recommend that OMG initiate standards efforts related We recommend that OMG initiate standards efforts related to DAML when the DAML definition stabilizes (~mid 2001):to DAML when the DAML definition stabilizes (~mid 2001):

– standard UML profile for DAML standard UML profile for DAML

• consistent with UML profile for agentsconsistent with UML profile for agents

– each Domain Task Force should develop standard DAML each Domain Task Force should develop standard DAML ontologies ontologies