1

Unit 3 Nanomaterials

2

Fullerenes

• Discovery

• Description and Nomenclature

• Applications

• Synthesis and Manufacturing

3

Introduction to Fullerenes

• Discovery of Buckminster Fullerene

• Smalley’s Apparatus

• C60

• A new form of carbon

• Discovery of carbon nanotubes

• Properties of carbon nanotubes

• Applications of carbon nanotubes

4

Smalley, Kroto and Curl

• Research in long carbon chain molecules observed in outer space.

• Discovered Buckminsterfullerene a new form of carbon shaped like a soccer ball1985.

• Received the noble prize in Chemistry in 1996 for the discovery of fullerenes.

5

Smalley’s Apparatus

Distribution of carbon clusters produced under various experimental conditions.a) Low helium density over graphite target at time of laser vaporization.b) High helium density over graphite target at time of laser vaporization.c) Same as b), but with addition of "integration cup" to increase time between

vaporization and cluster analysis.

http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/Fullerene/fullerene.html

6

7

http://www.bfi.org/

8

A new form of carbon!

Graphite Diamond Fullerenes

9

Sumio Iijima

• Discovered the carbon nanotube in 1991.

"Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon", S. Iijima, Nature 354, 56 (1991)

• The carbon nanotube is like a sheet of graphite that has been rolled into a cylinder.

10

Carbon Nanotubes at CVTC

11

Structure of Carbon Nanotubes

Armchair

Zig Zag

12

Chiral

This configuration can be thought of as in between Zig Zag and Armchair. When viewed from the end Chiral looks like a spiral.

13

Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

14

15

Carbon Nanotube Nomenclature(0,0)

(1,1)

(1,0) (2,0)

(2,1)

The white circles indicate a metallic CNTThe black circles indicate a semiconductor CNT

16

nxn Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes

17

Distortions may occur in the CNT structure.

18

C60 Enclosing Other Atoms

19

Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

• 100 times stronger than steel at 1/6 the weight.

• Can be conductors or semiconductors.

20

Potential Applications of Carbon Nanotubes

• Energy storage• Field emission devices• Transistors• AFM tips• Nanotweezers• Composite materials• Nano structures• Potential for extremely strong light weight

cables/space elevator• Physical memory

21

Nanotubes may be spun into yarn

http://www.csiro.au/resources/pfh6.html

22

Peapod Nanotubes

23

Applications of Carbon Nanotubes

24

Energy Storage

• Hydrogen Storage– 6.5% by weight is needed– Some studies show CNTs can achieve this

• Lithium intercalation

• Electrochemical supercapacitors

25

Molecular Electronics

• Field emitters• Transistors – CNTs are p-type. They can

be doped with K to make them n-type.• Nanotube RAM physical memory device• Nanowires• CNT wires could replace copper wires

someday. They may be able to carry 10-100 x the current of copper.

• RbCs2C60 is the highest temperature carbon based super conductor yet discovered Tc = 33 K

26

Single Nanotube Properties

• Electronic properties can be measured with STM.

• Raman spectroscopy can be used to identify nanotubes.

27

Nanoprobes and Sensors

• AFM & STM probe tips

• Nanotweezers

• CNTs enclosed in lipids have been proposed as a biosensor.

• http://www.cea.fr/gb/actualites/article9.htm

28

Composite Materials

• Composite materials usually involve adding a material to a polymer such as plastic.

• CNTs added to plastic can result in a conductive plastic.

29

Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Display

http://www.physorg.com/news86.html

30

Super strong cables

• The strength of carbon nanotubes have suggested that it may be possible to create a super strong and lightweight cable with them.

• Such a cable may be able to create a space elevator.

31

Space Elevator

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnwZmWoymeI

32

Functionalized Nanotubes• Carbon nanotubes can react chemically with many different

chemicals.• Functionalizing CNTs give them different properties such as they

can be made soluble in water.• Aldrich sells CNTs with polyaminobenzene sulfonic acid (PABS)

a water soluble conducting polymer covalently bonded directly to the nanotube.

• Lipids can be organized around CNTs.• Benzene can be attached to carbon nanotubes.• Nanotubes can be opened filled with a metal and closed.

33

Nano Machines

• http://www.nas.nasa.gov/Groups/Nanotechnology/publications/1997/fullereneNanotechnology/

34

CNT Synthesis• A metal particle is acts as a catalyst for carbon nanotube

growth.• Growth takes place in an inert atmosphere. Often He.• A source of carbon and energy are needed.

Metal

Substrate Substrate

MetalCH2=CH2

35

Arc Discharge

36

Arch discharge in LN2

37

Laser Ablation

38

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)

39

CNT Purification

• Carbon nanotubes must usually be purified in some way to remove the catalyst.

• Oxidation• Acid treatment• Annealing• Ultrasound• Magnetic purification• Micro-filtration• Chromatography

40

Links• http://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/Wondrous%20World%20of%20Carbon%20

Nanotubes_Final.pdf• http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/Fullerene/fullerene.html• http://www.nas.nasa.gov/Groups/Nanotechnology/publications/1997/fulleren

eNanotechnology/• http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2002/103002/Pulling_nanotubes_makes_thr

ead_103002.html• http://lib1.store.vip.sc5.yahoo.com/lib/nanolab2000/biosensor.pdf• http://www.ee.psu.edu/grimes/publications/apl-photo.pdf• http://www.physics.bc.edu/faculty/Ren%20files/publications/p152.pdf• http://www.crpp.u-bordeaux.fr/index.php?rubrique=2&page=activite_scientifi

que.php&activite=284&sujet=503• http://www.spectroscopynow.com/Spy/basehtml/SpyH/1,1181,0-0-0-0-0-ho

me-0-0,00.html• Manufacturers:• http://www.atomate.com/

41

Manufacturers• http://home.flash.net/~buckyusa/• http://carbolex.com/• http://cnanotech.com/• http://www.fibrils.com/• http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/nanot

ube.html• http://www.nano-lab.com/• http://carbonsolution.com/• http://www.mercorp.com/mercorp/• http://www.nanocarblab.com/• http://www.nanocs.com/• http://www.nanocyl.com/• http://www.nanoledge.com/• http://www.e-nanoscience.com/

• http://www.sesres.com/Nanotubes.asp• http://www.sunnano.com/• http://

www.rsphysse.anu.edu.au/nanotube/• http://www.thomas-swan.co.uk/

pages/nmframeset.html• http://www.apexnanomaterials.com/• http://www.timesnano.com/default.html• http://www.seocal.com/

products_pdflist.html• http://www.simagis.com/

nanotubes.htm• http://www.xintek.com/products/

overview.html• http://www.helixmaterial.com/• http://store.nanoscience.com/

index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=168

42

News

• http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7081• http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/05021313

1043.htm• http://www.nanopicoftheday.org/• http://www.nano-tsunami.com/• http://www.physorg.com/news3361.html• http://www.aip.org/tip/news.html• http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index.asp?objid=BIO

1405• http://www.mrsec.virginia.edu/nugget2nanorev.htm