1 university of washington ballast water research update russ herwig, jeff cordell, dave lawrence...
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University of Washington Ballast Water Research Update
Russ Herwig, Jeff Cordell, Dave Lawrence
School of Aquatic and Fishery Science, UW
Washington Sea Grant
December 6, 2007
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Jeff Cordell Principal Research Scientist
Zooplankton
Dave LawrenceResearch Scientist
Phytoplankton
The current team
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Team, continued
Nissa FermSMA Graduate Student
zooplankton
Olga KalataResearch Scientist
zooplankton
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Major Projects and Collaborations
State of Washington Ballast SamplingWashington Department of Fish and Wildlife
Allen Pleus, Pam Meacham, Keith Streick, Gary Gertsen
Sodium Hypochlorite Ballast Water Treatment StudiesSevern Trent De Nora
Rudy Matousek
Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) - Surrogate Species Project
Old Dominion UniversityFred Dobbs
Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDon Anderson
Marshall UniversityAndrew Rogerson
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Presentation Outline
Preliminary CommentsDifferent types of ships
“Famous” introductions
Ballast water exchange
State of Washington Ballast Water SamplingNecessity for ballast water treatment
Inoculation and propagule pressure
Ballast Water Treatment Development and ExperimentsProposed and existing discharge standards
Technologies “on the table”
Scaling up treatment tests
Shipboard tests
Concluding Remarks
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6Cougar Ace, Gulf of Alaska, July 2006
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Comment 1Know your vessel types and voyage
patterns.
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8Russ Herwig
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9Russ Herwig
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10Russ Herwig
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Other vessel types
Container ships
Tankers and Tanker Barges
Bryan Nielsen
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Port of Seattle
Year Vessel Calls
2002 990
2003 1,012
2004 1,095
2005 1,345
2006 1,301
2006
Vessel Type Number
Container 814
Cruise 196
Grain 109
Barge 182
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Comment 2Not all invasive species are
created equal.
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It’s not just zebra and quagga mussels.
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Native to: Japan, China, Korea
Pseudodiaptomus inopinus
Copepod first appeared in Columbia River, 1990
Found as “monoculture” in many other west coast rivers
Displaced native copepods
Important in diet of crabs and mysid shrimp
Replaced in the Columbia River by two new invasive copepod species
Jeff Cordell
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Pseudodiaptomus forbesiNative to: Japan, China, Korea • First recorded in San Francisco
Estuary, 1987
• Appears to have displaced previously introduced P. inopinus in the Columbia River, which is no longer abundant
• Recorded in Columbia River Estuary, 2002
Jeff Cordell
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May and August 2005May and August 2005
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P. forbesi Native Holoplankton
Station Location Cyclopoida Calanoida Daphnia spp. Other
Cladocera Snake River
46 24 N 117 12 W 0 66 1 0 33 46 39 N 117 23 W 0 86 0 14 0 46 42 N 117 28 W 0 74 0 25 1 46 36 N 117 47 W 0 83 0 17 0 46 37 N 117 47 W 0 61 0 38 1 46 35 N 118 0 W 0 23 0 66 11 46 34 N 118 5 W 0 78 0 22 0 46 35 N 118 12 W 0 42 0 58 0 46 31 N 118 34 W <1% 32 0 66 2 46 18 N 118 46 W 0 20 1 69 10 46 15 N 118 51 W 0 4 1 95 0
Hanford Reach
46 41 N 119 26 W 0 35 60 0 5
46 35 N 119 22 W 0 6 81 0 13 Columbia River
46 12 N 119 1 W 14 15 1 64 6 46 3 N 118 54 W 15 47 2 4 32 46 7 N 118 58 W 44 38 4 6 8 46 11 N 119 1 W 17 64 1 6 12 45 54 N 119 28 W 88 6 2 0 4 45 55 N 119 21 W 84 9 1 0 6 45 44 N 120 12 W 72 19 1 0 8 45 56 N 119 9 W 34 24 8 1 33 45 56 N 119 17 W 3 3 1 2 91 45 56 N 119 17 W 24 64 0 1 11 45 51 N 119 51 W 26 25 9 0 40 45 43 N 120 41 W 83 7 2 0 8 45 43 N 121 31 W 95 4 0 0 1 45 40 N 121 13 W 98 1 0 0 1 45 41 N 121 51 W 97 0 0 0 3
Bonneville
John Day
McNary
Ice Harbor
Lower Monumental
Lower Granite
Little Goose
Reservoir
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Washington Non-Indigenous Marine/Estuarine Species “Introduced” by Ballast Water
The biggiesCarcinus maenus
Crab, European green
Eriocheir sinensis
Crab, mitten
Styela clava
Tunicate, club (solitary)
Ciona savignyi
Tunicate, transparent (solitary)
Molgula manhattensis
Tunicate (solitary)
Botrylloides violaceus
Tunicate, chain (colonial)
Botryllus schlosseri
Tunicate, golden star (colonial)
Didemnum sp.
Tunicate (colonial)
Diadumene lineateAnemone, orange-stripe
Petricolaria pholadiformis Angelwing, false
Zoobotryon verticillatum Bryozoan, spaghetti
Neotrapezium liratum Clam, Japanese
Potamocorbula amurensisClam, Asian
Gemma gemmaClam, Atlantic gem
Mercenaria mercenaria Clam, Northern quahog
Mnemiopsis leidyiComb jelly, Leidy’s
Pseudodiaptomus inopinusCopepod
Rhithropanopeus harrisii Crab, Harris mud
Sabella spallanzaniiFan worm, Mediterranean
Tridentiger trigonocephalusGoby, chameleon goby
Orthione griffensisIsopod, Griffen’s (parasitic)
Maeotias inexspectata Jellyfish, Black Sea
Phyllorhiza punctata Jellyfish, spotted
Batallaria attramentariaMudsnail, Asian
Geukensia demissaMussel, Atlantic ribbed
Perna spp.Mussel, New Zealand green
Musculista senhousia Mussel, Japanese
Exopalaemon modestus Prawn, Siberian
Crepidula fornicata Snail, Atlantic slipper
Clathria proliferaSponge, red beard
Busycotypus canaliculatus Whelk, channeled
Nuttallia obscurataClam, purple varnish
Washington State Aquatic Nuisance Species Watch List (Invasive Species Council, August 2007)
The others
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What to do? Ballast water exchange.
Ship exchanges the water in its ballast tanks 50 to 200 nautical miles from coast
Empty-refill method
Flow through method2 to 3 times volume of water is flushed through ballast tank
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State of Washington Ballast Sampling
Sampling initiated 6 years ago by University of Washington
Later, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife began sampling; preserved zooplankton samples provided to UW
2 ship inspectors - Puget Sound and Columbia River
Sampling: 3 vertical plankton tows per sampled ballast tank73 µm mesh net
Zooplankton identified to lowest taxonomic level possible
Examined ballast samples from 246 ships, 2001 - 2005Accepted for publication, Aquatic Conservation
UW developing MS Access databaseQuicker analysis of data
Less errors in data entry
Today, preliminary 2006 - 2007 sample analysis, 172 ships
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Ballast water zooplankton samples per month2006 (n=76) and 2007 (n=96)
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Number of boardings by ship type (2006 - 2007)
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Number of boardings by source country (2006 - 2007)
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
11
59
36
07
34
56
86
32
28
10
54
71
04
38
24
96
42
17
21
32
22
24
17
92
00
75
26
12
63
12
11
92
24
32
34
12
22
51
13
02
38
69
12
81
10
23
92
25
10
61
40
24
51
41
10
02
30
21
91
07
20
91
08
11
76
62
42
11
18
93
67
87
11
14
11
21
02
95
25
22
35
22
92
26
21
11
67
13
31
29
11
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Sample #
% N
I +
Co
as
tal
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
NI +
Co
astal Org
anism
s per m
3
% NI + Coastal
Zooplankton per m3
% and abundance of NI + Coastal Organisms (2006 - 2007) (n=133, others in process)
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
62
12
4
67
68
25
4
63
26
2
24
7
25
7
21
7
21
3
76
25
6
75
21
6
26
1
26
3
12
1
10
3
20
3
12
2
24
8
23
8
96
69
25
9
13
4
72
26
4
22
5
26
0
98
21
2
21
9
20
9
70
77
66
97
24
2
89
90
74
71
12
9
Sample #
% N
I + C
oas
tal
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
NI +
Co
astal Org
anism
s per m
3
% NI + Coastal
Zooplankton per m3
% and abundance of NI + Coastal Organisms (2006 and 2007) - CA as BW source (n=45)
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All ships sampledEstimated # of Oithona davisae discharged per ship
Geometric mean 1.47E+05
Mean 1.35E+07
Standard Error 8.33E+06
Median 1.99E+05
Standard Deviation 6.40E+07
Minimum 0
Maximum 4.38E+08
Count 59
frequency of occurrence (2006 and 2007 samples) 47.4%
Ships with CA as BW sourceEstimated # of Oithona davisae discharged per ship
Geometric Mean 1.37E+05
Mean 2.66E+07
Standard Error 1.67E+07
Median 3.11E+05
Standard Deviation 9.01E+07
Minimum 0
Maximum 4.38E+08
Count 29
frequency of occurrence (2006 and 2007 samples) 73.3%
Oithona davisae Most commonly discharged non-indigenous
zooplankton from sampled vessels(2006 + 2007 data)
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Conclusions from Puget Sound Ship Sampling (Cordell et. al in press)
Despite Washington State regulations requiring oceanic exchange (OE), ships had high densities and/or percentages of NIS and/or coastal species.
Densities of both NIS and coastal taxa, and percentages of NIS were consistently and significantly higher from domestic trips; lower in samples from transpacific trips. Domestic trips dominated by tankers carrying ballast water from
California.
International trips dominated by container ships and bulk carriers with ballast from Japan, China, and South Korea.
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Comment 3Proposed discharged standard will challenge technologies and testing
protocols.
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Discharge Standards
Size of organisms
International Maritime
Organization (IMO)
Washington California Canada U.S. S.1578
> 50 µm < 10 m-3Kill or remove
95% zooplankton
No detectable living
organisms< 10 m-3 < 0.1 m-3
10 to 50 µm < 10 mL-1Kill or remove
95% phytoplankton
< 10-2 mL-1 < 10 mL-1 < 1 mL-1
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Public Health Microorganisms
Type of organism
International Maritime
Organization (IMO)
Washington California Canada U.S. S.1578
Toxigenic Vibrio
cholerae
1 CFU 100 mL-1, 1 CFU g-1 wet zooplankton
1 CFU 100 mL-1, 1 CFU
g-1 wet zooplankton
1 CFU 100 mL-1, 1 CFU
g-1 wet zooplankton
< 1 CFU 100 mL-1; <1 CFU g-1 zoological
sample
E. coli 250 CFU 100 mL-1
126 CFU 100 mL-1
250 CFU 100 mL-1
<126 CFU 100 mL-1
Intestinal enterococci
100 CFU 100 mL-1
33 CFU 100 mL-1
100 CFU 100 mL-1
< 33 CFU 100 mL-1
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Treatment Technologies
Chemical biocidesOzone
Sodium hypochlorite
Chlorine dioxide
PERACLEAN® Ocean (peroxyacetic acid)
SeaKleen® (menadione, vitamin K3)
Advanced oxidation methods
Size separationFiltration
Cyclonic separation
Physical methodsUltraviolet light
Deoxygenation
Electrolysis
Heat
Combinations of treatment
Red = UW work
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“Scale Up” Process
Shipboard or Testbed Experiments(100's of cubic meters)
Mescocosm Experiments(100's of liters)
Microcosm Experiments(milliliters to few liters)
Literature Review
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Comment 4Don’t scale-up a screw-up.
Comment 5Do your homework before you install a
treatment system on a ship.
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Upcoming Shipboard Tests
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Severn Trent De Nora BalPure Treatment System onboard the SeaRiver American Pride
STDN electrolytic sodium hypochlorite generatorNeutralization step before discharge
American Pride - tanker, petroleum product
Voyage: Port Everglades, FL (Miami) to Beaumont, TX
U.S. Coast Guard STEP
IMO - compatible tests (G8)3 replicate 1.1 m3 samples collected during each 1/3 of ballast uplift
3 replicate 1.1 m3 samples collected during each 1/3 of ballast discharge
Samples collected from control and treatment ballast tanks during voyage
3 biological tests in 6 monthsFebruary, May, August 2008
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Concluding Comments
Ballast water exchange, as currently practiced, is releasing large numbers of non-indigenous and/or coastal organisms in Puget Sound.
Many potential treatment technologies being considered.Limitations and positive attributes of each technology need to be
evaluated.
Different technologies may be applicable to different vessel classes.
Many treatment technologies appear better than ballast water exchange (e.g., concentration of discharged organisms)
Scientists and engineers must work together in not only finding environmental problems, but also in providing solutions.
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Funding Acknowledgements
National Sea Grant Program
U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Washington Sea Grant
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
IndustryBP Oil Transportation
Severn Trent De Nora
MARENCO Technology Group