1. water. o h h due to its polar structure when water freezes it traps oxygen thus making it less...
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1. Water
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O
H
H
Due to its polar structure when water freezes it traps oxygen thus making it less
dense and able to float
Water (H2O) is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
They are held together by polar bonds which give a slight + and – charge to opposite sides
Water is the universal solvent, meaning that most substances dissolve in it.
Water forms hydrogen bonds between molecules, with the force of attraction coming between opposite poles
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1. When the cells of most organisms freeze, they burst. Which property of
water causes this to occur?
• a. Water is a universal solvent
• b. Water changes temperatures rapidly
• c. Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid
• d. Water is a nonpolar molecule
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2. What characteristic of Part 1 of Structure A gives it the ability to attract
water molecules?
a. acidityb. conductivityc. densityd. polarity
Structure A
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2. Macromolecules
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Four Basic Macromolecules
ProteinsNucleic Acids
LipidsCarbohydrate
Make up sugars
Used for Energy
Used to create proteins
Glucose created in photosynthesis
Used in cellular respiration
Steroids, hormones, fats,
waxes
Make up cell membranes
Subunits:Fatty acids
Subunits:Nucleotides
Made of sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases
Adenine, Guanine, & Cytosine on both
DNA and RNA DNA: ThymineRNA: Uracil
Make up DNA & RNA
Subunits:Simple Sugars
Stores genetic info
Subunits:Amino Acids
Created in the ribosomes
Make up enzymes
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The major role of carbohydrates in the human diet is to
a. form cell membranes
b. catalyze cellular reactions
c. supply energy for the body
d. provide building blocks for proteins
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Which of these supply the main energy source used in cellular respiration?
a. Lipidsb. amino acidsc. nucleic acidsd. carbohydrates
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The cell wall of a plant helps the plant cell maintain its shape. What is the main structural
component of the cell wall of a plant?
a. Lipidb. Cellulosec. amino acidd. nucleic acid
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Which statement describes the major role of lipids within a
cell?
a. They cause DNA to replicateb. The move RNA in the cytoplasmc. The catalyze chemical reactions in the cell
cytoplasmd. The are the main structural components of
membranes
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A dog gets many nutrients from its food including amino acids.
Which of these can be built directly using the amino acids
a. Proteinsb. Carbohydratesc. Lipidsd. minerals
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Which of these are the repeating units that form a DNA
molecule?
a. fatty acidsb. Nucleotidesc. amino acidsd. chromosomes
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Cardinals are birds that spend the winter in Maryland. Many people feed them sunflower seeds during the winter
months. Some of the carbohydrates in the cardinal’s diet come from these
seeds. Describe:
- the building blocks of carbohydrates- how the sunflower produce carbohydrates
- how carbohydrates are used by living organisms
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• +1 building block of carbs are sugars• +1/2 identify photosynthesis as process
that produces carbs• +1/2 identify that sunlight is trapped by
chloroplasts to get initial energy• +1/2 oxygen and glucose (sugar) are the
waste products• +1/2 living organisms use cellular
respiration to create energy• +1/2 oxygen and glucose are broken down
to create ATP• +1/2 ATP used as energy
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3. Enzymes
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Reactants ProductsReaction
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Enzymes:
• A molecule that increases the speed of a biochemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to start a reaction
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Enzyme
SubstrateActive Site
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Environmental Effects on Enzyme Action
Temperature pHAmount of Substrate
Amount of Enzymes
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What molecules control the reaction rate of
photosynthesis?
a. Sugarsb. Enzymesc. Fatty acidsd. Nucleic acids
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Which of these most affected in the cells of goldfish when the
water temperature is lowered?
a. enzyme activityb. pH levelc. DNA base sequenced. Salt concentration
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The table below lists the enzymes that function in different locations in the human body, and
the normal pH and temperature ranges of these locations:
Location of Enzyme Enzyme pH Ranges of location Temperature (Celsius) ranges of location
Mouth Salivary amylase 6.0-7.0 36.7-37.0
Stomach Pepsin 2.0-3.0 37.3-37.6
Small Intestine Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase
7.5-9.0 37.3-37.6
- Use your understanding of the structure and function of enzymes to:
- Predict how the activity of pepsin will change after it moves from the stomach to the small intestine
- Explain your prediction using data from t he tableDescribe how change sin pH and temperature affect enzyme
activityPredict how a fever of 40 degrees Celsius would affect enzyme
activity
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• +1/2 pepsin activity will decrease as it moves from the stomach to the small intestine
• +1/2 this is due to an increase in pH• +1/2 data used from table• +1/2 enzymes work best at a certain pH• +1/2 enzymes work best at a certain
temperature• +1/2 extremes denature enzymes by distorting
active site• +1/2 identify that 40 degrees is above
temperature range of all listed enzymes• +1/2 all activity will slow due to temperature
increase
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4. Cells
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Organelle Buzz Word Function
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Ribosome
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Lysosome
Energy production
Control center
Protein Synthesis
Cell Transport /Diffusion/OsmosisMade of lipids
Protection & structure/made of celluloseTraps Sun/creates sugars
Storage
Cell Digestion
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Plant Cell:
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Animal Cell:
Lysosome
No Cell Wall
Eukaryotic
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Researchers have discovered a toxin that stops cells from releasing stored energy. Cells exposed to this toxin cannot carry out many of their
normal processes:Which of these cell organelles are
most directly affected by this toxin?
a. ribosomesb. chloroplastsc. mitochondriad. vacuoles
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The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and
the air occurs in the lungs. This exchange of gases takes place at the cellular level. What part of the
cell is primarily responsible for this exchange?
a. the cell membraneb. the nucleusc. the cell walld. the ribosome
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Which of these organelles in animal cells provide energy
for cell activities?
a. Mitochondriab. Chloroplastsc. Ribosomesd. nuclei
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Cyanide is a poison that prevents mitochondria from
using oxygen. As a result, the mitochondria cannot produce
a. Lipidsb. Sugarc. Mineralsd. energy
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Maryland white oak trees make their own food. Their cells
contain structures that capture energy from the sun. What are
these structures?
a. chloroplastsb. nucleic. mitochondriad. ribosomes
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In Eukaryotes, which of these organelles are used to make
sugars?
a. Flagellab. Ribosomesc. Mitochondriad. chloroplasts
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Which structure in a cell is used to release energy in the cell?
a. nucleusb. cell wallc. chrloroplastsd. mitochondrion
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5. Cell Transport
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Active Transport
Passive Transport
Endocytosis: large particles enter cell by means of a vesicle
Exocytosis: large particles leave the cell by means of a vesicle
Osmosis:Movement of water across the cell membrane
Diffusion:Movement of
particles from an area of
high concentration
to low concentration
- Requires energy
- Typically goes against concentration gradient
Transport particles & nutrients into and out of the cell
- Works with the concentration gradient
- Does not require energy
Ion Pump: A protein in
the cell membrane that pumps ions against
the gradient
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Which of these is the process by which water moves across a
selectively permeable membrane?
a. Osmosisb. Transpirationc. capillary actiond. active transport
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If the dialysis sac is permeable only to water and iodine, what
will the solutions in the beaker and the sac look like
after two hours?
a. The iodine solution in the beaker will turn blue-black; the starch solution will not change
b. The starch solution in the dialysis sac will turn blue-black; the iodine solution will not change.
c. Neither solution will turn blue-blackd. Both solution will turn blue-black
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Which of these processes is demonstrated by the
experiment shown in the diagram?
a. cellular respirationb. active transportc. endocytosisd. diffusion
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In an experiment, a group of students placed ten raisins in a container with 100 milliliters of water. They covered the container and let the raisins sit overnight. The students removed the raisins from the container and observed that they were larger. They also observed that the volume of water in the container had decreased.
What happened to the raisins to cause the raisins to become larger? In your response be sure to:
• name the process that caused the raisins to become larger
• describe how this process caused the raisins to become larger
• explain the role of this process in living systems
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• +1 identified osmosis as the process
• +1 defined the term osmosis
• +1/2 described there was a concentration difference inside and outside the membrane
• +1/2 mentions and explains passive transport
• +1 describes how water cross through cell membranes in order to maintain cell processes
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How do living systems control the movement of materials into and out of cells?
In your response be sure to:
• identify the cell structures and body systems involved
• describe the functions of the cell structures and body systems involved
• identify and describe the processes responsible for the movement of materials into and out of the cells
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• +1/2 identifies and describes active transport• +1/2 identifies and describes passive transport• +1/2 identifies the cell membrane as a semi-
permeable membrane that controls the flow of substances into and out of cell
• +1/2 identifies proteins on the cell membrane as a means of active transport
• +1 identifies osmosis and diffusion as passive transport and describe each
• +1 identifies ion pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis as active transport and describe each
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6. Body Systems
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Body Systems: Key Word(s): Role:
Endocrine Chemicals
Releases chemicals/hormones in order to direct life
functions
Skeletal StructureProtects and gives
structure to the body
Excretory Removal of wastesRemoves metabolic
wastes from the body
Nervous CommunicationSends signals from the
brain to other parts of the body
Circulatory Transport
Transports nutrients to all parts of the body
using vascular tissues
Respiratory Exchange of gases
Exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen
between the environment
Digestive AbsorptionAbsorbs nutrients from
food into the body
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Which body system produces chemicals that act at different
sites in the body:
a. the circulatory systemb. the endocrine systemc. the excretory systemd. the skeletal system
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In the human body, which of these systems transports
sugars to the cells where they are used:
a. Excretoryb. Respiratoryc. Circulatoryd. digestive
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Which of these is not a direct function of the skeletal system
a. blood circulationb. muscle attachmentc. support of the bodyd. protection of the organs
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What is the primary role of the endocrine system:
a. to produce chemicals that affect other parts of the body
b. to remove waste products from the bloodc. to defend the body against illness and infectiond. to coordinate movement of the body
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Which system in the frog produces chemicals that
regulate functions in different parts of its body
a. respiratory systemb. excretory systemc. endocrine systemd. circulatory system
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Which of these organ systems is responsible for the removal of
metabolic wastes from the blood
a. Endocrineb. Nervousc. Respiratoryd. excretory
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Which of these body systems transports glucose and other
substances in the blood to the cells of the body
a. digestive systemb. endocrine systemc. circulatory systemd. reproductive system
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7. Homeostasis
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Homeostasis: the maintenance of a constant internal
environment by making changes to the internal or external
environment
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Equilibrium: the state of homeostasis where all factors
are balanced or at optimal levels
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Maintaining Homeostasis:
Input:Change in
equilibrium
Influx of sugar into
system
Receptor/Sensor:
Detects the change
Body detects high blood
sugar
Control Center/Integr
ator:
Receives info from and
decides on the way to return to
equilibrium
Brain tells pancreas to
release insulin
Effector:
Change in body made in
order to return to
homeostasis
Pancreas releases insulin
Output:Return to
equilibrium
Body’s blood sugar level returns to
normal
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Which of these is an example of feedback in a biological
system?
a. the movement of salts from cells in the bloodstreamb. the release of insulin into the bloodstream when blood sugar
increasesc. the decrease in oxygen levels in the blood after vigorous
exercised. the use of energy when muscles contract
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Birds, mammals, and theropod dinosaurs can maintain a
constant body temperature. The ability to maintain a constant
body temperature. The ability to maintain a constant body
temperature is an example of
a. Respirationb. Homeostasisc. a reptilian traitd. an acquired trait
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Mammals are exposed to a variety of outside temperatures. However, they are able to maintain a constant internal body temperature.
Describe ways that mammals warm and cool themselves in response to their environment:
Include in your response• an example of a mammal and its environment• both body structures and activities they use• specific examples of both warming and
cooling
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• +1/2 named a mammal
• +1/2 named its environment
• +1 body structures identified (hair, fat deposits, muscles, etc.) that are used to maintain body temperature
• +1 warming activities identified (shivering, sitting in sun, feeding, seeking shelter)
• +1 cooling activities identified (sweating, seeking water, seeking shade)
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8. Photosynthesis
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LIGHT
CO2
Chlorophyll, a pigment in the
chloroplast absorbs sunlight energy
Oxygen is released as a waste product
Forms glucose
Used in cellular
respiration
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2)
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Light Intensity:• The rate of photosynthesis increases as light
intensity increases, till all the pigments reach saturation point, then it levels out
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Carbon Dioxide Concentration:• The rate of photosynthesis increases till all
the pigments reach their saturation point then level off
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Temperature:
• The rate of photosynthesis is optimal at a certain temperature, too extreme and it decreases
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A scientist wants to study photosynthesis in a newly
discovered species. Which of these cell structures should
the scientist study:
a. Vacuolesb. Chloroplastsc. Mitochondriad. ribosomes
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During photosynthesis, trees convert carbon dioxide and
other materials to:
a. Lipidsb. amino acidsc. nucleic acidsd. sugars
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In a recent experiment, scientists studied the effects of increased carbon dioxide levels on the growth of pine trees. The scientists observed that increases levels of carbon
dioxide resulted in a increase in the average circumference of the tree trunks. The change in circumference is a results
of process of:
a. Osmosisb. Adaptationc. Transpirationd. photosynthesis
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Elodea, a freshwater plant, releases gas bubbles when it is placed in direct light. In an investigation, a
student placed a lamp at different distances from an aquarium containing Elodea. The student
counted the number of bubbles produced by the Elodea plant.
What energy source is used by Elodea?
a. Heatb. Lightc. Oxygend. carbon dioxide
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The bubbles released by Elodea contain mostly?
a. oxygen b. carbon dioxidec. Nitrogend. water vapor
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The energy required for photosynthesis is provided
by:
a. Proteinsb. Sunlightc. Chlorophylld. carbohydrates
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9. Resp. vs. Chemo. Vs. Photo.
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Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Chemosynthesis
What is it?
Process by which sunlight
and carbon dioxide are
used to create glucose
Process by which oxygen
and glucose are used to create ATP (energy)
Process by which
organisms who live in harsh conditions
create their own food from inorganic chemicals
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Initial Energy Source
Sun GlucoseInorganic
Compounds
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Inputs (needs)
Carbon Dioxide &
Light & Water
Oxygen & Glucose
Inorganic Compounds
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Outputs (wastes)
Oxygen & Glucose
Carbon Dioxide X
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Where does it occur?
Chloroplasts Mitochondria Prokaryotes
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Types of organisms
PlantsPlants & animals
Bacteria
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Autotrophs or
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs Heterotrophs Autotrophs
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Which of these best describes the process of chemosynthesis
a. DNA molecules are formedb. Cell membranes are constructedc. Food is produced using energy from inorganic
compoundsd. Food is produced using energy from light
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One of the organelles in a cell releases energy from sugars. What is this process called?
a. Respirationb. Transpirationc. Photosynthesisd. chemosynthesis
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Compare the function of chloroplasts and mitochondria in a cell. In your response, include:
- the name of the process that occurs in each organelle
- the products of each process- the importance of each process
to the cell
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• +1/2 chloroplasts = photosynthesis
• +1/2 mitochondria = cellular respiration
• +1/2 define photosynthesis
• +1/2 define cellular respiration
• +1/2 products photo.= oxygen & glucose
• +1/2 products respire.= carbon dioxide
• +1/2 photosynthesis is important because it creates the sugars (food) necessary for autotrophs to survive
• +1/2 respiration is important because it is the energy producing processes used to create ATP for use during body functions
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10. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
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Homologous Chromosomes
• Pairs of the same chromosome
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Crossing Over
• Process by which alleles on homologous chromosomes are exchanged creating genetically unique combinations of genes
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Diploid Cells (2n)
• Cells with two sets of chromosomes (homologous), body cells
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Haploid Cells
• Cells with one set of chromosomes, gamete
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Sex Cells/Gametes
• Haploid cells with only one set of chromosomes
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Somatic/Body Cells
• Diploid cells that are all cells except sex cells
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Mitosis Meiosis
Purpose:To create genetically identical cells for the purpose of cell growth and
repair
To create genetically unique sex cells and reduce number of
chromosomes for sexual reproduction
Types of Cells Involved:
Body Cells Sex Cells
Beginning of Process: Diploid or
HaploidDiploid Diploid
End of Process:Diploid or Haploid
Diploid Haploid
Cells at End:Genetically
Identical or UniqueGenetically Identical Genetically Unique
Does crossing over occur:
No Yes
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Two homologous chromosomes During meiosis, when homologous pair
come together (one from mother and one from father), portions/genes are exchanged
Unique combinations of genes are created and thus passed onto offspring
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Each body cell in an earthworm contains 36 chromosomes.
How many chromosomes are in each of its gametes?
a. 18b. 36c. 54d. 72
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Which of these represents the number of chromosomes in
cells before and after the process of meiosis?
a. n nb. n 2nc. 2n nd. 2n 2n
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After an egg cell containing 16 chromosomes is fertilized, how
many chromosomes will be present in the zygote?
a. 8b. 16c. 32d. 64
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A sperm cell of a moth has 112 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the
moth’s wing cells?
a. 66b. 112c. 224d. 448
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Reproductive cells are produced during:
a. Mitosisb. Meiosisc. Fertilizationd. Budding
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Which of these is produced as a result of fertilization?
a. A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete
b. An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a zygote
c. A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as a zygote
d. A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a gamete
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Some coral cells undergo meiosis. Which of these would not occur during
meiosis?
a. Formation of a zygoteb. Chromosomes crossing-overc. Production of gametesd. Reduction in the number of chromosomes
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Which of these does not occur during meiosis?
a. Production of identical gametes
b. Production of new gene combinations
c. Crossing over of homologous chromosomes
d. Reduction of chromosome number by one-half
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Horses have 64 chromosomes in each body cell. If a horse cell
undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes should
be in each gamete?
a. 16b. 32c. 64d. 128
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One kind of chromosomal mutation can occur during meiosis when a pair of
chromosomes that carry genes for the same trait fail to separate. Which of these
represents the sex chromosomes of a male organism when this type of
chromosomal mutation has occurred?
a. XXYb. XXc. XYd. XXX
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11. DNA vs. RNA
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Nitrogen Bases
Sugar Phosphate Group
Nucleotide
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DNA:
Double Stranded
(double helix)
Thymine
Deoxyribose
Stores genetic info
RNA:
Single Stranded
Uracil
Ribose
Involved inprotein
synthesis
Both:
Nucleic Acids
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
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Type of RNA Purpose Location
mRNATranscribes DNA triplets and
transports it to ribosomeNucleus
Cytoplasm
tRNATranslates mRNA’s codons and affixes amino acids
Cytoplasm/Ribosome
rRNAMakes up the structural component of ribosomes
Ribosomes
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Look at the DNA Sequence: GAA TTC GCA. What do the G and
A represent in the DNA sequence?
a. Sugarsb. Amino acidsc. Phosphatesd. Nitrogen bases
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Which of these are the repeating units that form a DNA
molecules?
a. Fatty acidsb. Nucleotidesc. Amino acidsd. Chromosomes
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Which of these represents the structure of messenger RNA?
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Which of the following is correctly matched with its
function?
a. rRNA – contains codes to make new riobsomesb. DNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosomesc. tRNA – combines with proteins to make up
ribosomesd. mRNA – carries genetic codes from nucleus to the
ribosomes
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The genetic information for making a protein must move
from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of these
moves this information to the cytoplasm.
a. A ribosomeb. DNAc. RNAd. An amino acid
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Which of these is a
nucleotide:
a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4
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Which of these is a sugar:
a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4
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What is one role of transfer RNA in the cell?
a. Preparing the genes for messenger RNAb. Changing nitrogen bases into amino acidsc. Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosomed. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome
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12. Genetics
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Term What it Means Genotype
Dominant Trait A trait that is always expressed in a phenotype regardless of other alleles present
A
Recessive A trait that is only expressed in a phenotype if it is the only type of allele that is present
a
Homozygous A genotype in which all alleles are the same, whether they are dominant or recessive
AA or aa
Heterozygous A genotype in which alleles are different Aa
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Phenotype:
• The physical expression of ones genotype
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Genotype
• The combination of alleles and genes
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Cross Aa versus Aa:
A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
Genotype: AA:Aa:aa, 1:2:1, 25%:50%:25% Phenotype: n/a
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A cross between a tall plant (TT) and another tall plant
T T
T TT TT
t Tt Tt
Genotype: TT:Tt, 1:1, 50%:50%
Phenotype: Tall, 1, 100%
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A cross between a homozygous dominant person with Brown Eyes (B) and a homozygous recessive person with blue
eyes (b):B B
b Bb Bbb Bb Bb
Genotype: Bb, 1, 100%Phenotype: Brown, 1, 100%
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In humans, the trait for having a second toe that is longer than the big toe (T) is dominant; the trait for having a second toe that is shorter than the
big toe (t) is recessive. A family has eight children. Six children have second toes that are
longer than the big toe. Two children have second toes that are shorter than the big toe. What are
the most likely genotypes of the parents?
A. Tt and TtB. Tt and ttC. TT and ttD. TT and TT
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In one plant, the allele for long stems (L) is dominant; the allele for short stems (l) is recessive. The
scientists crossed a heterozygous, long-stemmed plant with a short-stemmed plant. Which of these
shows the expected results of this cross?
a. 50% long stemmed plants and 50% short stemmed plants
b. 75% long stemmed plants and 25% short stemmed plants
c. 100% long stemmed plants
d. 100% short stemmed plants
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A scientist crossed a tall pea plant with a short pea plant.
All of the four hundred offspring produced were tall pea plants. Which of these
explains these results?
a. The allele for tall pea plants is dominantb. The offspring are homozygous dominantc. The allele for short pea plants is dominantd. The offspring inherited a new mutation
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In humans, the allele for dimples (D) is dominant. The allele for not having dimples is recessive. A woman (DD) and a man (Dd) have four children.
Which of these is the predicted ratio of the children with dimples to
the children without dimples?
a. 1:0b. 1:1c. 1:3d. 3:1
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In humans, the allele for unattached earlobes (E) is dominant. The allele for attached earlobes (e) is
recessive. A woman who is heterozygous for this trait marries a man who has attached earlobes.
What is the probability that this couple’s child will have unattached earlobes?
a. 25%b. 50%c. 75%d. 100%
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The presence of absence of freckles is determined by one gene. The allele for freckles (F) is dominant and the allele for the absence of freckles (f) is
recessive. A couple has several children. All of the children have freckles because their parents’
genotypes can only produce children with freckles. Which of these are most likely the
genotypes of the two parents?
a. Ff and ffb. FF and ffc. Ff and Ffd. ff and ff
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In horses, the allele for straight hair (B) is dominant to the allele for curly hair (b). Which of these sets of
parents can produce offspring with curly hair?
a. A heterozygous male with straight hair and a homozygous female with straight hair
b. A homozygous male with curly hair and a homozygous female with straight hair
c. A heterozygous male with straight hair and a heterozygous female with straight hair
d. A homozygous male with straight hair and a homozygous female with straight hair
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Which of these combinations results in the expression of a
recessive trait?
a. Two dominant alleles
b. A dominant sex-linked allele and a Y chromosome
c. Two recessive alleles
d. A dominant allele and a recessive allele
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In humans, the allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L) and allele for short eyelashes is recessive (l). A female who is heterozygous for long eyelashes and a male with short eyelashes have a child. What is the probability that their offspring will
have short eyelashes?
a. 0%b. 25%c. 50%d. 75%
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In a species of fly, the allele for red eyes (R) is dominant to the allele for brown eyes (r). Red eye color in the flies is not sex-
linked. Students crossed male and female flies that had red eyes and recorded the eye color of their offspring. Their data is shown
below:
What are the most likely genotypes of the parent flies?
a. RR and rrb. Rr and Rrc. rr and rrd. RR and Rr
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Using the data in the table, what is the approximate ratio of red eyed offspring to brown eyed
offspring?
a. 1:1b. 2:1c. 3:1d. 4:1
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In guinea pigs, the allele for black fur (B) is dominant. The allele for brown fur (b) is recessive. Two guinea pigs were crossed as
shown in the Punnett square below. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the types of offspring produced from the cross.
What is the probability that an offspring from this cross would have brown fur?
a. 0%b. 25%c. 50%d. 75%
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Which of these describes the phenotypes of the parent
guinea pigs?
a. Both parents have black furb. Both parents have brown furc. One parent has black fur, and the other brown furd. One parent has a mixture of black and brown fur,
and the other has black fur
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A pair of laboratory mice are crossed to obtain offspring.
Three alleles found in the female gamete are ABC. Three alleles found in the male gamete are
Abc
a. AaBbCcb. AABBCCc. aabbccd. AABbCc
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One parent is homozygous dominant for brown hair (BB). The other
parent is heterozygous for brown (Bb). What is the probability that
the offspring will have brown hair?
a. 100%b. 75%c. 50%d. 25%
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13. Protein Synthesis
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Code Location
Triplet DNA
Codon mRNA
Anti-Codon tRNA
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Molecule Role Location
DNA Store the genetic code nucleus
mRNA“transcribe” the genetic
codeNucleus/
cytoplasm
tRNA“translate” the genetic code and carrying and
bond amino acids togetherribosome
rRNAForm ribosomes and bind
together amino acidsRibosome
EnzymesSplit open the DNA so it
can be copiedNucleus
Amino acids
Bind together to form proteins
Cytoplasm
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Amino Acid
Ribosomes
Protein
tRNA
mRNA
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DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
tRNA
Amino Acids
Ribosome
mRNA
protein
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DNA mRNA tRNA
A U A
C G C
T A U
G C G
G C G
A U A
T A U
C G C
T A U
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Which RNA sequence is produced using the DNA
sequence AGC-TAC-ACT?
a. UCG-AUG-UGAb. UCG-UAC-ACUc. TCG-ATG-TGAd. AGC-UAC-ACU
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According to the diagram, in
which step is messenger RNA being
constructed?
a. Ib. IIc. IIId.IV
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Which step involves transfer RNA?
a. Ib. IIc. IIId.IV
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Which step involves
ribosomes?
a. Ib. IIc. IIId.IV
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Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells. The DNA code for hemoglobin contains the following
segment:TGC-GGA-CTC-CTC
Which of these is the messenger RNA code for this segment of DNA?
a. ACG-CCT-GAA-GAAb. TCC-GGT-CTC-CTCc. ACG-CCU-GAG-GAGd. UGC-GGA-CUC-CUC
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Which of the following is correctly matched with its
function?
a. rRNA – contains codes to make new ribosomes
b. DNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes
c. tRNA – combines with proteins to make up ribosomes
d. mRNA – carries genetic codes from nucleus to the ribosomes
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Which of these statements best explains how genes and
proteins are related?
a. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins
b. Proteins are segments of DNA that code for genes
c. Genes are the building blocks of proteins
d. Proteins are the building blocks of genes
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A strand of DNA has a nucleotide base sequence TAC-CGG-
AGT. Which of the following is the complementary mRNA sequence produced from the
strand of DNA?
a. UAC-CGG-AGUb. ACU-GAA-CGAc. AGU-UCC-UACd. AUG-GCC-UCA
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The genetic information for making a protein must move
from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of these
moves this information to the cytoplasm?
a. A ribosomeb. DNAc. RNAd. An amino acid
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Structure 2 in the diagram represents
a:
a. Ribosomeb. Mitochondriac. Proteind. Chloroplasts
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The process in the diagram
occurs in the
a. Nucleus
b. Cytoplasm
c. Vacuole
d. Chromosome
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Structure 1 is produced in what part of
the cell?
a. Vacuole
b. Cytoplasm
c. Mitochondria
d. Nucleus
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A cellular process uses a strand of genetic material to produce a new
strand. Parts of the strands are shown below:
Original Strand: ATT CAGNew Strand: UAA GUCThis new strand will most likely
be used for:
a. gene splicingb. DNA synthesisc. Crossing-overd. Protein Synthesis
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What is one role of transfer RNA in the cell?
a. Preparing the genes for messenger RNA
b. Changing nitrogen bases into amino acids
c. Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosomes
d. Carrying amino acids to the ribosomes
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Reproduction
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Result of meiosis
Genetically unique offspring
Requires two parents
Creates genetic variety
Result of mitosis
Genetically Identical offspring
One parent
No genetic variety
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Asexual Reproduction
TypeDescription
Budding
When a clone of the organism develops on the side of it then breaks off
when fully devleoped
Binary FissionA single cell is replicated
and splits itself
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Fertilization – When two gametes come together to form a zygote
Zygote - A growing cell that is the result of the gametes coming together
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Streptococcus is a type of bacteria that causes strep throat in humans. Which of
these is the type of reproduction used by
Streptococcus?
a. Binary fissionb. Meiosisc. Crossing-overd. Budding
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Cholera bacteria perform binary fission to
a. Reproduce asexuallyb. Digest food rapidlyc. Regulate temperatured. Increase body size
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Which of these is produced as a result of fertilization:
a. A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as a gameteb. An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a zygotec. A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as a zygoted. A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a gamete
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A student observes a unicellular organism under a microscope. After a while, the organism begins to split
into two cells, as shown in the diagram.
Which of these best describes the process shown in the diagram?
a. binary fissionb. Meiosisc. Osmosisd. sexual reproduction
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Sea stars are genetically different from each other and
from their parents. These genetic differences are the
result of:
a. Mitosisb. Cloningc. Sexual reproductiond. Asexual reproduction
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What is formed when a male gamete combines with a
female gamete?
a. Zygoteb. Eggc. Spermd. Chromosome
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Apomixes is a type of asexual reproduction in which adult plants grown directly from egg cells. Which of these
does not occur during apomixes?
a. Mitosisb. Translationc. Fertilizationd. Transcription
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Mutations
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Mutation
• A mutation is a change in the gene sequence in the DNA and is passed on through generations
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Caused by:
a) DNA nucleotide sequence is not copied properly
b) Chromosomes do not completely separate during meiosis
c) Extra or additional chromosomes are passed on
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During cell replication, an error may result in a base pair
substitution. Which of these terms describes the change
in base pair sequence?
a) Cloningb) Meiosisc) Mutationd) Translation
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Which of these describes a mutation that can be
inherited?
a) Random breakage in a liver cell’s DNA
b) Abnormal lung cells produced by toxins in smoke
c) A nitrogen base substitution in a gamete cell
d) Ultraviolet radiation damage to skin cells
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A rare disorder is caused by changes in a gene. Parents of individuals with the disorder
have only normal copies of the gene. Which of these most likely
caused this disorder?
a) Mitosisb) Gene splicingc) Mutationd) Natural Selection
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Which of these results when one nitrogen base replaces another in a segment of
genetic material
a. An enzyme substrateb. A mutationc. A feedback loopd. An adaptation
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Normal thymine is found in the old strand. It is replaced by an abnormal molecule (T*) in the
new strand. The abnormal molecule binds to guanine
instead of binding to adenine. This is an example of:
a. An adaptationb. Protein synthesisc. A mutationd. Binary fission
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Evolution
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Natural Selection:The process of change by which
new species develop from preexisting species over time
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Overproduction
Every species tends to produce more individuals than can survive to maturity
Variation The individuals of a population have many characteristics that differ
Selection Some individuals survive longer and reproduce more because their traits are more advantageous
Adaptation
The traits of those individuals that survive and reproduce will become more common in a population
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Evidence for
Evolution Notes
Fossil Record
DNA Similariti
es
Comparative Anatomy
Embryology
Biogeography
By comparing fossils from the past and bones of living things patterns of gradual change can be seen
Similarities in embryo structures can be seen in the early development stages of many organisms
Similar environmental conditions have led to similar development of adaptations Similarities in the
genetic code of DNA suggest a common ancestry
Similar structures can suggest a common lineage
Homologous Structures
Analogous Structures
Structures with a similar function but different structures
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Mammals living in extremely cold climates typically have thick fur and a layer of fat that insulate them from the cold. Which of
these terms best describes these characteristics:
a. Translationsb. Alterationsc. Adaptationsd. Recombination
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Rabbits that live in warm climates have larger ears than rabbits that live in cold climates. Larger ears allow rabbits to cool themselves by releasing body heat. Which
term describes this characteristic?
a. Alterationb. Mutationc. Adaptationd. Recombination
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The mole rat is an animals that avoid predators by living underground. Its long
claws and teeth allow it to dig deep holes. Scientists believe the ancestors of the mole rat lived above ground and had
shorter claws and teeth. Which of these processes results in the
long claws and teeth found in the modern mole rat?
a. natural selectionb. selective breedingc. genetic engineeringd. asexual reproduction
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Rafflesia flowers produce the smell of rotting flesh. This smell attracts
flies. When the flies land on the flowers, the pollen attaches to them. The flies then transport the pollen to
other flowers. Producing a smell to attract flies is
an example of:
a. Parasitismb. Adaptationc. Replicationd. predation
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Loggerhead turtles in the Atlantic Ocean return to lay their eggs on the same beaches where they hatched.
Scientists have observed that the turtles have a “compass sense”. This sense allows them to use Earth’s magnetic field to find their way back to the
beaches where they were hatched. Which of these terms best describes the turtle’s ability
to use Earth’s magnetic field?
a. Diversityb. Habitatc. Successiond. adaptation
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South American honeybees are resistant to the mites. Scientists believe that the North American
honeybees may also become resistant to the mites in another ten years. Which of these processes will
cause the honeybee population to become resistant to the mites?
a. natural selectionb. Chemosynthesisc. aerobic respirationd. succession
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Students used the three organisms shown below to study evolutionary relationships .
Which of these structures are the best evidence of an evolutionary relationship?
a. bat wing and bee wingb. bat lower jaw and whale lower jawc. whale flipper and bee wingd. bat wing and whale flipper
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Researchers are studying slider turtles. Slider turtles hatch on the beach. The researchers discovered that larger baby turtles are more
likely to survive than smaller baby turtles. They hypothesized that the larger turtles could move more quickly toward the water than the smaller
turtle, reducing their exposure to predators. The survival advantage for the larger baby
turtles is a result of:
a. natural selectionb. gene splicingc. Mutualismd. commensalim
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Amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on land. The ancestors of amphibians were probably lobe-finned fish. The
diagram below shows this development of amphibians over time. Which of these terms best describes how amphibians could have
developed from lobe-finned fish
a. Selective breedingb. Cloningc. Migrationd. Natural selection
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The figure below shows the skeletal structure of the seal’s flipper and a monkey’s arm.
a. Migrationb. Genetic engineeringc. Successiond. Natural selection
The skeletal structures of the flipper and the arm are similar even though they have different functions. Seals use their flippers for
swimming, while monkeys use their arms primarily for grasping and lifting.
The seal’s flipper and the monkey’s arm differ in appearance. This difference is the result of:
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Which of these explains why the skeletal structures of the
seal’s flipper and the monkey’s arm are similar?
a. Seals and monkeys have a common ancestorb. Seals and monkeys have identical DNA
sequences.c. All of the same genetic mutations occurred in
seals and monkeysd. All of the same vitamins used for bone
formation in seals and monkeys
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The ears of foxes help to regulate body heat. The fennec fox lives in the North African desert and has
large ears that release body heat. The arctic fox lives in cold climates and has small earls that conserve body
heat.
Which of these processes led to the development of ear sizes in foxes?
a. Selective breedingb. Successionc. Natural selectiond. Mutualism
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Male fiddler crabs attract females by quickly waving their large front claw. If a claw is lost in a fight or
accident, they quickly grow a hollow claw of equal length. Because the new claw is lighter, they can wave
it faster. A male fiddler crab is shown below.
The male fiddler crab’s new claw can be described as
a. A cloneb. A genotypec. An adaptationd. A dominant trait
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The new claw probably helps the male fiddler crab to
a. Successfully reproduceb. Maintain homeostasisc. Fight more successfullyd. Evolve into a new species
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The skull of a modern bird, the herring gull, is shown below:
Which of the vertebrate skulls shown below is probably most closely related to modern birds?
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An insecticide is a chemical that kills insects. Most insects are killed the first time they are exposed to an insecticide. However, some insects carry a gene that enables them to survive their first exposure to an insecticide. When these surviving insects
reproduce, This gene may be inherited by their offspring. The number of insecticide resistant insects usually increases over time because increasing numbers of offspring are able to survive and
reproduce.
Which process enables increasing numbers of insects to survive their initial exposure to an insecticide?
a. Cloningb. Mutationc. Natural selectiond. Genetic engineering
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Ecology
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Abiotic Factor
• A non-living factor that affects the environment
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Biotic Factor
• A living factor that affects the environment
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Predation When one organism (predator) hunts and eats another organism (prey)
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one benefits and the other is unharmed and does not benefit
Mutualism A relationship between two organism s in which both organisms benefit
Parasitism A relationship between two organism in which one is harmed and the other benefits.
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Producer
Consumer
Consumer
Consumer
Consumer
ConsumerConsumer
Consumer
Consumer
Herbivore
Herbivore
Herbivore
Omnivore
Carnivore
Carnivore
Carnivore
Parasite
MOST ENERGY
LEAST ENERGY
TROPHIC LEVEL
TROPHIC LEVEL
TROPHIC LEVEL
TROPHIC LEVEL
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1. Which of these is an example of mutualism?
A. a dragonfly eating beetlesB. algae and fungi providing food and shelter for each
otherC. a wasp laying its eggs inside a caterpillarD. a woodpecker drilling for insects in the bark of a tree
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2. Which of these describes the role of algae and cacti in an
ecosystem?
a. herbivoreb. omnivorec. decomposerd. producer
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3. In addition to eating fish eggs, the arctic grayling also eats
insects and small fish. What is the ecological role of the arctic
grayling?
a. herbivoreb. decomposerc. omnivored. carnivore
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4. Which of these shows how energy is usually transferred in a
food chain?
a. herbivore producer carnivoreb. producer carnivore herbivorec. carnivore herbivore producerd. producer herbivore carnivore
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Aphids are insects that feed on fluids from the stems of plants. After the aphids ingest the
plant fluids they excrete a liquid called honeydew.
5. Ladybugs eat aphids, which are a source of protein for the ladybugs. Which of these terms
best describes the relationship between the ladybugs and the aphids?
a. mutualismb. parasite-hostc. predator-preyd. commensalim
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6. Some species of ants protect aphids from predators. The ants
benefit by feeding on the honeydew produced by the aphids. Which of
these terms best describes the relationship between the aphids and
the ants?
a. mutualismb. parasite-hostc. predator-preyd. commensalisms
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7. The scientists discovered a species of fish that eats other
fish and decaying matter. Which of these does not describe the
newly discovered fish?
a. consumerb. predatorc. scavengerd. producer
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8. Which of these describes the relationship between cholera
bacteria and copepods?
a. mutualismb. parasite-hostc. commensalismsd. producer-consumer
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9. Which of these is an abiotic factor that influences this
ecosystem?
a. foodb. bacteriac. water temperatured. giant tubeworms
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10. Which of these describes the role of the vole in the
Yellowstone ecosystem.
a. decomposerb. producerc. herbivored. carnivore
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11. Striped fish are affected by biotic and abiotic factors in their
environment. Which of these factors is biotic?
a. water temperatureb. mineral nutrientsc. freshwater algaed. inorganic sediments
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12. Reef-building coral are marine animals with single celled algae living in their tissues. The coral
provided protection for the algae and the algae provides food for the coral. Which of these statements
best explains what would happen to the coral if the algae die?
a. The coral would grow well because it does not have a competitorb. The coral would die because it needs the food produced by the
algaec. The coral would grow well because it does not have a parasited. The coral would die because it cannot produce food for the algae
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13. Algae leave the coral when the water is too warm. What kind of factor is temperature on this
relationships?
a. bioticb. abioticc. parasited. commensalistic
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14. The deer tick feeds on the blood of the red squirrel, deer,
and deer mouse. Which of these best describes the role of the
deer tick in the forest food web?
a. parasiteb. producerc. carnivored. omnivore
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15. When gypsy moth catapillars hatch which of these populations
benefits first?
a. red oakb. deer tickc. blue jayd. carpenter ant
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16. Which of these describes the role of the red oak in the forest
food web?
a. omnivoreb. parasitec. herbivored. producer
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17. Which term best describes the ecological relationship
between hummingbirds and insects?
a. mutualismb. parasite-hostc. predator-preyd. commensalism
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18. Which of these best describes the effects of human
disturbance on the black skimmer’s eggs?
a. a biotic factorb. an allelec. a niched. an abiotic factor
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19. Which of these terms best describes the relationship
between the crows and the black skimmers?
a. mutualismb. commensalismsc. parasite-hostd. predator-prey
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20. A continued decrease in black skimmer populations will
most likely lead to:
a. a decrease in scavenger populationb. an increase in producer populationsc. a decrease in decomposer populationsd. an increase in prey animal populations
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21. Snakes and lizards come to the bromelids to feed on frogs
and their eggs. Their relationship between the snakes and lizards and frogs can best be described
as:
a. mutualismb. parasite-hostc. predator-preyd.commensalism
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22. Which of these types of organisms break down dead
organic matter in the rain forest?
a. producersb. predatorsc. herbivoresd. decomposers
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23. Which of these best describes the wide variety of
plant and animal species in the rain forest?
a. nicheb. diversityc. commensalismsd. mutualism
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24. A protozoan lives inside a rat and takes its nourishment from the rat’s body. Because the
protozoan damages the rat’s brain, the rat loses its fear of cats. A cat attacks an infected rat; the protozoan enters the cat’s body and
completes its life cycle. Which of these describes the relationship between the
protozoans and the cat?
a. commensalismsb. parasite-hostc. mutualismd. predator-prey