1 weather data from commercial aircraft (aka amdar, mdcrs, acars. tamdar) october 24, 2008 david...
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Weather Data from Commercial Aircraft
(aka AMDAR, MDCRS, ACARS. TAMDAR)
October 24, 2008
David [email protected]
NOAA/NWS
Office of Science and Technology
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Why NOAA Observes the Atmosphere?Why NOAA Observes the Atmosphere?Current verses Objective Resolution RequirementsCurrent verses Objective Resolution Requirements
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Reference: Schlatter, et al, 2005: A Phenomenological Approach to the Specification of Observational Requirements
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Current
Objective Req.
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Integrated Upper-Air Integrated Upper-Air Observing System (IUOS)Observing System (IUOS)
IUOS characteristics – Future IUOS will be:• Adaptable, extensible, stable, continuous, and quality assured
• Cost-effective – avoid unnecessary duplication
• Serving multi-purposes - including driving Earth-system models
Final Operating Capability: • “Optimal” mix of
NOAA and non-NOAA observation platforms including both in situ and remote sensors
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First Weather Bureau and First Weather Bureau and Regional Airline CollaborationRegional Airline Collaboration
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What is AMDAR?What is AMDAR?
Aircraft Meteorological DAat and Reporting (AMDAR):
• An international effort within the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to coordinate the collection o f environmental observations from commercial aircraft
U.S. AMDAR - Meteorological Data Collection and Reporting System (MDCRS):
• A private/public partnership established in early 1980’s to facilitate the collection of atmospheric measurements from commercial aircraft to improve aviation safety
– Communications: ARINC and SITA air-to-ground network
– Sensors: TAT Probe for temperature and PTOT Tube for wind; WVSS is GFE
– On-board Data Processing: Aircraft avionics software (Honeywell, etc)
AirDat, LLC - Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR)
• A private company established in 2002 from a NASA Langley CRIDA for GA Safety. AirDat is a for profit company that sells weather data to the Wx Enterprise and air-to-ground communications and services to the air carriers
– Communications: Satellite through Iridium
– Sensors: Turn-key suite – temperature, RH, winds, EDR, LED icing
– On-Board Data Processing: Embedded in TAMDAR probe
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U.S. AMDAR (MDCRS)U.S. AMDAR (MDCRS)
Participants:
• American, Delta, FedEx, Northwest, Southwest, United, United Parcel Service
• NOAA and FAA
• 1,500 participating aircraft, mostly Boeing and Airbus
CONUS: 150,000 Observations per Day
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24hrs AMDAR Data Collection:24hrs AMDAR Data Collection:Southwest U.S.Southwest U.S.
Wk Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
Phoenix (PHX) 152 11 18 29 25 30 21 18
Tucson (TUS) 32 1 0 6 7 6 7 5
32 1 0 6 7 6 7 5
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TAMDARTAMDAR
Participants:
• Mesaba, PenAir, Horizon, Republic, Chautauqua, Shuttle America
• AirDat, LLC
• 250 Aircraft – Saab 340, ERJ, CRJ
30,000 Observations per Day
25 50 75
10
20
30
40
50
100 125255075100125
290 mph 600 mph
DescentAscent
+5min
+10min
+22min
Aircraft Climb Rate: ~1.5kft/min Aircraft Descent Rate: ~1.0kft/min
-28min
-20min
-10min+10min
+20min
+30min
+50min
+40min
Avg Wind: 60 Kts
600 mphAircraft Speed
Kft
Balloon Climb Rate: ~1.0kft/min
Distance (NM) Distance (NM)
AMDAR Data Collection:AMDAR Data Collection:Comparison to RadiosondeComparison to Radiosonde
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AMDAR Data Collection:AMDAR Data Collection:Sampling FrequencySampling Frequency
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AMDAR Data Collection:AMDAR Data Collection:Ascent/Descent Sampling FrequencyAscent/Descent Sampling Frequency
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AMDAR Data Collection:AMDAR Data Collection:En Route Sampling FrequencyEn Route Sampling Frequency
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NWS Forecast Office NWS Forecast Office ApplicationsApplications
Data Comparison (Radiosonde, Radar, Profilers)
Marine (Wind and Wave Forecasts)
Fire Weather (Haines Index, Mixing Heights)
High Wind Events (Santa Ana, Front Range, Synoptic)
Aviation (Ceiling, Visibility, LLWS)
Winter (Precipitation Type, Lake Effect Snow)
Convective Storms (Watch and Warning Decisions)
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Data ComparisonData Comparison
Wind Profilers
Commercial aircraft
GOES and POES Satellites
Wind Estimates from Doppler Radar
Radiosondes Numerical models
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High WindsHigh Winds
Schematic of Santa Ana winds in southern California
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High WindsHigh Winds
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSIONNWS SAN DIEGO CA1120 PM PST FRI DEC 22 2006
.DISCUSSION... UPDATE TO UPGRADE THE WIND ADVISORY FOR THE INLAND EMPIRE AND THE SANTA ANA MOUNTAINS AND FOOTHILLS TO A HIGH WIND WARNING THROUGH EARLY AFTERNOON SATURDAY. RECENT ACARS SOUNDINGS FROM ONTARIO SHOW A VERY IMPRESSIVE SUBSIDENCE INVERSION NEAR 700 MB FAVORABLE FOR MOUNTAIN WAVE DEVELOPMENT AS WELL AS AN OVERALL STRONG WIND FIELD BELOW 700 MB WITH WINDS UP TO 50 KNOTS OR SO. WINDS IN THE WINDIER LOCATIONS...BELOW THE CAJON PASS AND NEAR FREMONT CANYON HAVE GUSTED TO AROUND 60 MPH IN THE PAST HOUR.
Santa Ana
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High Winds High Winds
AMDAR sounding at 0411 UTC December 23, 2006 from Ontario,California showing mountain top inversion and strong wind field.
Santa Ana
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RAIN
KSDF 151843Z 06015KT 2 1/2SM RA BR OVC013 01/M01 A3001 RMK AO2 RAB30
Winter Precip @ SDF Winter Precip @ SDF
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METAR KSDF 160156Z 05009G17KT 5SM -PL BR OVC020 M01/M04 A3009 RMK AO2 FZDZE55PLB55 SLP192 P0001 T10111039 =
FZRA, FZDZ, PL
Winter Precip @ SDF Winter Precip @ SDF
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KSDF 160556Z 04009KT 4SM -PL BR OVC018 M03/M04 A3006=
KSDF 160456Z 04010KT 6SM -PL BR OVC020 M02/M04 A3007=
ICE PELLETS
Winter Precip @ SDF Winter Precip @ SDF
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AMDAR Future: AMDAR Future: Building on our SuccessBuilding on our Success
• AMDAR/Water Vapor Sensor System (WVSS II)
• 2005: 25 sensors installed on UPS B-757• 2008-2009: Re-engineered WVSSII to be installed on 31 SWA and 25 UPS
• TAMDAR:• Since 2004: 250 sensors installed on various aircraft• AirDat is completing its adding the TAMDAR sensor to 450 aircraft in 2009
Adding Water Vapor to Data Collection:
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AMDAR Links:AMDAR Flyer
http://www.wmo.ch/web/aom/amprog/Publications/Final%20Production%20AMDAR%20Flyer.pdf
U.S. AMDAR Page
http://amdar.noaa.gov/
Automated Meteorological Reports from Commercial Aircraft by Bill Moninger, Rich Mamrosh, and Pat Pauley (2003). Published in the February, 2003 issue of the Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 84, 203-216. http://amdar.noaa.gov/docs/bams/
Optimization Requirements Document for the Meteorological Data Collection and Reporting System / Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay System, 2006, submitted to NOAA by ARINC.
http://amdar.noaa.gov/docs/ARINC_Optimization_%20Req_March2006.pdf
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Comments???
David Helms301-713-3557 x193
NOAA/NWS
Office of Science and Technology
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Observation Accuracies Observation Accuracies – Temperature and Wind Speed -– Temperature and Wind Speed -
More discussions of observed data quality
will follow Comparison of AMDAR and GPS radiosonde winds
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Avg # Reports per 6hr Cycle (+/- 3 hr window)
per Layer
Co
un
t b
y P
ress
ure
Lay
er (
mb
)Temperature Observation Counts
North American Domain (20-70 North, 60-140 West)January 2006
2500 Aircraft Obs vs. 200 Radiosonde Obs per Layer
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Avg # Reports per 6hr Cycle (+/- 3 hr window)
per Layer
Co
un
t b
y P
ress
ure
Lay
er (
mb
)Wind Observation Counts
North American Domain (20-70 North, 60-140 West)January 2006
2500 Aircraft Obs vs. 200 Radiosonde Obs per Layer
Max Count = VAD Winds
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Avg # Reports per 6hr Cycle (+/- 3 hr window)
per Layer
Co
un
t b
y P
ress
ure
Lay
er (
mb
)Relative Humidity Observation Counts
North American Domain (20-70 North, 60-140 West)January 2006
300 Aircraft Obs vs. 170 Radiosonde Obs per Layer
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AMDAR Data Collection: AMDAR Data Collection: Sometimes too much data??Sometimes too much data??
Numbers indicate average number of ascent/descent soundings per day
during the week of April 10, 2005
157
100
208
64
96
DAL: 31DFW: 23AFW: 10
64
135
53 20
151
18
131
LAX:120SAN: 24ONT: 23BUR: 3
170
54SFO: 78OAK: 39SMF: 10MHR: 7SJC: 7FAT: 1
142
JFK: 64EWR: 39LGA: 32
135
43
15
22
24
35
31
6
7
13
13
10
10
175
64
714
5
518
22
8
2
88
13
7
8
5
91
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Average Daily MDCRS Aircraft Soundings(Ascents and Descents)
2615
13
13
9
9
9
7
7
7
5
5
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
6
142
3170
1
4
29MDCRS Data: Surface to 15K ft MDCRS Data: 15Kft to 40K ft
Most Observations Above 25K ft
Most Ascents/DescentsIn the Midwest and
East and West Coasts
AMDAR Data Collection:AMDAR Data Collection:Spatial CoverageSpatial Coverage
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Weekly Data Availability Varies by 40%
Daily Data AvailabilityVaries by 60%
AMDAR Data Collection:AMDAR Data Collection:Temporal CoverageTemporal Coverage