1. What do we call the thin 1. What do we call the thin layer of gasses that layer of gasses that surround the earth?surround the earth?

AtmosphereAtmosphere

2. List the 3 main gasses that make 2. List the 3 main gasses that make up most of the atmosphere along up most of the atmosphere along

with their percentages. with their percentages.

1. Oxygen 21%1. Oxygen 21% 2. Carbon Dioxide 1%2. Carbon Dioxide 1% 3. Nitrogen 78%3. Nitrogen 78%

3. Of the 3 gasses listed above, 3. Of the 3 gasses listed above, which 2 are the most important which 2 are the most important

for organisms? Why?for organisms? Why?

The most important substances for The most important substances for organisms are oxygen and carbon organisms are oxygen and carbon dioxide. dioxide.

Oxygen is necessary for cellular Oxygen is necessary for cellular respirationrespiration

Carbon dioxide is necessary for Carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

4. What does Earth’s atmosphere 4. What does Earth’s atmosphere protect us from?protect us from?

sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiationsun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation

5. Why is it important that Earth’s 5. Why is it important that Earth’s atmosphere lets visible light in?atmosphere lets visible light in?

It supplies energy and making It supplies energy and making photosynthesis possible.photosynthesis possible.

6. Why is it important the Earth’s 6. Why is it important the Earth’s atmosphere reflects some atmosphere reflects some

ultraviolet radiation back to the ultraviolet radiation back to the Earth’s surface?Earth’s surface?

warms the planet.warms the planet.

7. The early atmosphere of the 7. The early atmosphere of the earth contained no free oxygen. earth contained no free oxygen.

1 billion years ago what 1 billion years ago what process began that provided process began that provided

Earth’s atmosphere with Earth’s atmosphere with oxygen? oxygen?

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

8. What was the first sign of life on 8. What was the first sign of life on earth?earth?

blue-green algaeblue-green algae

9. This is the process of making 9. This is the process of making food from water and carbon food from water and carbon

dioxide using sunlight for dioxide using sunlight for energy. Its byproduct is oxygen.energy. Its byproduct is oxygen.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

10. Using this process organisms 10. Using this process organisms break down food molecules and break down food molecules and carbon dioxide is releasedcarbon dioxide is released into into

the atmosphere.the atmosphere.

Cellular respirationCellular respiration

11. What 2 processes keep the 11. What 2 processes keep the amount of carbon dioxide and amount of carbon dioxide and

oxygen in the atmosphere oxygen in the atmosphere balanced? balanced?

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Cellular respirationCellular respiration

12. List the 5 layers of the 12. List the 5 layers of the atmosphere in order from the atmosphere in order from the

surface of the Earth to outer space. surface of the Earth to outer space.

1. troposphere1. troposphere 2. stratosphere2. stratosphere 3. Mesosphere3. Mesosphere 4. Thermosphere4. Thermosphere 5. exosphere5. exosphere

13. Below are characteristics of the 13. Below are characteristics of the Earth’s atmosphere. In which Earth’s atmosphere. In which of the layers listed above does of the layers listed above does

each characteristic belong?each characteristic belong? When you are in this layer you are half When you are in this layer you are half

way to the moon way to the moon ExosphereExosphere Contains nearly all of the water vapor Contains nearly all of the water vapor

and dust particles in the atmosphere.and dust particles in the atmosphere. Troposphere Troposphere

contains the ozone layer contains the ozone layer stratospherestratosphere Winds blow, but without swirling Winds blow, but without swirling

turbulence. turbulence. stratospherestratosphere

Most meteors from space burn up in this layer Most meteors from space burn up in this layer mesospheremesosphere Because of solar activity, Temperatures climb Because of solar activity, Temperatures climb

sharply in the lower portion of this layer, then sharply in the lower portion of this layer, then level off and hold fairly steady with increasing level off and hold fairly steady with increasing altitude above that height.altitude above that height.

Thermosphere Thermosphere It contains nearly all of the earth’s gases. It contains nearly all of the earth’s gases. Troposphere Troposphere Temperatures decrease with altitude giving this Temperatures decrease with altitude giving this

layer the coldest temperature in the atmosphere.layer the coldest temperature in the atmosphere. Mesosphere Mesosphere

Much of the x-ray radiation from the sun Much of the x-ray radiation from the sun is absorbed here. is absorbed here.

thermospherethermosphere Atoms and molecules escape into space Atoms and molecules escape into space exosphereexosphere This is the layer in which most weather This is the layer in which most weather

occurs as air currents flow and swirl occurs as air currents flow and swirl tropospheretroposphere The aurora (the Southern and Northern The aurora (the Southern and Northern

Lights) primarily occur in this layer. Lights) primarily occur in this layer. thermospherethermosphere

Commercial airliners travel in the lower part of Commercial airliners travel in the lower part of this layer this layer

stratospherestratosphere Space shuttle & international space station orbit Space shuttle & international space station orbit

herehere thermosphere thermosphere Contains most of the mass of the atmosphere Contains most of the mass of the atmosphere tropospheretroposphere Scientist know the least about this layerScientist know the least about this layer mesosphere mesosphere

Temperature decreases with altitude in Temperature decreases with altitude in this layer because the heat is coming from this layer because the heat is coming from below. below.

Troposphere Troposphere Temperatures increase with altitude Temperatures increase with altitude

because energy from ultraviolet radiation because energy from ultraviolet radiation is being absorbed. is being absorbed.

Stratosphere Stratosphere Where clouds are found.Where clouds are found. troposphere troposphere

14. . What is the chemical formula 14. . What is the chemical formula for ozone?for ozone?

OO33

15. What does the ozone layer do?15. What does the ozone layer do?

protects humans from harmful ultraviolet protects humans from harmful ultraviolet light from the sunlight from the sun

16. If the ozone layer is important 16. If the ozone layer is important for humans to survive, why do for humans to survive, why do

we consider it a pollutant?we consider it a pollutant?

Ozone is harmful to the lungs. Ozone is harmful to the lungs. When When formed in the troposphere, Ozone is formed in the troposphere, Ozone is considered a pollutant.considered a pollutant.

17. Label the diagram 17. Label the diagram

18. What are the different pieces 18. What are the different pieces of the earths crust called?of the earths crust called?

platesplates

19. What kind of rock is the 19. What kind of rock is the continental crust made of?continental crust made of?

GraniteGranite

20. What is the thinnest layer?20. What is the thinnest layer?

CrustCrust

21. What kind of rock is the oceanic 21. What kind of rock is the oceanic crust made of? crust made of?

BasaltBasalt

22. Which rock is heavier?22. Which rock is heavier?

BasaltBasalt

23. What happens to the crust 23. What happens to the crust because of convection currents because of convection currents

in the mantle?in the mantle? plates slant, slide, collide, and push over, plates slant, slide, collide, and push over,

under, and alongside their neighbors.under, and alongside their neighbors.

24. What causes convection 24. What causes convection currents?currents?

very hot material at the deepest part of the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling, sinking again mantle rising, then cooling, sinking again and then heating, rising and repeating the and then heating, rising and repeating the cycle over and over. cycle over and over.

25. The core is divided into 2 25. The core is divided into 2 layers. What are they called?layers. What are they called?

Inner & outer coreInner & outer core

26. What is the outer core 26. What is the outer core composed of?composed of?

nickel and ironnickel and iron

27. Is the outer core solid or liquid?27. Is the outer core solid or liquid?

liquidliquid

28. How does the pressure of the 28. How does the pressure of the inner core affect the metals inner core affect the metals

located there?located there? pressures so great that the metals are pressures so great that the metals are

squeezed together and are not able to squeezed together and are not able to move about like a liquid, but are forced to move about like a liquid, but are forced to vibrate in place as a solidvibrate in place as a solid

29. What is the inner core 29. What is the inner core composed of?composed of?

iron iron

30. This layer makes up 80% of the 30. This layer makes up 80% of the Earth’s total volumeEarth’s total volume

MantleMantle

31. This layer has asphalt like 31. This layer has asphalt like consistency. consistency.

Asthenosphere Asthenosphere

32. This is the boundary between 32. This is the boundary between the crust and the mantle.the crust and the mantle.

AsthenosphereAsthenosphere

33. A zone of rigid, brittle rock that 33. A zone of rigid, brittle rock that make up the crust and the make up the crust and the upper layer of the mantle.upper layer of the mantle.

lithospherelithosphere

34. This layer has the greatest 34. This layer has the greatest amount of pressureamount of pressure

Inner coreInner core

35. Who devised the concept of 35. Who devised the concept of plate tectonics?plate tectonics?

WilsonWilson

36. What are the 3 types of plate 36. What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?boundaries?

ConvergentConvergent DivergentDivergent Transform faultTransform fault

37. Label the following as being a 37. Label the following as being a characteristic of one of the plate characteristic of one of the plate

boundaries listed above:boundaries listed above: Ridges Ridges divergentdivergent Colliding plates Colliding plates convergentconvergent Volcanoes are formed on the overriding Volcanoes are formed on the overriding

plateplate convergentconvergent

Subduction zoneSubduction zone convergent convergent San Andres fault San Andres fault Transform faultTransform fault Separating platesSeparating plates divergent divergent Ring of fireRing of fire convergent convergent trenches trenches convergentconvergent Plates moving horizontally in opposite directions.Plates moving horizontally in opposite directions. Transform faultTransform fault

38. This is the location beneath the 38. This is the location beneath the Earth’s surface where a fault Earth’s surface where a fault

rupture begins.rupture begins.

hypocenterhypocenter

39. the location directly above the 39. the location directly above the hypocenter on Earth surface.hypocenter on Earth surface.

epicenterepicenter

40. a mound, hill, or mountain 40. a mound, hill, or mountain formed from hot magma exiting formed from hot magma exiting the crust and piling up on the the crust and piling up on the

land or beneath the seas.land or beneath the seas.

VolcanoesVolcanoes

41. Describe a hot spot volcano 41. Describe a hot spot volcano and give one example.and give one example.

Volcanoes, formed away from plate boundaries, Volcanoes, formed away from plate boundaries, as a result of geological hot spots.as a result of geological hot spots.

Hot spots are commonly found over a chamber Hot spots are commonly found over a chamber of high-pressure and high-temperature magma.of high-pressure and high-temperature magma.

As the volcano slowly slides past the hot spot, As the volcano slowly slides past the hot spot, the hot spot begins forming a new volcano.the hot spot begins forming a new volcano.

Hawaiian islandsHawaiian islands