1 write the equation for determining the average speed...

7th Grade Science – Forces, Motion, and Energy Book

Chapter 1 - Matter in Motion

Why is the point of reference important when describing motion?

1

Write the equation for determining the AVERAGE speed of an object:

2

What is the difference between speed and velocity?

3


Define the following terms: motion, velocity, speed, acceleration, force, newton, net force, friction,

gravity, weight, mass

Write down the equation to find the AVERAGE acceleration of an object:

5

How is acceleration represented on a graph?

4

What is unique about an object in a circular motion?

6

What are three examples of forces acting on objects in the room around you?

1.

2.

3.

7


Work on friction push/pull lab.

Finish this sequence:

To find the net force of forces acting in the same direction, you __________________________ them.

To find the net force of forces acting in the opposite direction, you __________________________ them.

When a net force equals zero, the forces are called _____________________________.

When a net force does not equal zero, the forces are called _____________________________.

8

How does force effect friction?

How does the surface’s roughness effect friction?

9


What are two types of friction? Explain each.

10

Speculate what the world would be like without friction. (2-3 ideas)

11

How can friction be reduced? (2-3 ideas)

12


How can friction be increased? (2-3 ideas)

13

What is the relationship between mass and gravity? How do they affect each other?

14

Why do you not feel the gravitational forces that are acting on you by other objects?

15

What did Sir Isaac Newton add to the understanding of gravity?

16


Explain the two parts of the Law of Universal Gravitational

1. Gravitational Force Increases as Mass Increases –

2. Gravitational Force Decreases as Distance Increases –

17

Are weight and mass the same thing? Explain.

18

What is the unit for mass? For Weight?

19


Chapter 2 - Forces and Motion

Define the following: terminal velocity, free fall, projectile motion, inertia, momentum,

How are gravity and acceleration related?

What is the rate of acceleration of an object due to the gravity of Earth?

What is the formula to find the velocity of a falling object due to gravity?

Explain how air resistance affects falling objects.


Explain what terminal velocity is. (Go beyond the definition/Use your own words)

What do we know about objects that fall in a vacuum?

What do we know about objects in space that are orbiting the planet? Explain.

Why does the moon not fly away from the Earth?


What are the components of projectile motion? Draw a diagram and label the components.

What is Newton’s 1st Law of Motion?

What is Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion?


What is Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion?

How does friction affect Newton’s 1st law of Motion?

How does mass and inertia work with Newton’s 1st Law of Motion?

What is the formula for finding acceleration? Show both variants.


Explain how the force pairs act on different objects. Use an example if necessary.

Why are some of the action-reaction pairs difficult to see?

Write down the formula to calculate the momentum of an object:

Write down the Law of Conservation of Momentum:


Work on Newton Lab Stations

Chapter 3 - Forces in Fluids

Define the following: fluid, pressure, pascal, atmospheric pressure, buoyant force,

Archimedes’ principle, Bernoulli’s principle, lift, thrust, drag, Pascal’s principle,

What happens to the momentum of objects that collide with each other and stick together?

What happens to the momentum of objects that collide with each other and bounce off each other?

How does the law of conservation of momentum relate to Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion?

Write down the formula for finding pressure:


What causes pressure within objects?

What properties do a liquid and gas share that affect pressure?

Why are bubbles spherical in shape?

What is the force on you called that is caused by a column of air above you?

Why does this force not crush you?


What is the correlation of pressure and depth? What is the correlation of pressure and altitude?

Why does the density of the fluid matter in the pressure it exerts?

How does a difference in pressure affect fluid flow? Give an example.


Looking at Archimedes’ principle, does the weight of the object affect the buoyant force? Explain.

Explain how objects float, sink, or buoy up/down in a fluid.

Explain the floating and sinking of an object in air.


Work on floating canister lab.

How do ships that are made of heavy metals float, when metals are denser than water?

Explain how submarines can float and sink in the water.

How do fish change their depth in water?

What do we know happens to the pressure of a fluid as the velocity of the fluid increases?

What do we know happens to the pressure of a fluid as the velocity of the fluid decreases?


Draw a diagram of an airplane wing and label what forces are at work.

Explain the relationship of wing size of an airplane to the thrust of the airplane’s engines.

How does Bernoulli’s Principle work during a baseball pitch?

Explain what turbulence is and how it affects the lift of an airplane.


Chapter 4 - Work and Machines

Define: work, joule, power, watt, machine, work input, work output, mechanical advantage,

mechanical efficiency, lever, pulley, wedge, screw, wheel & axle, compound machine, inclined

plane

Give some more examples of Pascal’s principle that people use in everyday life.

1.

2.

3.

What is the difference between applying a force to and object and doing work on an object? Explain.

Is pushing an object up an inclined plane receiving the same amount of work as if it was pulled straight up the

edge of a cliff – both items are going to the same altitude – if so explain.


Work on diagram similar to page 95.

Write down the formula for finding work:

Write down the formula for finding power:

Scientifically speaking, what does it mean if someone says that their machine is more powerful than a

competitor’s? Explain.

Are all machines very complex pieces of equipment?


What is a Machine?

What is the primary purpose of a machine?

What are the two main forces involved with a machine?

Do machines change the amount of work that is done from the input to the output? If no, then what factor is

changed?

What trade off is made in a machine to help make things seem “easier?”


Write down the formula for finding the mechanical advantage of a machine:

Write down the formula for finding the mechanical efficiency of a machine:

Will the mechanical efficiency of a machine ever be 100% or perfect? Why?

When looking at the formulas for mechanical advantage and mechanical efficiency, the difference between

them is:

Mechanical advantage compares: _________________________________________

Mechanical efficiency compares: __________________________________________


Types of Machines

Make a diagram of the different types of levers and the comparison of them. Use pictures and

force diagrams (like in the book) to show their differences.

Make a diagram – and show in class – the different classes of pulleys. Use pictures/diagrams to

show their differences.

Make diagrams of the following to explain them: wheel & axle, inclined plane, wedge, & screw.

Make a flipbook/foldout of all of the types of machines and how to find the mechanical

advantages of them.

What is a compound machine? What happens to the mechanical efficiency of a compound machine as it gets

more complex?


Picture Force Diagram First-Class Lever

Second-Class Lever

Third-Class Lever

Fixed Pulley Moveable Pulley Block and Tackle


Chapter 5 - Energy and Energy Resources

Define the following: energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, mechanical energy, energy

conversion, friction, law of conservation of energy, nonrenewable resource, fossil fuel,

renewable resource.

What is Energy?

What is the relationship between work and energy?

Write down the equation for finding kinetic energy:

Write down the equation for finding the gravitational potential energy of an object:

What key component can you change to increase or decrease the kinetic energy of an object?


Label the points of maximum potential and kinetic energy

What key component can you change to increase or decrease the gravitational potential energy of an object?

How do you measure that one component in potential energy?

Write down the equation for finding the mechanical energy in an object:


Briefly describe the following energy types

Thermal Energy

Chemical Energy

Electrical Energy

Sound Energy

Light Energy

Nuclear Energy


Energy Conversions

What happens to the energy of a moving object as it travels – as in a rollercoaster or a pendulum?

Explain the energy that is stored in a stretched rubber band.

How do animals get energy from the food we eat?

How do plants get energy? Explain.


What makes energy conversions important?

Give some examples of energy conversions YOU use daily.

What can machines do with energy?


Conservation of Energy

What happens to some of the energy used by a machine?

What is a closed system? What do we know about the total energy in a closed system?

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

Can an energy transformation occur without some of the energy being converted to thermal energy? Give an

example.


Energy Resources

What is a perpetual machine? Do they exist? Why?

How do engineers try to make the most out of their machines converting energy? Give an example.

What is an energy source?

What are nonrenewable resources?


Give 4 examples of a nonrenewable resource:

1. 2.

3. 4.

What are most fossil fuels used for in the U.S.?

Diagram or list the process of making electricity from fossil fuels.


What is a renewable resource?

List 5 different renewable resources:

1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

How do we choose the right resource (renewable v. nonrenewable) to use?


Heat and Heat Technology

Define the following terms: temperature, thermal expansion, absolute zero, heat, thermal energy,

thermal conduction, thermal conductor, thermal insulator, convection, radiation, specific heat, states of

matter, change of state, insulation, heat engine, thermal pollution,

What is temperature in your own words?

How does temperature relate to kinetic energy?

Why do we average the kinetic speed of the particles in an object?

How does a thermometer work?


Scale Freezing Point of Water Boiling Point of Water

What are the three (3) different scales of temperature?

How do you convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit?

How do you convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius?

How do you convert from Celsius to Kelvin? From Kelvin to Celsius?


What is thermal expansion? What are some examples of its use or areas of concern?

What is the scientific meaning of heat?

How does heat flow between objects of different temperatures?

What is conduction in your own words?


What is convection in your own words?

What is radiation in your own words?

What is a thermal conductor?

What is a thermal insulator?


How does the Earth’s atmosphere warm the planet with the thermal energy from the sun?

Why do different substance “feel hotter or colder” than others?

What is specific heat? How does it affect different substances?

What is the formula for finding the heat of a substance?


What are the three (3) states of matter?

How does a substance change between the three (3) states of matter?


What is a chemical change and how do we use this to get the energy we need?

Describe how air heating systems work in residential homes.

What are the two (2) types of heat engines and how do they differ? Give an example of each.


How do cooling systems work?

What is thermal pollution? How can it harm the environment?

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