CHAPTER IV

MAJOR CONTRIBUTION OF Y. B. CHAVAN TO

MAHARASHTRA STATE

4.1.Introduction:

Y. B. Chavan had rightly stated that during last 40 years he had contested

many elections. At the opposite there were many big guns who were blasting their

criticism. Many a times they were using unparliamentarily abusing language. There

was bitterness but he was always, cultured, sophisticated and transparent. In all

these tempests people’s blessing at his side and he was able to come out of all the

cyclones. In the democratic politics, he was successful due to value based political

strategies. (1) Y.B.Chavan has been well accepted as founder and architect of

modern Maharashtra State by scholars, social scientists and politicians. In this

chapter contribution of Y. B. Chavan as an architect of modern Maharashtra will be

discussed. In 1957 Yeshwantrao Chavan was elected from the Karad constituency.

This time he was elected as Leader of Congress Legislative Party and became Chief

Minister of the bilingual Bombay state. From 1957 to 1960 he was elected to the All

India Congress Working Committee. He was one of the architects of the state of

Maharashtra through his support for the Sanyukta Maharashtra Movement. On 1

May 1960, Yeshwantrao Chavan became the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra. The

study of Y.B.Chavan leadership has been conducted both in the state level as well

as National level perspective.

Y.B. Chavan was able to provide a solid base for modern Maharashtra. He

thought that strengthening agriculture through cooperative movement. He thought

that strong and effective network of cooperative movement lead towards the rise of

new leadsesrship. On one side he was able to develop the cooperative movement

and on the other side he was able to launch Panchayat Raj as a nurchuring ground

for rise of political leadership. Many new rural leaders who later on led modern

Maharashtra were developed through this process. He was able to fully support them

on moral ground. He was able to provide future line of action for new leadership. His

vision was based on social and strong network of political and social workers.

Poverty and indiscrimination were major hurdles in the development of agriculture.

Here Y.B.Chavan tried to develop cooperative credit societies on village level. These

become life line of the agro-based economic development in the future. He was able

to develop wisdom and care through process of cooperative movement. His careful

planning of Panchayat Raj was thus based on upbringing a new political leadership

on micro level. Y.B.Chavan’s vision has been reflected in the basic component of

development that was developed by his fellowmen in the first decade. The early four

years of this decade was very well observed in this chapter. Thus he had improved

his charamatic personality on the every walk of national development. His vision can

be observed in every policy and action planned by him in a systematic manner.

The purpose behind the establishmednt of Marathwada Univesity in

1957 was to provide facilities of higher education to the people of Marathwada. The

educational development has been a basic contribution for the all round

development of the region. He also cared further for the development of Vidharbha

and Khandesh and Konkan. All these aspects were explained in this chapter to

provide a background to the subject in a systematic manner.

Chavan's vision for Maharashtra for the development envisaged the equal

development of both the industrial and agricultural sectors across all the regions of

the state. He sought to realize this vision through the co-operative movement. The

agro industrial revolution in the state will be examined on the basis of his ideology,

vision and actions. A totally new approach has been put forth in his chapter. The

study has been conducted on the basis of political theory and developmental political

sociology.

The success of Y.B.Chavan lies in understanding of pulse of public opinion.

He was able to undertake a clear path way for sound foundation of the state during

his early period. Being a son of the farmer he was able to understand grass root

problems and the other side he being highly educated was able to carefully study the

problems faced by the people. (2) Govind Talwalkar has rightly pointed that

Yeshwantrao was in the politics, but he had a matured understanding of literature,

music and art. He was a voracious leader and we had read many interesting books

in the contemporary period. (3) Yeshwantrao’s matured understanding of

contemporary politics, society and culture was base of his development approach.

Madhav Gadkari while analyzing Yeshwantrao’s personality has stated that

Yeshwantrao was a greater personality after Lokmaniya Tilak. Maharashtra accepted

his greatness of both the men due to their sacrifice, dedication and devotion. Tilak

was able to win hearts of people due to struggle, but Yeshwantrao was able to

march ahead on the steps of power. This was difference between the period pre and

post independence period. (4) The greatness of Yeshwantrao lies in shaping of

modern Maharashtra. Hence in this chapter contribution of Y.B.Chavan has been

properly highlighted as an architect of modern Maharashtra. The study of any leader

as a beginner of the state can be conducted on the basis of development policies,

ideological perspective and his plan of action which are very basic factors while

looking towards the futures. In this connection Prithviraj Chavan has observed that

“Y.B.Chavan was a balanced politician, genius diplomat, disciplined administrator,

applied politician of high standard . He had super quality of judgment of man as he

was able to engineer support from all castes and all classes of society. He was

appreciator of arts, culture and literature..He was a philosopher, friend and guide of

his fellowmen. He believed in integrated family life and showered love and affection

towards his kith and kin as well as his friends and foes.” (5) About his contribution to

Modern Maharashtra Mr.Prithviraj Chavan has pointed that he was an architect of

strong and untied Maharashtra. He brought together all the linguistic fragments of

divided Maharashtra in to a single line of orderly state. (6) Further it has been

observed that in 1957, Yeshwantrao was elected from Karad constituency and he

became leader of bilingual Mumbai state. Though the state was functioning well

peoples’ feelings were quite different which Yeshwantrao was able to know. Pandit

Jawaharlal Nehru who was then Prime Minister of India who was strictly opposed to

linguistic state of Maharashtra. But later on slowly went on changing his policies in

favor of independent Maharashtra state. (7) In this connection it is true that

Y.B.Chavan was mainly responsible for changing these policies from negative to

positive side, which leads to the birth of Maharashtra state. Y.B.Chavan was

cladioscopic personality having distinct features of his character. Among these facets

basic aspect is that he was son of the soil and leader of the masses. His visionary

perspective lead towards progressive march of the state which has been unfolded in

this chapter. In this connection there things are very important i.e. his contribution to

agriculture , secondly solid base he provided for small scale industries, and thirdly

solid foundation of the cooperative movement in the state.

4.2. The vision and mission of Y.B.Chavan:

Bhaskar Bhole has rightly opined that Y.B.Chavan was a genius leader not

only in Maharashtra but also in India. He had achieved the position due to his steady

and honest performance. (8) This is absolutely true because Maharashtra was base

of his all value oriented politics i.e. he had emerged from Bahujan Samaj or poor

masses and he had evolved his qualities by his own efforts (9) The qualities of

leadership Y.B.Chavan had were original and had a total reflection of his talents. (10)

It has been rightly observed by S. Deshmukh that the values that Y.B.Chavan

had developed in his life have been reflected in his politics. And literature (11) The

value based politics, he always treated as a base of his life. His thought provoking

speeches on agriculture, industries, cooperative movement were revealing his

progressive ideas. (12)The content, reflections and expressions of his speeches

ensured total development and prosperity of Maharashtra State. (13) What B.L.Bhale

has analyzed his leadership seems more rational. He has pointed that his multi

faceted personality was strong base of his leadership (14) Further, he has opined

that the ideological base of his leadership was unique, it can be treated as his own

vision and mission. (15) It has been well stated by Bhale that Y.B.Chavan had

acquired and enriched different qualities of leadership in his own personality.(16)

The process occurred during his school, college and education through public life.

The vision and mission of Y.B.Chavan as an architect of modern Maharashtra

can be stated below:

Yeshwantrao was able to transfer the spirit of modernism in Maharashtra

state because he had imbibed this spirit through his scholarship and understanding

of contemporary India.

Yeshwantrao was always searching new dimensions of industrial development. He

pointed that human factor is very basic in production process and he tried to protect

this human potential. (17)

Dr.P.B.Patil has rightly pointed that Yeshwantrao Chavan was intellectual

firmament. He was in favor of socialist democratic republic. He carved out

Maharashtra on the philosophy of Mahatma Phule and Rajarshi Shahu. He tried to

decentralize wealth, wisdom and power. (18)

Yeshwantrao Chavan was always in favor of poor and weaker section and

women. He tried to empower them. Yeshwantrao studied problems of SC/ST.

Yeshwantrao always believed in straight approach for attaining welfare of the poor

and he felt that opportunities can be transferred into golden achievements, if hard

work and dedication is planned properly,. (19)

Yeshwantrao promoted literature, art and culture. Dr. V.B.Kolte rightly

observed that Yeshwantrao was able to create new spirit in Marathi literary writers.

His approach to look at life was liberal, comprehensive and based on the process of

man making. (20)

Thus Yeshwantrao’s vision and mission was to carve a new modern

progressive agro industrial Maharashtra. He infused a new spirit in the rural people

through cooperative movement. His vision of progress was based on participatory

approach. He tried to share fruits of development with common people.

Yeshwantrao’s sole aim was empowering common man by bridging gap between

Dalit and non-Dalit. Yeshwantrao was successful in this mission. Mr. Tarktirth

Laxman Shastri Joshi, who edited Marathi Vishwakosh, was successful in implanting

spirit of knowledge, science and culture in Modern Maharashtra and Marathi was

made a language of scientific innovative ideas.(21) The publications of the Marathi

Vishwakosh volumes can be described as ample testimony of this fact. Y.B.Chavan

viewed that Marathi should be language of the transmission of scientific and

technological knowledge. He wanted to establish technology driven society, which

was progressive and forward looking for the embracing of the change. As

Y.B.Chavan was nourished under able guidance of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, like

Nehru Chavan was also believing in social change based on new technology and

human life based on advancement in the field of science. This was his progressive

vision and for the said mission he made a crusade throughout his life, as a chief

minister and also as cabinet ministers of different portfolios like defense and foreign

affairs etc.

The study of Y.B.Chavan’s role as a cabinet minister has not been conducted

properly. His entry in the center was as a Defense Minister and later on he was

shifted to Home and Foreign Affairs Ministry.

In the troubled times he had play effective role as a leader of opposition when

Janata Party Government under Morarji Desai was ruling in the center. Later on

when the “No Confidence” motion was moved by Y.B.Chavan, the Government

collapsed and Choudhari Charansingh became Prime Minister and Y.B.Chavan had

to play a crucial and important role as Deputy Prime Minister. In a very shortest

period he could imprint his personality as an able administrator. He had to undergo

many difficulties in the later period when Indira Gandhi returned to power. He was

virtually isolated for the period and later on he was given the assignment as a

Chairman of X Finance Commission, which he performed well as a responsible

leader and scholar in the field of economics. All these aspects of his political career

require a serious treatment. The present work has to high light all these neglected

aspects in a systematic manner.

The vision and mission of Y.B.Chavan was truly reflected in him as dynamic

leader. The study of his leadership can be conducted in all these angles. The history

in which he had carved out his leadership in the adverse situation, was an attempt of

socio cultural evolution which Maharashtra witnessed.

A totally new approach has been evolved here to look at different facets in a

political sociology view point. In nutshell, there is a need to evolve this view point to

look at all these neglected aspects.

Chavan was epoch making personality. His ability to turn time, and history was

based on his perfection in understanding historical processes rightly. The all round

development of Maharashtra, which he envisioned was based on his understanding

of past and future. His every decision was based on future change. He tried to

envision future plans of development in such a way that in every walks of life

Maharashtra must be a progressive state. He was able to provide new directions in

the fields of agriculture, education, commerce and industries, arts, culture and

literature. His contribution to Modern Maharashtra cannot be forgotten because he

was responsible for providing right direction and right plan of action for the future

development of the state.

4.3. Y.B.Chavan and Modern Maharashtra:

Y.B.Chavan was able to study problems of Maharashtra during bilingual

Marathi state and he was also keen about problem of Vidarbha and Marathwada. It

has been observed that the base of Chavan’s leadership was hidden in the efforts

made by Bhausaheb Hire, who was a pioneer in the development of Maharashtra.

(22) Chavan had strengthened this base by reflecting hopes of farmers and poor

masses Further it has been observed that he was responsible for turning the politics

of Maharashtra from urban to rural area. (23) In order to avoid caste bias and narrow

politics, Chavan had selected his predecessor from Nomadic Tribe, because, he

wanted to avoid caste bias in state leadership.(24) Chavan’s strategic leadership

plans thus were at the base of his progressive ideas about Maharashtra State. .

Lina Mathias has rightly observed that “Yeshwantrao Chavan played a major

role in putting the western region of the state on the political map. The cooperative

and agricultural sectors as well as the Panchayati Raj institutions were also the

beneficiaries of his attention.” (25) However, Y.B. Chavan looked beyond western

Maharashtra. Hence he was able to understand problems of Vidarbha and

Marathwada, the backward regions of the state. Chavan was a mass leader and he

was able to catch pulse of public opinion. It has been further pointed that “He

became a reluctant member of the Congress Socialist Party because he found the

leaders ‘academic’ and ‘urbanized’ and with no imprint of the grass root experience

of working in the people’s movement.” (26) Due to this plus point Chavan was able to

develop mass politics and mass following in the state. In the every area he was able

to generate his followers effectively.

Chavan was having a scholarly passion. He had read Bertrand Russell’s

Road and Freedom and English books on Gandhi and Lenin and John Reed’s ‘Ten

Days That Shook the World’. (27)

He was the fsirst Chief Minister of Maharashtra after the division of Bombay

state and the fifth Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was a strong congress leader,

cooperative leader , social activist and writer. He was popularly known as leadsesr of

common people. He advocated social democracy in his speeches and articles and

was instrumental in establishing cooperatives in Maharashtra for the betterment of the

farmers.

Y.B.Chavan’s contribution to modern Maharashtra was thus really unique to his

role as an architect of modern Maharashtra. Chavan’s vision for Maharashtra for the

development envisaged the equal development of both the industrial and agricultural

sectors. He was alaays in favor of balanced development and he had tried to set

balance in the regional development His abilities to lead the state were appreciated.

His study on the regional development was always rational and it was based on the

cordial understanding of the problem. All these aspects must be carefully examined in

a systematic manner. In three aspects we have to examine them in a proper

background.

Offices held in the State Government of Bombay :

In 1946, he was first elected as Member of Legislative Assembly of the Bombay

State from the South Satara constituency. In the same year he was appointed as

parliamentary secretary to the Home Minister of Bombay State. In the next

government of Morarji Desai he was appointed as Minister of Civil Supplies, Social

Welfare and Forests. In 1953 he was a signatory to the Nagpur Pact that assured

equitable development of all regions of what is now the state of Maharashtra. In 1957

Yashwantrao Chavan was elected from the Karad constituency. This time he was

elected as Leader of Congress Legislative Party and became Chief Minister of the

bilingual Bombay state. From 1957 to 1960 he also served on the All India Congress

Working Committee. He was one of the architects in the formation of Marathi speaking

state of Maharashtra, although he never joined the Samyukta Maharashtra

Samiti(United Maharashtra Movement). On 1 May 1960, Yashwantrao Chavan became

the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra.L11

Thus all these aspects were carefully planned and examined to develop

expertise of Y.B.Chavan in a systematic manner. Y.B.Chavan was able to get rich

experience in the Bombay state and he was able to ride ahead in a systematic

manner. We have to understand these shades of his career whichhave enriched him

to work as CM of Maharashtra State. His vision and actions can be well illustrated

through these exhibits.

Thus due to his scholarship and waste understanding of political and social

processes, Chavan was able to grasp currents in post Gandhian modern politics in

the period Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi, which he witnessed through

his political actions. M.R.Patil in one of his research paper on Y.B.Chavan’s

contribution in India’s socio political development has observed that “He lived a long

period in the politics but he did not make his own ‘ism’. He preserved true thoughts

of nationalist, social welfare in his life.“(28) The approach of Yeshwantrao was equal

to all and he had developed a balanced approach It has been pointed that

“Yeshwantrao Chavan’s vision for Maharashtra for the development envied the equal

development of both the industrial and agriculture sector across all the regions of the

state. He sought to realize this vision through the cooperation movement.

Legislation regarding democratic decentralized bodies and the agriculture Land

Ceiling Act were passed during his regime as the CM of Maharashtra.” (29) His

contribution to modern Maharashtra can be examined on these grounds. About his

social vision M.R.Patil has rightly pointed that “Maharashtra was the only state which

awarded concessions and right to Neo Buddhists. It was the first step to take right

decision to change the community of Maharashtra by Yeshwantrao Chavan. He

wanted to change the caste system from the society in village and to set up a new

society which was established on the idea of equality, liberty and fraternity.” (30) He

aimed to implement constitutional culture of India of setting democratic values in an

effective manner.

Yeshwantrao Chavan was a son of a soil and leader of masses. Prof.

B.L.Bhole has pointed that He was able to break elite conservative traditional

leadership of middle classes. He had no political tradition in his house, neither he

had any social and economic footage. He had no hereditary background of

leadership. (31) This was a real base of political vision. It has been noted that He

never followed a populist ways, he was not following short cuts, but he had

developed technique of putting one step ahead in minimum struggle by making

adjustments and correlations. (32)

Y.B.Chavan often described his politics as “Politics of ahinsa”. He was having

constructive approach and not a destructive approach. His positivism in politics was

always in line with main line politics. He believed in the betterment of congress party.

He used to call himself as “Volunteer” of party and he remained in the same position

till his end. To him power politics was not important, but these positions were meant

to serve people.

As a CM and as a Cabinet Minister he use to provide time for party

organization and networking. He believed in the last worker of the party as a

backbone of the political system. He rightly felt that strong and united party system

alone can support people’s well being as reflected in party’s manifesto. During

Y.B.Chavan’s period Congress Party in Maharashtra received a strong , united party

because “Saheb” was contributing it in a systematic manner. The party training

camps, and orientation programs for workers were regularly conducted and this was

all possible due to Y.B.Chavan’s vision and initiation. Being a mature politician

Y.B.Chavan was able to streamline the party as per his policies and programs. After

his entry in New Delhi, as a Defense Minister, he used to guide V.P.Naik for good

governance and sound administration. He was always alert about any mishap in the

state, because when he was in a key position in the center, the state must function

well and nothing must happen which can damage his image and the image of the

party, Government in the state together.

He had followed well developed concept of leadership, which was evolved by

him. He noted that “leadership must be wide and comprehensive. It should be based

on clear cut objectives, if such aims and objectives are not there, leadership become

useless and redundant. (33) On this background Yeshwantrao’s contribution to

various fields can be studied, Mr. Sharad Pawar who is treated as political heir of

Yeshwantrao has rightly described that Yeshwantrao always wanted to keep

Maharashtra on forefront of development. He was above self interest and self gains.

He always preferred to gain for Maharashtra on the forefront of national politics. (34)

This can be amply testified on the basis of strategies which Yeshwantrao planned in

his career.

The vision of Y.B.Chavan can be reflected in various fields of agriculture, industries

and education as well. The most significant area of his developmental vision was

cooperative movement and Y.B.Chavan had rightly planned different area of

development supporting to each other.

He has rightly opined that agriculture in Maharashtra was in difficulties due to

lack of financial credit support. Hence he rightly developed cooperative movement in

western Maharashtra. His able guidance was responsible for the evolution of basic

influence in the field of cooperative movement in Maharashtra.

His sole aim was to strengthen the economy of rural Maharashtra by supporting

agriculture, industries and cooperative movement together. This approach was

fruitful to benefit the poor and marginalized farmers in Maharashtra. All these fields

can be studied here one after another.

4.4: Contribution in various fields,

The fair character of Y.B.Chavan was essence of his success. Tark Teerth

Laxman Shastri Joshi has rightly pointed that friendship, cohesion and fair character

were essential qualities of Y.B.Chavan. He was equally having practical wisdom. He

led solid foundation of the all round development of the state. He kept interest in

common man on the high platform.“ (35) Thus Yeshwantrao had imprinted his vision

on every aspect of life of modern Maharashtra which has been discussed in the

foregoing pages. His contribution to various fields can be explained on the basis of

following grounds. In each field his vision and action has been explained the

foregoing pages:

(a) Agriculture,

(b) Industries

(c) Cooperation and

(d) Education

Agricultural development:

Yeshwantrao was architect of Modern Maharashtra. He aimed to develop

agro industrial Maharashtra. About agricultural development he opined irrigation was

required for flourishing agriculture and cooperative movement. (36) Hence he tried to

develop major and minor projects of irrigation for the betterment dry land farming. He

further provided economic support to farmers by developing primary credit

cooperative societies as well as district central cooperative bank. His ideas were to

strengthened farmers by meeting out his credit needs and he tried to emancipate the

farmers from jaws of indigenous bankers and money lenders. He aimed to bring

changes in the traditional farming based on new science and technology. He was in

favor of green revolution to meet the needs of food grains as well as needs of poor.

He had correlated agriculture and irrigation. He wanted to suggest new cropping

pattern for strengthening of rural resources.

Yeshwatrao have developed future roads for the development of Maharashtra

state. He provided vision of agricultural revolution to Vasantrao Naik, who later on

completed the dream of agricultural development of Y.B.Chavan. (37) Y.B.Chavan

agricultural development ideas were very concrete and well developed Yeshwantrao

had ably evolved his agrarian thoughts by close observations and bitter experiences.

His views on Panchayat Raj and cooperative were resourceful for strengthening

agriculture in rural Maharashtra. (38) It is true that founding of ZP in Maharashtra

was his contribution. He was very clear that these ZPs would be schools political

leadership. (39)

Shri Annasaheb Shinde former Agriculture Minister of India described

Yeshwantrao as pioneer in agro industrial resolution in Maharashtra. Shinde in his

article has pointed that the foundation of cooperative sugar factories was laid down

by Y.B.Chavan. The rural leadership which has flourished from this agro industrial

change is on the forefront of the state. (40) Thus Chavan heralded a new age of

modernization in the state.

Agriculture in Maharashtra required irrigation facilities as well as credit

support. Especially the drought prone areas in Marathwada and Vidarbha required a

thorough support in these two areas. Hence Y.B. Chavan implemented all these

ideal schemes to support agriculture, and SSI units. Y.B.Chavan had very well built

party and Government by getting support from small and medium farmers which

were clearly limited by him through the network of cooperative movement in the

state.

Strengthening agriculture was supporting irrigation system. Small and medium

irrigation projects were built in the state to support small farmers.

Agriculture universities were established to conduct research in the region. The

agriculture Universities at Akola and Parbhani were established for the same

purpose.

The cooperative movement was strengthened by establishing through primary

cooperative credit societies at the grass root levels. All these cooperative societies

became strong units due to positive policies undertaken by Government.

The peasants were supported to establish cooperative units at various tahsil

levels in the backward regions.

Credit facilities were extended on large scale.

The farmers were involved in the green revolution the state.

New innovations and extension schemes were properly implemented.

Thus, all these efforts made by Y.B.Chavan were responsible for the healthy

development of agriculture in the Maharashtra state.

Industrial development:

Yeshwantrao was architect of modern Maharashtra. Like agricultural

development he also equally gave importance to the industrial development. On 1st

may 1960 when Maharashtra was established number of industries were very less.

Yeshwantrao designed industrial estates in the backward regions of Vidarbha and

Marathwada. Industries were earlier concentrated in Bombay-Pune-Nasik belt. He

aimed to expand them in the rural and regional areas. He knew that alone agriculture

cannot feed population. Hence he was stressing on development of agro based

industries. Like India Maharashtra is a land of villages and total change in the life of

villages can be possible through agro industrial development. Hence he treated

village as an epi-center of development. (41) He wanted to transform traditional

society into industrial society. His dream as agro industrial society was unique. He

inspired many industrious people for laid down the foundation of small and medium

industries. (42) In western Maharashtra many entrepreneurs founded and

established their own industries and the cooperative movement was base of his agro

industrial vision. Many small scale industries in Sangli Satara and Kolhapur region

were established by seeking inspiration from Y.B. Chavan. Dr. M.P. Mangulkar in

his critical analysis on Y.B.Chavan’s industrial policy has rightly pointed that “In the

net work of socio economic development evolved by Y.B.Chavan, there was

prominence given to agro industries, sugar factories and industrial estates. (43) Thus

Maharashtra owes a great deal to him for the flourishing of industries in the state.

The following three efforts were made by Y.B.Chavan for strengthening small

scale industries in the state:

Y.B.Chavan tried to support SSI units by financing them

SICOM and MSFC were established to support these units in the state.

Experiments to support agro-based industries were supported by

Government.

Due to these liberal policies, Aurangabad, Nagpur and Kolhapur were planned

as industrial cities for the long run period. All these cities were supported to establish

industrial units to start new industries beyond Bombay-Pune belt. The policies

planned by Y.B.Chavan were later on continued by V.P. Naik and later Chief

Ministers in the state. Y.B.Chavan’s every effort was responsible for promoting

establishment of small scale units in the state at rural levels.

Impetus to Cooperative movement:

Y. B. Chavan had carefully studied the problems of rural society and he felt

that cooperative credit societies can be a best tool to strengthen the development

activities of the rural people. He described cooperative movement as movement of

the people, by people and for the people. He wanted to develop model cooperative

economy in Maharashtra. (44) Yeshwantrao noted that Maharashtra had rich

guidance from D.R.Gadgil, Vaikunthbai Mehta, Vithalrao Vikhe Patil. Tatyasaheb

Kore, Mohite etc. (45) Cooperative movement provides a net work of development

and brought quality in it. His constant persuasion was responsible for this change.

He noted that the workers in the field of cooperation must be working in the

missionary spirit, not as a bureaucratic style. (46) Maharashtra emerged as sugar

belt due to Yeshwantrao’s promotion of cooperative leadership. The first cooperative

sugar factory in Pravaranagar had been established with the auspicious hands of

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Y.B.Chavan further strengthened this trend. (47) The

cooperative sugar factories changed the profile of the villages and they have brought

a revolution in agro industrial life. Pravaranagar, Warnanagar , Panchaganga,

Rahuri, etc. have emerged on the map of India as an effective agro industrial centers

(48) Yeshwantrao’s policies were responsible for the development of small ‘tirthas’

which were responsible for inspiring the development of other centers. Yeshwantrao

had created a system of cooperative movement, which has remained even in the

new millennium. (49) ) He transformed the poor and poverty stricken Marathi man

into Indian village as a sound and well developed leader and social worker. .

Yeshwantrao’s micro and deep study of agro industrial development is reflected in

his speeches in Sahydrinche Ware and Bhumika etc.

He always made an appeal for strengthening of rural industries and called

people to develop not only quantitative but qualitative growth. (50) He opposed and

set aside exaggerate criticism launched against rural development schemes. Thus

Yeshwantrao wanted to establish prosperous Maharashtra based on agrarian

development. He was able to gear up the public opinion in favor of rural agro

industrial development. He was in favor just and equitable cooperative movement.

He wanted to strengthen cooperative movement by providing a solid base to rural

areas. (51) He felt that cooperative movement can stabilized life of the rural poor

because that is backbone of rural economy. (52) S. R. Sohoni has rightly pointed

that “Yeshwantrao wanted to strengthen credit societies for supporting petty financial

needs of farmers in the rural areas. The coop./ movement has helped the poor

farmers and elevated their standard of living. (53) Thus cooperative movement

was rooted by Y.B.Chavan in rural Maharashtra which has developed sugar belt in

Maharashtra state.

Y.B.Chavan being a champion of democratic socialism was able to nurchure

cooperative movement at grass root level. He was discussing these issues with

Vaikuntbhai Mehta, P.R.Gadgil and V.C.Shrimal. These scholars had a tremendous

impact on the development of cooperative movement.

* Rural level cooperative societies were established in a systematic manner.

* Coperative lift irrigation projects were provided on large scale.

* Many farmers were provided to establish cooperative sugar factories.

* The new leadership was to strengthen the cooperative movement.

All these efforts were responsible for strengthening of cooperative movement

in the state. The grass root efforts made by Y.B.Chavan were responsible for linking

rural works with state level network which not only strengthened the cooperative

movement, but also the Congress Party as a whole. The speeches delivered by

Y.B.Chavan and extracts published in different books and journals amply testify the

same. In the entire country cooperative moment in the state has been leading and

redbait of the same goes to the visionary leadership of Y.B.Chavan.

Educational development :

Yeshwantrao thought that Maharashtra cannot flourish without strong and well

built education system. Wherever centers of cooperative development were

established there he suggested to have epicenter of educational development.

Hence Pravaranagar, Warnanagar and Rahuri have become strong educational

centers. The sugar factories were advised by him to support educational

organizations, based on quality education. Now the earlier established colleges

have been stabilized and sugar factories have been established.. Even Medical and

Engineering colleges have been established in the sugar factory belt. Y.B.Chavan

had a strong power to inspire his fellow workers to develop potential centers of

education. (54) The industrious cooperative leadership had understood the

importance of education only due to Y.B.Chavan. (55) The rural leadership; if it is

well educated can have new line of action, which he felt that can bring a change in

the life of rural people. D.A. Mane in the book Shilpkar Chavan has observed that

cooperative movement laid to the growth of educational institutes and social centers

of development. Y.B.Chavan had given free education to the farmers’ dependents,

who had less than Rs. 1200 annual income. Maharashtra was first state in country.

(56) While establishing Marathwada University, Pandit Nehru had praised

Y.B.Chavan for smooth and efficient administration in the state. (57) He had

established Bhosla Military School in Satara with long ranging vision. (58)

Y.B.Chavan tried to understand agro based rural Maharashtra and made it not only

educated but also progressive. Due to his educational policies poor students from

rural areas were able to get education free and compulsory. They not only became

graduates, and Postgraduates, but also they became technocrats. M. P Mangulkar

has rightly pointed that the foundation of Marathwada University was possible due to

Y.B.Chavan’s sincere efforts. There were no colleges in the region, yet he promoted

to establish Marathwada University, because he felt that without University education

cannot flours hint he backward region. (59)

Like Marathwada University in the backward region, Y.B.Chavan also

established Shivaji University for the region of South Maharashtra. His efforts were

to strengthen the rural strata by setting the educational centers. He had a sound

philosophy behind all these efforts. He felt that education must be the change

against in the developing societies. All his efforts were fair enough to support

backward regions. He not only established these organizations, but also supported

them in the initial period for their healthy growth and development.

All the steps undertaken by Y.B.Chavan were responsible for the further

healthy growth of the educational infrastructure in the state. He also cared for the

systematic development of primary, secondary and college education in the state. All

these efforts were responsible for future development of quality education in the

state. Y.B.Chavan had tried to keep Maharashtra on the top in the field of education

in a planned manner. His efforts were mostly based on imparting quality education in

the state. By coordinating secondary and college education he was able to make

them perform well in the future.

4.5. Yeshwantrao’s contribution to Cooperative and Panchayat Raj

Chavan was in favor of village centric decentralization as cherished in the

Directive Principles of state policy. Vasantdada Patil opined that “Yeshwatrao was

always conducting dialogue with grass root workers and that was the reason of his

success.” (60) He felt that there were many times differences but we believed his

sincere guidance and long ranging vision. That was always providing a new line for

cooperative movement Sharad Pawar pointed that ideals of Yeshwantrao which

fostered developmental values has laid to conduct dialogue with the future.( 61)

Mane in Shilpkar has pointed that cooperative movement brought a collective

goodwill in the society. Cooperative movement development and agricultural

development and educational development were related to each other. Y.B.Chavan

developed them and thought that development will be suitable and strong if

Panchayat Raj and cooperation is developed along with educational institutions. (62)

To Yeshwantrao cooperation was a man making process. He tried to develop net

work of cooperative movement and movement for the development of new

leadership. For that purpose Y.B.Chavan travelled throughout the state and

developed new leadership through cooperative movement, which could not route

congress even in 1977 wave. (63)

In 1960 soon after establishment of linguistic state of Maharashtra

Y.B.Chavan had initiated the establishment of ZPs in the state. This experiment was

not only novel, but also it was unique in the country. Block level Panchayat Raj

having ZP at the top became a unique model in the democratic decentralization

process in the country. Panchayat Raj based on cooperative movement was really a

significant contribution of Y.B.Chavan in the state. Maharashtra became a leading

state in Panchayat Raj and as a leading progressive state in the country follow the

footsteps of Maharashtra state. P.B.Patil Chairman on Panchayat Raj has

appreciated the efforts made by Y.B.Chavan at the grass root level in the

establishment of Panchayat Raj in the states in the early first decade of the forming

of Maharashtra State.

4.6. Yeshwantrao and development of backward region s:

On 1st May 1960 United Maharashtra State came into existence by merging

various regions who were mainly Marathi speaking. The five districts of Marathwada

were part of Hyderabad State under Nizam. Vidarbha was part of Central Province,

whose headquarters was Bhopal and remaining Maharashtra was part of Bombay

State. The emergence of single language formula Marathi speaking people had

raised hopes and aspirations of people. G.T.Madkholkar Editor of Nagpur based

Taruan Bharat daily had written one editorial with a title “whose would be state of

Marathas or Marathi speaking people” (64) Y.B. Chavan replied in a public meeting

of Gul Market in Sangli that the newly emerged Maharashtra state would be owned

by all Marathi speaking people. (65) This can be amply testified by the policies and

actions undertaken by Y.B.Chavan during a span of 3 to 4 years.

The following important decisions he had taken to bridge gap between

developed and developing regions in the Maharashtra state:-

In 1957 Marathwada University was established to cater needs of the

backward region of Maharashtra State. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had appreciated

this decision taken by Y.B.Chavan. (66)

Y.B.Chavan had assured Vidarbha and Marathwada region for establishing

SSI units in the backward regions to promote SS industries in these regions.

The agriculture in these backward regions was mainly of dry land farming. It

required irrigation support. Hence Y.B.Chavan had requested leaders in these

regions to promote small and medium irrigation projects.

Y.B.Chavan tried to support young and emerging leaders from the backward

regions to participate in cooperative movement as well as local self government. A

band of new leaders came on the forefront of cooperative movements and after a

decade new cooperative sugar factories were established in the era of 1970s.

Thus all these efforts made by Y.B.Chavan as a leader of the state provided

scope for development. M.S.Kannamwar and V.P.Naik were promoted as state

leaders. Vasantrao Naik ruled for a decade and had a period of stability. Y.B.Chavan

provided a strong impetus to newly emerging leadership in the state, which was

responsible for promoting balanced development of the state.

Yeshwantrao in his book “Runanubandha” has narrated a story of

Maharashtra’s unity and setting of linguistic state in which he has pointed that

Maharashtra accepted to provide money for bui9lding of capital of Gujarat state and

he also assured to give Dang region to Gujarat (67) Further Yeshwantrao also

assured to maintain the unity of Maharashtra based on socio economic equality.

According to Sharad Pawar Yeshwantrao was a pain pillar in the unification of

Maharashtra because he was able to persuade central leadership in that direction.

(68) After setting Maharashtra Chavan in his early years prior to going to Delhi had

always cared to understand problems of Vidarbha and Marathwada and also

prompted later leaders like Vasantrao Naik to care about development issues of

backward region.

The aim of Y.B.Chavan was to establish a strong and untied Maharashtra as

a linguistic state. His sole efforts were responsible for balanced regional

development. He allowed Vidarbha to lead the state for a decade under the

leadership of V.P.Naik. Later on he also permitted state leadership to provide

opportunity to Marathwada region for the satisfaction of the people in the backward

region. He supported to establish various Development Boards for the backward

regions. He was always appreciating any kind of liberty or cultural activities made by

writers and poets like N.P Mahanor. He used to respond quickly to many writers’

letters. Being a voracious reader he use to appreciated many creative efforts made

by the writers in the region.

4.7. Perspective in the development of literature, art and culture.

Y.B. Chavan was a man of talents. He was a voracious reader and scholar. In

his young age, Yeshwantrao had met V.D.Savarkar at Ratnagiri and he was

catalyzed. In Krishnakath he has noted that “When I described the way Savarkar

looked and spoke, they listened to me with rapt attention.” (69) He further stated that

“This was one of the memorable happenings of the year 1930 that taught him

something and left an indelible impression.” (70) As a young leader Y.B.Chavan was

highly impressed by M.N.Roy’s radical humanism. Roy had toured India in 1931 and

he also visited Maharashtra. In Karachi Congress M.N. Roy and Pandit Nehru had

discussed about the resolution of fundamental rights. Then Roy was underground.

Chavan in Krishnakath says that “Roy started his own weekly called Independent

India and in that just as he campaigned for setting up the constituent assembly, he

also advocated the thought of an alternative leadership replacing the current

leadership of the Congress.”(71) At Tasgaon M.N.Roy was invited to deliver a

speech. In Pune also Y.B.Chavan had listened his three progressive speeches. He

was knowing his ideological stands from Laxman Shastri Joshi, who later became

the close associate of Y.B.Chavan. Chavan was shaped by Roy’s ideology, but he

had his own perspective to look at it.

Chavan was thus intellectually a very sound leader who had ability to

discriminate between good and bad. He was developed in the study circle activities.

While commenting on Krishnakath, Lina Mathias has opined that “Studying law in

Pune, Chavan notes wryly that it was almost a fashion in Pune to have a study

circle.” (72) These discussions had helped Chavan to update his ideology and to

revolve the triangle. Lina further pointed that “His connections with Royist politics

began weakening and he notes with relief my ideological triangle was over.” (73)

Chavan had suffered a great deal in Quit India movement. It has been pointed that

“Dodging the police and bounty hunters, shifting base every couple of days and

travelling by whatever mode of transport was available, Chavan met S.M.Joshi and

Ram Manohar Lohia during those days.” (74) Chavan was thus impressed by

socialist doctrine like Roy’s radical humanism.

He was a vibrant speaker and champion of socialism. Uttam Kamble has

observed that “History of modern Maharashtra cannot be complete without

Y.B.Chavan’s role.” (75) He further pointed that “to shape new state, new society,

and new man is a difficult process, and Yeshwantrao had a bold step to each and

every field of the state. (76) It has further observed that the progression of the state

cannot be calculated on the basis of profit and losses but it can be examined on the

basis of cultural, intellectual and philosophical traditions. (77) By establishing

Maharashtra Board of Culture and Literature, Y.B.Chavan led solid foundation of

cultural awakening. In the making of Marathi Vishwa Kosh campaign for

documenting the folk literature, extension of education, Y.B. Chavan was conscious

in the development of each and every aspect of the states. Y.B.Chavan had

promoted literary and cultural activities. His close association and Royalist

intellectual Tarkatirth Laxman Shastri Joshi was further provided a base for Marathi

literature and culture. He was also promoted the activities of Marathi Vishwa Kosha.

As an editor of Navbharat Journal of Wai Joshi have full influence on Y.B.Chavan.

Joshi had also edited Mahatma Phule Samagra Literature. In the said volumes Joshi

had noted that Phule had an adequate grasp of human values and universal

brotherhood. (78) In the introduction to Dattaji Salunke’s book Y.B.Chavan has

pointed that the establishing rural agricultural University is a part of glorious tradition

of knowledge seeking. He praised efforts made by agricultural universities in the

rural socio economic change and pointed that by understanding the needs of

;farmers, and cherishing them agricultural universities are toiling hard to fulfill the

dreams of Jyotiba Phule. Education is a process of value inculcation and it can be

possible if these Universities work as mission to fulfill this vow in a systematic

manner. (79) Joshi appears in his selected articles in the volume pointed that .Phule

was progressive and pragmatic. His writings were relevant to modern Maharashtra.

As a Chief Minister of Maharashtra and later as a cabinet Minister of different

portfolios in Union Government, he had set good and cordial relationship with writers

and literary figures in Maharashtra.

Krishnakath his literary biography is unique contribution made by him. The

literary style, all his flair has been well appreciated by majority of Marathi critics. His

speeches have been published in the form of books such as “Sahydrinche Ware”,

“Bhumika” and another two volumes contained his speeches in Legislative assembly,

which were published by the Government.

Sarojani Babar in the edited book on Y.B.Chavan had rightly pointed that

Chavan was always promoting scholarly and literary works contributed by Marathi

writers. (80) Babar further pointed that Yeshwantrao was a critic and appreciator of

literature, arts and music and he used to participate in such consorts with great

interest. (81) His keen interest in these fields laid to the foundation of Maharashtra

Literature and Cultural Board.

Bhaskar Laxman Bhole who has written a book on Politics and Literature of

Y.B.Chavan has rightly pointed that “Yeshwantrao’s role in the field of literature as

remained neglected due to prejudiced and bias.” (82) It has been further pointed that

he was a creative writer, balanced critic and immense lover of his language Marathi.

(83) Bhole further pointed that he was highly influenced by writing of N.S.Phadke

and V.S.Khandekar which were prominent writers of his age. (84) After listening V.D.

Sarkar’s poem “Kamla” recited by Acharya Bhagwat, Yeshwantrao pledged to right

for rural youth. This amply testifies Y.B.Chavan’s creative talents.

Rambhau Joshi had edited a book “Saydriwaril Suryasth”. This book

contained various chapters beginning from sunset, highly cultural diamond, all

comprehensive man, architect of values, the unique personality, fair character, his

memories. Joshi has pointed that “He was son of the soil, his tree was rooted on the

banks of Krishna. He was embodiment of his village Devrashtre’s small river

Sonhira. He was creative like ever flowing Krishna river. (85) Videsh Darshan is a

another book edited by Rambhau Joshi which is a collection of articles written by

Y.B.Chavan, based on his foreign visits as central minister. This is a collection of

letters written by Y.B.Chavan when he was visiting various countries in the capacity

of Defense Minister, Finance Minister, Foreign Affairs Minister etc. These letters

describe Yeshwantrao’s glorious tradition of creative talents which were reflected

through his writings. These letters mainly described various phases from November

1963 to 1977. (86) Shri Yeshada Publications, Pune, 1988, Joshi Rambhau) This

book contained 97 letters with graphic description. These letters are thought

provoking raised several issues. Y.B.Chavan has pointed that many issues are

complex but I have tried to think over them. However, consistent answers to these

problems have not yet evolved. (87) Rambhau Joshi in his preface to these letters

has pointed that minute observations of the changing world and studious and

scholarly thinking are basic characters of his writings.(88) He has further observed

that “these letters are not merely communication between husband and wife but they

can be treated as evidence of changing India based on observations made by a

diplomat and active politician. (89)

Y.B.Chavan had his respect about literary figures. N.S.Phadke was his

teacher in Rajaram College. Kolhapur. Chavan was to read all currently available

literature constantly. Chavan was always come into contact with writers, poets and

novelists who were on the forefront at the prevalent time. He used to write letters to

these writers and appreciate their talent. Mahanor N.D. a famous poet in Palaskeda

of Soyegaon taluka of Aurangabad district was appreciated by him and he came to

lime light as a poet and signer. In the forward written to the book Great men of

Kolhapur, edited by Bhikset Dyandeo Patil Y.B.Chavan has observed that In one of

the books written by S.S.Bhale on Rajarshi Chhatrapati Shahu, Y.B.Chavan had

written that there are many genius persons in the society, to make society dynamic

their work, reveals the personality of these cities, (90) Y.B.Chavan has suggested to

bring books on these lines about constructive men of such live cities in Maharashtra.

It has been rightly pointed that Yeshwantrao was having immense interest in

literature. He had qualities of creative writer, if he would not have been in the storm

of politics, he would have been a literary figure. His writings clearly illustrate that that

was not the traditional distraction of political diplomats but he was genius who

continued his writing throughout his life, which is an example of his keen interest in

the field of literature and culture. (91) According to Ashikar, Yeshwantrao had

developed his own science of literary criticism which was always searching quality

literature (92)

Thus Y.B.Chavan sufficiently used to promote and enrich Marathi literature

and culture. He appreciated Marathi folk theatre, classical music and Marathi Lawani

too. The way in which he use to appreciate Marathi culture, was really unique

because he used to involve in learning activities, provide quality writings and tried to

transform the 20th century Marathi literature and culture leading it towards

excellence and quality. The highest contribution of Y.B.Chavan to Modern

Maharashtra can be thus his rich contribution in the field of cultural life which he tried

to make it more mature and more rich like Bengali art, culture and literature. He was

voracious reader and use to read and appreciate literary works created by young

writers like Ravindranath Tagore. He too also believed that everybody cannot

become artiest but he can be an appreciator of art. Chavan was able to develop new

insight regarding thrust of quality and excellence in the minds of every Marathi

speaking man. His book Krishnakath has been described as best via media between

politics and literature. He knew that effective words is backbone of both politics and

literature. In this connection both of them can be described as brothers of each

other. (93) He had contributed many befitting articles in Diwali issues which is a

cultural tradition of Maharashtra. In his busy schedule Yeshwantrao used to attend

Marathi literary meets and used to Liston proceedings there with keen interest. He

used to attend presentations in Marathi theatre, consorts of Music and folk art meets.

He never expressed his ego but he was attending these cultural activities as a

sophisticated patron and lover of these arts. He used to respect Marathi writers,

journalists, as well as creative genius poets like N.D.Mahanor, because he knew that

status of the peoples’ life depends on how matured they produced and appreciated

it. Like Saints and prophets modern writers have also to seek inspiration from mass

culture and mass test of audience will be evolved through the dynamics of such

worthy literature. He believed that entertainment is not the mere objective of the

literature, but it is a vehicle of good taste, decent public life and matured cultural life.

Thus the contribution of Y.B.Chavan in the development of arts, culture and

literature in Maharashtra state was extremely significant. He was always ahead of

his times and he used to think in a progressive manner to resolve any crisis. He was

highly impressed by rationalism propagated by M.N.Roy and V.D.Savarkar through

their writings. He promoted scientific temper for the better future of the state. Like

Nehru he also believed that youth based on scientific thinking is the vanguard of

change. His contributions in the field of education and literature makes us to believe

that he was able to develop young generation in Maharashtra based on progressive

educational philosophy and the quality literature produced by genius reformist

writers. He believed that logic and evidence were based of scientific writings and

such clear scientific values must be inculcated through the media of literature. He

believed in socio economic change based on scientific and technological ideas. He

tried to expose modern Maharashtra through the literature of new world produced by

local people in the form of Vishwakosh series of volumes. He focused on fostering of

scientific values through quality literature. He tried to emancipate Marathi youth from

the clutches of the conservative ideas and tried to put them ahead on the new path

way of rational scientific thinking.

By establishing the Board of Marathi Literature and Culture, Y.B.Chavan was

able to establish Marathi Vishwa Kosh, i.e. Encyclopedia in Marathi languages. His

aim was to transform Marathi as language of knowledge transmission. His efforts led

to develop science and technology literature in the Marathi language. His guidance

led to the all-round development of Marathi language in every walk of life. The new

outlook provided by him was possible to inject new ideas in the Marathi speaking

and learning. Due to his creative efforts in this phase, many Marathi speaking

generations could enter in the US.

The NRIs were the Marathi speaking people have become significant segment and

credit goes to Y.B.Chavan for providing technology based education through the new

leaders of Maharashtra. Thus his policies were responsible for changing the profile

of the state.

4.8. Summary

Thus in this chapter contribution of Y.B.Chavan to the making of modern

Maharashtra was discussed. It is true that Y.B.Chavan was really architect of

modern Maharashtra. He had very well directed the newly emerging state from its

beginning. He felt that agriculture is the backbone of Maharashtra’s development. He

strengthened it by promoting strong base of cooperative movement.

Y.B.Chavan’s approach to industrial development and development of SSI

units was based on his rich experience. He tried to establish the industrial belt from

Bombay Pune to Sangli Satara and Nasik Aurangabad as well as Nagpur. A network

of cooperative movement was well built and efforts were made to strengthen the

cooperative movement.

Y.B.Chavan’s unique experiment lies in developing Panchayat Raj and ZPs in

the state, which led to the rise of new leadership. .

The cooperative sugar belt in Kolhapur, Ahmednagar, and Sangli was able to flourish

due to able guidance of Y.B.Chavan. He came in contact with giants like D.R.Gadgil,

Laxman Shastri Joshi to support his ideas. The Marathi field of literature and culture

was creation of Y.B.Chavan.

The sole efforts of Y.B.Chavan was to develop a modern, well organized and

highly sophisticated as well as cultural Maharashtra state. The beginning was made

by Chavan and later on the same path was continued by Sharad Pawar through his

political career. Y.B.Chavan led a solid and strong foundation of the modern

Maharashtra. He had a mature literary and cultural harmony which he flourished

during his period systematically.

In the next chapter Chavan’s contribution on national level has been discussed.

References :

1. Chavan Y.B. “Krishnakath” Rohan Publishers, Mumbai, 2012, p-318

2. Sarda Shankar (ed) “Abilities and Leadership of Y.B.Chavan” article by Karnik

D.B. p-33

3. Ibid., p-42

4. Ibid., p-53

5. Lokrajya March 2012, p-5

6. Ibid., p-5

7. Ibid., p-7

8. Bhale B.L. “Yeshwantrao Chavan’s Political Literature” Saket Publications,

Aurangabad, 1985, p-1

9. Ibid., p-1

10. Ibid., p-1

11. Deshmukh Shyamrao “Y.B.Chavan Literature and Speeches” K Publishers,

Solapur, 2009, p-28

12. Ibid., p-120

13. Ibid., p-169

14. Bhale B.L., op cit., p-18

15. Ibid., p-15

16. Ibid., mp-7

17. Kamble Uttam (ed) “Y.B.Chavan an architect of Maharashtra” Sakal

Publications, Pune, 2012. P-135

18. Ibid., article by Patil, p-22

19. Ibid., p-29

20. Sarda Shankar (ed) op cit., p-96

21. Kamble Uttam, op cit., p-79

22. Bhale B.L., op cit., p-43,

23. Ibid., p-62

24. Ibid., p-61

25. Lina Mathias’s article in “Economic and Political Weekly” Marc h 9, 2013, Vol.

XLVIII No. 10, p-35

26. Ibid., p-37

27. Ibid., p-37

28. www.oiiri.org.abstract of paper read by M.R.Patil on “Y.B.Chavan’s

contribution in India’s socio political development” p-119

29. Ibid., p-119

30. Ibid., pp-119-20

31. Bhole B.L. op cit., p-2

32. Ibid., p-3

33. Ibid., p-5

34. Lokrajya 1st March, 1985, article by Sharad Pawar “Ideal personality of

Y.B.Chavan”, p-5

35. Ibid., article by Laxman Shastri Joshi, “Fair character and politics of

Yeshwantrao”, p-27

36. Bhale Madhukar, “Yeshwantrao to Vilasrao”, Manovikas Publications, Pune,

2008,p-4

37. Patil V.V. (Ed) “Yeshwantrao Chavan’s Prastavana” Ameya Publications,

Pune, p-23 also see “Maharashtrachiya wata” selected speeches of

Vasantrao Naik, I and Pr Directorate, 1975, p-1

38. Lokrajya special number, March 1,1985, article by Patil Vasantrao on

“Y.B.Chavan a leader who have faith in democratic socialism” , p-5

39. Ibid., p-5

40. Lokrajya special issue March 1, 1985, article by Shinde Annasaheb

“Y.B.Chavan and agro industrial revolution in modern Maharashtra”, p-55

41. Mane D.A.. “Architect Y.B.Chavan”, Kirloskar Wadi Sangli, p-26

42. Ibid., p-27

43. Lokrajya March 1, 1985, article by Mangulkar M.P “Y.B.Chavan a new face in

the history of modern Maharashtra,” p-66

44. Patil S.R. “Sahakar Sugandha” SR Publications, Kolhapur,1988, p-5

45. Ibid., p-6

46. Ibid., p-12

47. Mane D.A., op cit., p-27

48. Ibid., p-27

49. Ibid., p-28

50. Patil S.R., op cit., p-22

51. Ibid., -17

52. Ibid., p-32

53. Lokrajya, March 1, 1985, article by Sohoni S.R.”Yeshwantrao’s important

decisions as Chief Minister”, p-92

54. Patil S.R.op. cit., p-325

55. Ibid., p-327

56. Mane D.A. op cit., p-33

57. Ibid., p-34

58. Ibid., p-38

59. Lokrajya March 1, 1985, article by Mangulkar M.P., op cit., p-64

60. Shevte Arun “Krishnakathcha Manus” Ruturang Publications, Mumbai, 1993,

p-27

61. Ibid., p-93

62. Mane D.A. op cit.,p-34

63. Ibid., p-32

64. Madgulkar G.T. Editor of Tarun Bharat, Nagpur, April 1960

65. Chavan Y.B. “Sahyadriche Ware” op cit.p 77

66. Mane D.A. op cit., p-35

67. Lokrajya 1st March, 1985, quoted from “Runanubandh”, p-174

68. Lokrajya 1st March, 1985, article by Sharad Pawar, p-7

69. Chavan Y.B. “Krishnakath” op cit., p-87

70. Ibid., p-88

71. Ibid., p-186

72. Lina Mathias op cit., p-37

73. Ibid., p-37

74. Ibid., p-38

75. Kamble Uttam refer introduction op cit., p-6

76. Ibid., p-6

77. Ibid., p-6

78. Joshi Laxman Shastri “Phule Samagra Literature”Bombay, p-1

79. Patil V.V. op cit., p-104

80. Babar Sarojani “”Yeshwantrao as I saw” Sahitya Sanskriti Mandal, Mumbai,

1988, p-460

81. Ibid., p-463

82. Bhole B.L. op cit., p-117

83. Ibid., p-117

84. Ibid., p-118

85. Joshi Rambhau “Sahyadrivaril Suryasth”, Samarth Publications, Camp

Satara, 1993, p-107

86. Joshi Rambhau “Videsh Darshan” foreword by Laxman Shastri, Yashda

Publications, Pune, 1988, p-1

87. Ibid., p-12

88. Ibid., p-16

89. Ibid., p-20

90. Patil V.V. “Yeshwantraonchiya Prastawana” p-108

91. Lokrajya March 1, 1985,

92. Ibid., article by Ashikar Madhukar “The literary Science of Y.B.Chavan”, p-142

93. Lokrajya March 2012, p-6