10 improvements in engine designs

7/29/2019 10 Improvements in Engine Designs

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INTRODUCTION The first car was built by Joseph Cugnot in 1769. It was powered by a

steam engine and was very slow. In 1784 James watt built the steam powered vehicle.

In 1802,richard Trevithick developed a steam engine that travelled fromCornwall to London.

Nikolaus August Otto built the first four cylinder engine.

In 1886 Gottlieb Daimler designed the first four wheeled automobile.They also created the first v-slanted engine.

Karl Benz, know as one of the founders of Mercedes-Benz, is the first tobuild an automobile powered by an internal combustion engine.

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach with Benzs manufacturing firm in1926 to create Daimler-Benz. The joint company makes cars today underthe Mercedes-Benz nameplate, and Daimler Chrysler

Henry Ford, a famous car company founder, designed the worldsbiggest car manufacturer, manufacturing over 15 million Model Ts by1927

Hybrid cars have also been around since the 1900s.

The first hybrid commercial truck was built in 1910, and as the gasolineengine was refined interest in hybrids died down.


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FOUR STROKE ENGINE Four-stroke engines were one

of the earliest improvementsmade to internal combustionengines in the late 1800s

It replaced the 2 stroke Benzmotorwagen.

Four-stroke engines carryseveral benefits, includingimproved fuel economy, moredurability, more power andtorque, and cleaner emissions.However, compared to two-

stroke engines, they are morecomplicated and expensive tomake, and require the use ofvalves for the intake andexhaust of gases.


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FORCED INDUCTION An engine requires three things

to generate motion: fuel, air,and ignition.

More power without an increasein engine size

parts that do make it happen

turbochargers andsuperchargers .

A good example is theturbocharged Mini Cooper S,which only has a 1.6-liter enginebut produces more than200 horsepower in someapplications

The drawbacks? Cars that haveturbochargers often requirepremium gasoline. Then there'sthe issue ofturbo lag, where thepower gains aren't felt until theturbocharger spools up at higherrevolutions per minute (RPM)


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FUEL INJECTION Since the late 1980s,

carburetors have beenalmost completely replacedby fuel injection.

Fuel injectorsspray gasoline into the air

intake manifold, where fueland air mix together into afine mist.

So why did fuel injectionreplace the carburetor?

Benefits: Better throttle

response, increased fuelefficiency, more power, easierstarting.

Drawbacks: More complexityand potentially expensiverepairs.


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DIRECT INJECTION On a direct injection engine, fuel

is sprayed directly into thecombustion chamber, not into theair intake manifold

Direct injection provides a leanermix of fuel, which burns moreefficiently. In some ways it makesgasoline-powered engines moresimilar to diesel engines, whichhave always used a form ofdirect injection.

Sometimes, direct injectionengines can exhibit the buildupof carbon deposits on the intake

valves, which could causereliability issues. Some cartuners have expressed difficultywith modifying direct injectionengines as well


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ALUMINIUM ENGINE BLOCKS Benefits: Lighter

weight leads to more

efficiency and better

handling

Drawbacks: Can warp

at high temperatures


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OVERHEAD CAMSHAFTS

The term refers to the number

of overhead camshafts above

each cylinder in the engine.

Camshafts are part of your

car's valvetrain, which is a

system that controls the flow offuel and air into the cylinders.

The benefit to the overhead

cam setup is that it allows for

more intake

and exhaust valves, meaning

fuel, air and exhaust can move

more freely through the engine,

adding power.


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VARIABLE VALVE TIMING Benefits: Fuel economy,

more flexible power delivery

Drawbacks: Greater cost toproduce

HONDA-VTEC refersto variable valve timing andlift electronic control

TOYOTA-VVT-i, for variablevalve timing withintelligence, and BMW has

a system called Valvetronicor VANOS , meaningvariable camshaft control.

often controlled by theengine's on-board computer


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ON-BOARD COMPUTERS modern cars have everything

regulated by an on-boardcomputer called an enginecontrol unit, or ECU.

The ECU makes sure processeslike ignition timing, the air/fuelmixture, fuel injection, idle

speed, and others operate theway they're supposed to. Itmonitors what's going on inthe engine using an array ofsensors and performs millions ofcalculations each second inorder to keep everythingoperating correctly. Othercomputers in the car controlthings like electricalsystems, airbags, interiortemperature, tractioncontrol, anti-lock brakes and theautomatic transmission.


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CLEAN DIESEL The modern diesel engine is

powerful, clean and extremely

fuel-efficient. Today's engines

use a low-sulfur form of diesel

fuel, and systems within the car

help eliminate particle matterand excess pollution.

Diesel engines have some

drawbacks, mainly their low

RPM level and the higher cost

of diesel fuel.


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HYBRID ENGINES A combination of high gas

prices, an increasedawareness of the environmentamong drivers, andgovernment regulations raisingfuel economy and emissions

standards have forced enginesto "go green" more than everbefore

an electric motor is partneredwith atraditional gasoline engine in

order to achieve high fueleconomy numbers

the electric engine acts alone,meaning the car does not usegas at all.

Drawbacks: Higher initial cost,

complexity.


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THANKYOU

10 improvements in engine designs

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