10 internet-of-things-iot-applications
TRANSCRIPT
IoT ApplicationsJohn Soldatos, PhD
Overview: Contents
IoT and Smart Cities
IoT and Manufacturing
IoT and Wearables
IoT and HealthCare
IoT and Connected
Cars
Internet of Things and Smart Cities
Smart Cities Definitions
• “Use of Smart Computing technologies to make the critical infrastructure componentsand services of a city—which include city administration, education, healthcare, publicsafety, real estate, transportation, and utilities—more intelligent, interconnected, andefficient” (Forrester, 2011).
• “A smart city is based on intelligent exchanges of information that flow between its manydifferent subsystems. This flow of information is analyzed and translated into citizen andcommercial services. The city will act on this information flow to make its widerecosystem more resource-efficient and sustainable. The information exchange is based ona smart governance operating framework designed for cities sustainable” (Gartner, 2011).
• “‘Smart city’ [refers to] a local entity—a district, city, region or small country—which takesa holistic approach to employ[ing] information technologies with real-time analysis thatencourages sustainable economic development” (IDC, 2011).
What is a Smart City?In
vest
in Human capital
Infrastructure (includingICT)
tow
ard Sustainable development
Economy growth
Quality of life
Bas
ed o
n Participatory governance
Improved management of natural resources
Smart City Drivers
Urbanization
• Urban population worldwide amounts currently to approx. 3.7 billion people
• Expected to double by 2050
• Resource depletion; need for efficient management of resources
• Exclusion, inequality, and rising insecurity challenges
Demographic changes
• Number of seniors aged 60 or over is the fastest growing segment of the population at a rate of 3.26%
• Decline in infant mortality & high fertility
• Proliferation of the younger population
• Need for employment opportunities
Changing lifestyles
• Changes in family patterns
• New habits in work and mobility, e.g., tele-working, vehicle sharing, & renting
• Need for novel urban services in support of these changes
Climate change
• Climate changes & global warning
• Policies for efficient use of water, energy, and other resources
• Measures for sustainable growth
Smart Cities and IoT
Smart Cities are empowered by IoT technologies
• Empowers internet-based connectivity across devices
• IoT will generate up to $11.1 trillion a year in economic value by 2025
• Smart cities are one of the IoT settings with the highest business value
Relevant IoT technologies
• Connectivity: WiFi, 4G/LTE, 5G
• Devices interaction: oneM2M, sensor, & IoT middleware
• Scalable processing: Cloud computing
• Data processing: Data mining, Data analytics, BigData
IoT and Smart Cities Standards
Relevant IoT (connectivity) Standards
• ZigBee
• 3GPP
• LoRa
• oneM2M
• IEEE (802.11) Wi-Fi
• ….
IoT Standards for Vertical Applications
• Smart home (e.g., UPnP, KNX)
• Manufacturing applications (e.g., Open Platform Communications (OPC) and Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) standards)
• Transportation (e.g., Car2Car, standards of the Open Automotive Alliance)
Smart city standards & Outlook
• ISO 37120:2014: “Indicators for city services and quality of life”
• Need for more integration and smart city interoperability standards (e.g., Hypercat)
• Relevant collaborations between IEC, ISO, ITU, IEEE, CEN-CENELEC, and ETSI (e.g., World Smart City Forum in Singapore, July 2016)
Smart City: A rising market
Smart City Maturity Model
Phase 1: Digital Infrastructure
• Broadband networks
• Sensor networks
• Public Open Data
• Certification & validation of infrastructures
• Digital city
Phase 2: Services Development
• Smart Energy, Smart Transport, urban mobility
• Stakeholders’ Involvement
• “Smart City”
Phase 3: Services Integration & Citizens Participation
• Integration and reusability of data & services
• Citizens’ engagement
• Integrated Smart City
NIST Smart Grid Framework
Vertical Deployment “silos” in Smart Cities
Source: FP7 VITAL project, http://vital-iot.eu
Bridging the silos: Smart City Operations Center
Control center integrating all systems and projects in the smart city
Control Center = Software middleware and processes
Example #1: Integrated Performance Management: Calculate CO2 saving across all different energy projects
Example #2: Repurposing and reusing smart city infrastructures across multiple applications
Smart Cities and Open Data Sets
• Open Data Sets == Key enabler for open innovation/novel apps
• Examples: London Data Store, Glagow Data
Source: London Data Store, https://data.london.gov.uk
Source: Glasgow, Open Data, https://data.glasgow.gov.uk
IoT & Smart Cities Services Trends
Interoperability
• Integrating silo deployments
• Use of IoT technologies (e.g., Hypercat, IoT+Semantics)
Citizen Engagement
• Engagement in IoT Services design (e.g., co-creation, integration of artistic concepts)
• Citizen-centric services
Public Private Partnerships
• Preferred financing model
• E.g., public sector deploys connectivity infrastructure (Wifi); private sector deploys services
Internet of Things and Wearables
Introducing WearablesWearables’ Characteristics
• Small electronic devices
• Comprised of one or more sensors
• Associated with clothing or worn accessories, such as watches, wristbands, glasses, and jewelry
• Have some sort of computational capability
• Capture and process data about the physical world
• Some presenting data in some sort of display
Connectivity
• Wearable devices are not always connected to the Internet
• Offer connectivity, such as Bluetooth or NFC (Near Field Communications), based connectivity to smartphones
• Connect to smartphone applications
Wearable System Building Blocks
WirelessNetwork
Input Device Display Device
Video Camera
Low Power Indicator Power Supply
Com port VGA outFrame grab
ber
Netw
ork card
Parallel port Back plane
Main Unit
Wearables Input & Output DevicesInput Devices
• Keyboard alternative, included chording keyboards and special purpose keyboards
• Mouse alternatives, including trackballs and joysticks
• Tab alternatives, including buttons and dials
• Eye trackers
• Head trackers
• Pens
• Gesturing
• Bar code readers
• Textiles
• Video capture devices, microphones, GPS locators
• Speech recognition
• Other devices (e.g., skin sensors)
Output Devices
• Head mounted displays (HMDs)
• Flat panels, text-to-speech
• Tactile output
• Non-speech auditory output
• Paper and olfactory output (scent)
Wearables’ Functionalities and Application Areas
Sensors
• Light
• Sound
• Speed/acceleration
• Humidity
• Etc.
Consumer-oriented applications
• Fitness and sports
• Fashion and apparel
• Home automation
• Gaming
Non-consumer-oriented applications
• Defense and security
• Manufacturing and industry
• Healthcare
Introducing Internet of Things Wearables
IoT Wearables
• Adding information & value to wearables’ capabilities
• More sensors and functionalities
• Integration with services and data provided by other devices (including other wearables)
Wearables Examples (1)
Apple Watch
• Includes a heart rate sensor, GPS, and an accelerometer
• Fully integrated into the Apple ecosystem
Sensoria Fitness T-shirt
• Comprised of embedded textile sensors
• Enables tracking of heart rate
Adidas Smart Run
• Wrist device that monitors the wearer's heart rate and location data
• Blended into Adidas miCoach system
Wearables Examples (2)
FitBit’s Flex
• Sleek wristband
• Provides real-time statistics on a user's daily fitness activity
Google Glass
• Head-mounted wearable computer
• Projects a transparent screen in front of the user’s field of vision
Nike+ Sportwatch
• Measures the distance traveled
• Measures pace and speed of the wearer's run
Wearables Examples (3)
Samsung’s Galaxy Gear
• Android-based smart watch
• Synchronizes with a cellphone to achieve smartphone-like capabilities
Sony Core
• Wrist-worn waterproof wearable smart band with a built-in sensor
• Records activity levels throughout the day
Garmin SmartWatch
• Built-in sports apps
• Smart scales with wireless connectivity
• Enables a more active lifestyle
Future Trends
Wearables Ecosystems
• Complete programming and application development environments beyond the device level
• Wearables as parts of the IoT ecosystem
Interoperability
• Across devices of different types and from different vendors
• Across different ecosystems
• Single entry point for managing personal data
Novel IoT Services
• Integrated IoTwearables services combining data and services from multiple ecosystems
• Driven by innovation for fitness, healthcare, industry, etc.
Internet of Things and Manufacturing
Drivers of Future Manufacturing
From capacity to capability
• Manufacturing flexibility
• Respond to variable market demand and achieve high levels of customer fulfillment
New production models
• Moving away from mass production
• From make-to-stock (MTS) to make-to-order (MTO), configure-to-order (CTO), and engineer-to-order (ETO) production
• Becoming more demand driven
Profitable proximity sourcing and production
• Modular products based on common platforms and configurable options
• Adopt hybrid production and sourcing strategies
• Produce modular platforms centrally, while leveraging suppliers, distributors, or retailers to tailor final products locally to better serve local customer demands
Workforce engagement
• People will remain at the center of the factory of the future
• People will provide the degree of flexibility and decision-making capabilities required to deal with increasing operational complexity
• Higher levels of collaboration
Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industrie 4.0): Role of IoT & Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
11www.fiwareforindustry.eu
Source: Recommendations forimplementing the strategic initiativeINDUSTRIE 4.0 by The Industry-Science Research Alliance &Sponsored by the German FederalMinistry of Education and Research
IoT vs. CPS
IoT
Sensing of the physical world
Internet connectivity
Used in China and EU
CPSControl of combined
organizational and physical processes
Tight human machine
interaction
Used in USA and EU (Industry 4.0)
Embedded Systems (e.g., Board)
Networked Embedded Systems (e.g., Autonomous Vehicle)
Cyber-Physical Systems (e.g., networked distributed traffic management system)
Internet of Things (e.g., Smart City Transport)
Evolution from Embedded Systems to CPS and IoT
IoT Interconnects Factories and the Manufacturing Chain
Source: Cognizant.com
Vision of Informed Manufacturing PlantSource: Cognizant.com
Connected Supply ChainConnected Supply Chain Concept
• Connecting the production line to suppliers
• Stakeholders understand interdependencies, the flow of materials, and process cycle times
• Location tracking, remote inventory level monitoring, and automatic reporting of material consumption
• Predictive analytics based on real-time data helps manufacturers identify issues before they happen, lowers inventory costs, and potentially reduces capital requirements
Case Study: Dell
• Employees are engaged with customers to help them find the best customized choice that fits their needs
• Orders translated to OptiPlex manufacturing facility, which is able to build more than 20,000 custom-built products
• Orders arrive and are consolidated at the part level via real-time factory scheduling and inventory management
• Churns out a revised manufacturing schedule every two hours
• Enables communications (with time stamps) to suppliers to ensure that required materials are delivered to specific buildings, dock doors, and manufacturing lines
Connected Supply Chain
Source: Cognizant.com
IoT and Manufacturing Maintenance Activities
Preventative and condition-based monitoring
• Prevent malfunctions
• Equipment that needs to operate within a certain temperature range, the company can use sensors to actively monitor when it goes out of range
• Measuring vibrations to detect operations that are out of spec
• Leverages Big Data Analytics, including predictive modelling
Predictive Maintenance
• Leverage multiple modalities to predict when maintenance will be required
• E.g., vibration analysis, oil analysis, thermal imaging, etc.
Asset Monitoring and Management
Asset Management
• Monitoring assets for their status (including predictive maintenance)
• New service offerings and business models for equipment suppliers
Example Business Models
• Models around hours of operation rather than equipment sale; buyers use the equipment in an “as-a-service” offering
• New and very closely linked business relationships between manufacturers and their suppliers
Industry example
• GE’s maintenance cost per (flight) hour model for its aviation business
Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0 (RAMI 4.0)
Source: Vdi Vde Gesellschaft Mess und Automatisierungstechnik, “Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0 (RAMI4.0)”, July 2015
Challenges for Future (IoT-based) Manufacturing
Standardization for CPS Manufacturing
• Interfaces should be standardized and solutions made interoperable at various levels (e.g., communication and service levels)
• International Standard for Metadata Registries (ISO/ IEC 11179) and its implementation (e.g., the Universal Data Element Framework, or UDEF, from OpenGroup) are aimed at supporting semantic interoperability between structured data
• RAMI and Industrial Internet Consortium specify IoT Architectures for Industrial Automation
Security and Privacy
• IoT Data ranges from big to colossal and from high-velocity to supersonic, and it spans multiple categories (e.g., structured, unstructured, and semi-structured)
• Devices must be secured on the network
• Users need to feel confident both about their personal data and sensitive organizational data
Analytics
• Need to convert data into actionable insight
• Biggest challenge for many manufacturers, given the growth of Internet of data
• No wonder that organizations are investing in getting things on the Internet, as they see the potential for generating business-critical insight from this data
IoT Manufacturing Applications Development Process
Analyze sensory architecture
Create an IoT vision
Initiate engagement
and employee communication
Focus on application
development and
infrastructure
Rapid deployment,
monitoring, and modification
planning
Developing product
features and embedded
sensors
Internet of Things and HealthCare
IoT in Healthcare
• Sensors collect patient data
• Microcontrollers process, analyze, and wirelessly communicate the data
• Microprocessors enable rich graphical user interfaces
• Healthcare-specific gateways through which sensor data is furtheranalyzed and sent to the cloud
Example: Patient MonitoringSource: www.mouser.com
IoT and Clinical Care
Target
• Replace the process of having a health professional come by at regular intervals to check the patient’s vital signs
Benefits
• Improve quality of care
• Lowers the cost of care by eliminating the need for a caregiver to actively engage in data collection and analysis
Implementation
• Constant monitoring using IoT-driven, noninvasive sensors
• Collect comprehensive physiological information
• Uses gateways and the Cloud to analyze and store the information
• Send the analyzed data wirelessly to caregivers for further analysis and review
Internet of Things and Connected Cars
Connected Car and Smart Transport SensorsSource: Application Developers Alliance, “Internet of Things: Automotive as a Microcosm of IoT”, White Paper, 2015
Five Ways to Develop Apps for Vehicles
#1
• Run apps in the in-vehicle entertainment systems
• Blackberry QNX CAR, Windows Embedded Automotive, Automotive Grade Linux, and Android
#2
• Use a link to a smartphone
• Airbiquity, OpenCar, CloudCar, SmartDeviceLink/ AppLink, MirrorLink, Apple CarPlay, Google Open Automotive Alliance, and Windows in the car
#3
• Remote access to the vehicle through an API
• OnStar, General Motors API, Ford Remote API, Airbiquity, reverse engineering of vehicle protocols
#4
• Access to data through the on-board diagnostics port called OBD-‐II
• Dash Labs, Mojio, Carvoyant, MetroMile, and smartdrive.io
#5
• New and emerging initiatives
• W3C Automotive and Web Platform Business Group and OpenXC
Example: Apple Car Play (www.apple.com/ios/carplay)
• Allows iPhone owners to use the features they want intheir cars without creating dangerous distractions; nowireless Bluetooth option
• To pair an iPhone with a vehicle plug it into thedashboard with a lightning cable:
• Car automatically pops up the CarPlay icon andupdates compatible apps
• Phone screen will be locked to eliminate anytemptation to use it while driving
• Early supporters
• Ferrari
• Hyundai
• Mercedes-Benz
• Volvo
• FordSource: www.apple.com/ios.carplay
Connected Car: Indicative Applications (1)
Infotainment
• Brings information functions (i.e., navigation, location-based services, rear seat web browsing, social networking, etc.) into the vehicle’s entertainment system.
• E.g., CarPlay for using iTunes, watch videos, run navigation apps on the in-dash display with a touch screen interface & Apple’s voice-companion Siri (vocal commands)
• Bring the entire apps ecosystem to the dashboard and present endless possibilities for an in-car experience
• Examples: Read out email & calendar reminders, order food, switch on the heater, etc.
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication
• Wireless exchange of the position, speed, and location data between nearby vehicles
• E.g., toward improving the safety of commuters
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication
• Wireless exchange of information between vehicles and roadside infrastructure
• Communicate with the roads, digital signage, traffic lights, safety, and control systems
• E.g., avoid crashes and traffic congestion
Connected Car: Indicative Applications (2)Vehicles and Smartphones
• Ιnformation exchange will be two-way: Smartphone to vehicle and vice versa
• On-Board Diagnostics (OBD/OBD-II) data: Information regarding engine and other crucial vehicle parameters can be displayed on the driver’s smartphone and the same can be sent to service provider for analysis
• Alerts: Open doors, Lights ON, Hand brake ON
• Actions: Lock/Un-lock vehicle doors, Roll windows up/down, AC temperature +/-
Smartphone sensors for driving insights
• Commercial smartphones commonly have sensors, such as accelerometer, gyroscope, or orientation sensor and GPS.
• Docking the smartphone to the vehicle; data from these sensors can be used to detect driving patterns, such as sharp turns, sudden acceleration, hard braking, drifting, and speeding
• Profile the driver as safe or aggressive to rate and compare different drivers and share such data with insurance providers for customized premiums
• Pay-As-You-Drive (PAYD) and Pay-How-You-Drive (PHYD) are the upcoming offerings from auto insurance companies that reward safe drivers and penalize rash ones with differential premiums
On-Board diagnostics for on-device analytics
• The on-board Diagnostics (OBD/OBD-II) port is commonly used in automobile service and maintenance
• Faults, vehicle, and engine speed, engine temperature, fluid levels, gear shifts, battery status, etc. is accessed regularly at vehicle repair shops
• Up-to-date: Used for post-facto analysis
• Can be made available to the vehicle owners, giving them a better picture of the car’s performance
• Monitoring these parameters actively and with some level of on-device analytics, drivers can get proactive service alerts on their smartphones and potential faults can be identified for early diagnosis and care