10 phycoremediation sivasubramanium.ppt - kscstand indirectlyas an effect of eutrophication. ......

Phycoremediation

Dr V SivasubramanianPHYCO SPECTRUM, Chennai

Introduction _

Industrial effluentIndustrial wastewater (effluent), which contains highconcentrations of organic and inorganic nutrients, is one of themain causes of irreversible ecological degradation.

What if not treated?If released untreated, receiving water bodies such as rivers,lakes and streams may suffer from oxygen depletion as a directeffect of the microbial oxidation of organic pollutants andammonium, and indirectly as an effect of eutrophication.

Introduction _ Conventional treatment methods Primary treatment – Removal of large and suspended particles.

Involves methods such as precipitation, flocculation filtration,etc.

Secondary treatment – Involves chemical methods such as pHstabilization, oxidation etc.

Tertiary treatment – Removing organic and inorganic nutrients.Involves biological methods also.

Major drawbacks in conventional methods Physical methods such as reverse osmosis and other chemical

methods may prove costly. Addition of chemicals may increase the salinity/conductivity of

water.

Introduction _ Major drawbacks in conventional methods Inherently problematic in the treatment of some industrialeffluents such as metal-bearing streams. Often, sludge formation is unavoidable, which is difficult todewater and dispose of.

BioremediationBioremediation, which is one of the recent technologies, isdescribed as the use of microorganisms to destroy or immobilizewaste materials (Shanahan, 2004)

Introduction _ Advantages of Bioremediation Can be done in situOften less expensive Minimal site disruption Permanent elimination of waste Long-term liability Greater public acceptance Can be coupled with other physical and chemical methods.

Phycoremediation – An emerging technologyPhycoremediation, a type of bioremediation, can be defined in abroader sense as the use of macroalgae or microalgae for theremoval or biotransformation of pollutants including nutrientsand xenobiotics from wastewater and CO2 from waste air (Olguín,2003).

Introduction _ Why Phycoremediation?

● Ability of microalgae to tackle simultaneously more than oneproblem, a solution not capable by conventional chemicalprocesses.

● Case specific as the process can be operated batch wise, semi-continuous or in continuous manner.

● Commercial benefits derived from the biomass and otherextracted biochemicals.

● Compatible with existing operations.● Cost effective as it saves power and a lot of chemicals.● CO2 sequestration – a solution for the threat of global warming.

Introduction _ Why Phycoremediation?

● Flexible to handle fluctuations in quality and quantity ofeffluent feed.

● Oxygenation of environment.● Possible co-production of biofuels and biofertilizers.● Robust to minimize automation, maintenance and the need for

skilled operators.● Selective to remove only the contaminants (metals) under

consideration.● Sustainable and eco-friendly from an ecological perspective.

World’s First Phycoremediation plant at SNAP Natural Products and Alginates, Ranipet _

SNAP NATURAL & ALGINATE PRODUCTS LTD., came into existence in the Year 1979. It started its operations in the SIPCOT INDUSTRIAL ESTATE at Ranipet, Tamil Nadu in the year 1980.

SNAP is the pioneer in manufacturing food and pharma grade alginates in India. It caters the need of world standard alginates to various industries such as Food, Pharma, Textile, Rubber, Welding Electrodes, Ceramic Glazing, Dental Impression Molds etc. Its manufacturing activities are aligned to the ISO 14001-2004 for its environment management system.

The Algae research team from VIAT delivered algal technology to SNAP alginates for cleaning up their industrial effluent discharge. The results were dramatic both financially and also qualitatively. This technology goes far in the fulfillment of corporate responsibility to the society and environment.


Set up in September 2006. Running for the last 3 years without generating sludge. pH correction of acidic effluent without adding chemicals. CO2 sequestration. Algal biomass sold as bio-fertilizer. During rains slope tank used as rain harvesting system. And many more benefits


Conventional Effluent Treatment Costs

Cost Factor Annual total cost (Rs. Lakhs)

Caustic Soda 50Land fill for 290 tonnes sludge annually 3Total 53

Phycoremediation Benefits

Neutralization of medium – no external materials

0Sludge reduced to zero – Fertilizer produced(revenue)

70Net Cash Positive (Rs. Lakhs) Annual 123

Investments And Recoveries

Structural Costs for AC Roof and bitumen cover (Rs. Lakhs) 25Space Saved 7000 Sq Mts

~ 75% of total space of treatment plant saved

Financial Summary of Pycoremediation Operation


Operational And Financial ComparisonCost parameter Conventional Effluent

TreatmentPhycoremediation Annual cost benefit

Acidity -High levels of dissolved carbon dioxide

Neutralization with caustic soda

Algal treatment to absorb the acidic contents and neutralize the effluent

Rs. 50 lakhs spent for caustic soda annually is saved (100%).The total cost for the utilities (labor / electricity etc) used in the operation is almost identical. At around Rs. 2 lakhs p.a. *

Sludge formation Evaporation of effluents deposits sludge. That needs to be buried in a land fill.About 290 tonnes of sludge produced annually from this treatment.

Algal remediation produces a nutrient rich, commercially valuable fertilizer that is highly demanded in the market.There is no residual sludge.

The sludge disposal used to cost an estimated Rs. 3 lakhs annually. This cost is saved. *Additionally Rs. 70 lakhs is realized annually as revenues from the sale of algal biomass fertilizer.

Structures and space.

11,000 Sq Mtrs of masonry tank for evaporating the effluent

3000 sq mtrs of tank for containing and evaporating the effluent.

About 75% of the effluent treatment facility space is released. This very valuable real estate structural space is now being used for other productive uses.

Solutions provided / project under progress:_

STAHL India Chemicals Ranipet. Ultramarine and pigments, Ranipet. Perfetti van melle, Chennai. Wheels India, Chennai. SUNTEX processing mills, Gummidippoondy. SAR Chandra Environ solutions, Kakinada. ARVIND Mills, Ahmedabad HJI- Division of Orient paper mills, Anuppur, MP SHASUNS Chemicals and Pharmacueticals, Cuddalore SVISS Labs, Ranipet Hindustan Coca Cola Ltd, Ahmedabad Nutraville International, Chennai


Stahl India Chemicals, Tamilnadu

Stahl is one of the world’s leading suppliers of leather processing products and also has strong positions in other selected market niche areas with proprietary products such as Permuthane®.

Vivekananda Institute of Algal Technology has signed an MOU with STAHL INDIA chemicals to treat the effluent using mico algal technology. The raw effluent is treated with Chlorella sp to remove heavy metals and to prevent sludge formation


Ultramarine and Pigments Ltd Ranipet

This industry produces detergents and pigments.Phycoremediation technology is being employed to treateffluent from sulphonation plant. By this technology pHcorrection and sludge reduction are achieved without using anychemicals.

Solutions provided / project under progress:_ Perfetti van melle India, near Chennai, India Perfetti Van Melle S. P. A. is the world’s sixthlargest candy and confectionery producer and number two in Europe. Representing the combination of

Italy’s perfetti with Netherlands’ Van Melle, Perfetti Van Melle produces and markets a host of topselling candy brands, including Mentos, Fruitella, Brooklyn, Alpenlive, Golia, and Frisk. Perfetti Van Melle has a worldwide presence, with factories in Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere in Europe, as well as manufacturing sites in the United States, Brazil, Turkey, India, China, Indonesia and Vietnam.

Perfetti Van melle India Private Ltd Profile. (Chennai Factory) Perfetti Van melle India Private Ltd Profile. (Chennai Factory) founded in 2001. Construction of the manufacturing unit situated at Karanipuducherry Village and Post, Chennai, Tamil Nadu State.

Products and Processes Perfetti Van Melle India Private Ltd (Chennai Factory) is manufacturing many types of candy products such as Alpenliebe, Big babool, Center fresh,

Center fruit, Center shock, Marbles, Mentos, Cofitos, Chloromint and Chocotella etc Effluent Generation The total effluent generated per day amounts to an average of 50 – 70 kilo litters. The plant effluent generated is divided into two streams viz.,

industrial effluent stream and sewage effluent stream which are mixed prior to the treatment Conventional treatment method – A Description The industrial effluent stream is collected in collection tank of 180 kL (Kilolitres) capacity. The effluents are evenly mixed by aeration. The effluents are

then transferred into aflocculation tank. In the flocculation tank, alum and polyelectrolyte are added so that all the inorganic substances in the effluent water are coagulated and made into thick flocs. The sediments thus formed are removed by passing through an inclined plate clarifier.

Then the remaining water sends it to DAF (Dissolved air floccation) for separating oil scum. After DAF treatment waste waters are transferred to an air equalization tank for maintaining pH at 7 by adding caustic soda. This waste water transfer to buffering tank and added stoichiometric amounts of caustic,bicarbonates, cobalt, nickel and ferric chloride for increases

pH and maintaining around pH 7.75. This buffering tank wastewater pumped to anaerobic chamber II and I for digest organic materials, after anaerobic treatment treated effluent and the

sewage effluent (collected separately in an equalization tank of 15 Cu.M. capacity) pumped into the aeration tank. Constant aeration and mixing is employed to make the contents homogeneous. The biological activity taking place in the aeration tank converts the

organic load into carbon dioxide and linked to preaeration tank and giving proper mixing for sledge settling inside the tank. Then the over flow pure water again pump it to second clarifier (recycling) overflowing from the inclined plate clarifier is allowed to pass on to the

aeration tank. After clarifier, this water filtered by sand filtration technique and stored into open tank for evaporation Algal Technology for pH correction: VIAT has developed an algae based pH correction technology which is now being followed in Perfetti van

Melle, Chennai. Algal treatment not only corrects pH but also removes sugars and other salts therebyreducing the TDS and nutrient load. This reduces the load for the RO plant thereby extending the life of theRO membrane. The industry is able to save lot of money on NAOH and reduced salt load and sludgeformation makes the effluent highly manageable.


Suntex Processing Mills Pvt Ltd, Tamilnadu

Species of algae which can effectively treat textile effluent has been identified. Aftersuccessful trials at the laboratory, field level trials were conducted at SUNTEXPROCESSING MILLS, a textile dyeing industry situated in Gummudippoondy nearChennai.

The micro alga selected could tolerate and grow very well in the raw effluent. Algalgrowth corrected the pH and removed colour, odour and sludge. Conventional treatmentprocess employs chemicals to achieve this. Algal technology has achieved this withoutusing any expensive and toxic chemicals. The industry saves lot of money on chemicals.Since there is significant reduction in sludge (80%, which can be improved duringscaling up) the pollution problem caused is prevented. The remaining water can either beevaporated using SEPs or send to R/O plant for recycling. R/O reject can also be recycledto algal treatment plant and treated to prevent sludge formation.


SAR Chandra Environ solutions P Ltd, Kakinada, Andhrapradesh

SAR Chandra Environ solutions P Ltd represents a JV formed with SAR, a Norway basedcompany providing total solutions in waste chain management for off shore & OnshoreOil & Gas Operators. SAR specializes in environmental services with focus on reductionof waste, recycling and recovery/reuse of valuable baseoil & oil based mud with theprime motto of converting waste to value. SAR, as has worldwiderenowned presencemainly in EuropeNorway, Denmark, Sweden and now expanding in to Asia.

Phycoremediation technology SAR Chandra is carrying out various studies and tests to use algal remediation techniques

for treatment this waste and development of ecofriendly emulsion breaker chemicals andalso looking at alternative use of processed drilling waste in construction industry.

Dr Sivasubramanian and his team developed an algae based remediation technology totreat waste. After Preliminary trials the treatment plant has been scaledup and it hasbeen working very well. Liquid effluent is pH corrected and evaporated using algaltechnology resulting in zero sludge.


ARVIND MILLS Ahmedabad

Phycoremediation technology is being tried at pilot scale level at Naroda and Santej for colour removal, reduction of BOD, COD and sludge. The results are encouraging.

Picture gallery

Pics of SAR Chandra Environ Solutions,

Kakinada, Phycoremediation

plant

Picture gallery SUNTEX Perfetti van melle

STAHL INDIA ARVIND MILLS

Visual examination

Microscopical examination

BEFORE TREATMENT AFTER TREATMENT

BEFORE TREATMENT AFTER TREATMENT

STAHL INDIA

Sterlite Industries India Ltd Project proposal

pH correction of acidic effluent without using chemicals pH correction of effluent in ETP and avoiding lime addition. Other possible benefits are:1. Colour reduction2. Odour removal3. Removal of nutrients and other chemicals4. Sludge reduction5. Reduction in COD and BOD6. CO2 sequestration.7. Transformation and degradation of xenobiotics.8. Utilization of algal biomass as bio-fertilizers/fuels/bio-

chemicals/bio-gas etc

Sterlite Industries India Ltd Preliminary Feasibility study carried out

Effluent samples tested: FHT sample (FHT) Surge tank (ST) Reservoir D (RD) Reservoir E (RE) Composite Reservoir F (CRF) Return water (RW)

Sterlite Industries India Ltd Preliminary Feasibility study carried out

Effluent samples were suitably amended with growthmedium and inoculated with micro algae from the culturecollection of Phyco Spectrum. Based on the preliminaryscreening the following six micro algal species were selectedfor further investigation: Chlorococcum sp SNAP isolate Chroococcus sp Desmococcus sp Dactylococcopsis sp Chlamydomonas sp

Sterlite Industries India LtdPreliminary Feasibility study carried out

Micro algae Growth ( division/day)FHT ST RD RE CRF RW

Chlorococcum 0.070 0.078 0.048 0.054 0.014 0.280SNAP Isolate 0.149 0.104 0.203 0.099 0.00 0.104Chroococcus 0.162 0.274 0.169 0.008 0.00 0.173Desmococcus 0.124 0.025 0.22 0.305 0.090 0.237Dactylococcopsis 0.199 0.111 0.00 0.00 0.159 0.00Chlamydomonas 0.121 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Growth of selected micro algae in Sterlite effluent samples suitably amended with growth medium

Sterlite Industries India Ltd

Effluent Cost of Na OH for pH correction ( in lakhs)

Amount saved by algal technology ( lakhs)

Reservoir D – 33,000 M3 113 113

Reservoir E – 25,000 M3 86 86

Reservoir F – 18,400 M3 63 63

GCP effluent generation per year – 750 x 365 = 273750 M3

930 930

Possible savings on NaOH for pH correction when algal technology is employed

More than 80 % reduction in sludge is expected when treated with algae

Thank You

For more information : http://www.geocities.com/drvsiva

10 phycoremediation sivasubramanium.ppt - kscstand indirectlyas an effect of eutrophication. ......

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