10.1 Cell Growth, Division and Reproduction

Limits to Cell SizeLarge cells, more demands

What is information overload?

Exchanging materialsSurface area to vol. ratioTrouble getting in and out

Cell Division – 2 daughters

Cell Division and ReproductionAsexual Reproduction

One parent No Fuss, No Muss Quick and Efficient (Survival)

Sexual Reproduction Two Parents Gametes (sex cells) Genetic Variation Limit seasonal reproduction

10.2 The Process of Cell Division

Chromosomes Why is it necessary for cells to have their info

bundled?

What is the role of the chromosome in cell division? To separate DNA precisely during cell division

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Chromosomes Amt. of DNA – Where located DNA Coils Histone proteins

The Cell CycleGrows

Prepares for Division

Divides (two daughter cells)

ProkaryotesRapid (binary fission)Copy DNA (when they reach a

certain size)

The Cell CycleEukaryotes

Four phases G1 phase

Cell Growth S phase

DNA replication G2 phase

Prep for Mitosis M phase

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

MitosisProphase

Condense, chromosomes visible, spindle

Centromere (chrom. Attach.) Chromatid (sisters) Centrioles (related to spindle)

MitosisMetaphase

Centromeres line up in the center

Spindles attach to centromeres Two poles

Anaphase Chromatids separate Move to opposites ends

Mitosis and Cytokinesis Telophase (end of mitosis)

Opposite of Prophase Chromosome spread out Nuclear envelope reappears Spindle breaks up Nucleolus reappears

Cytokinesis Div. of cytoplasm Plants vs. Animals Plant CellAnimal Cell

10.3 Regulating the Cell Cycle

Controls on Cell DivisionRegulated by Proteins

When you have an injury cells must divide to repairRegulatory Proteins or

cyclins.Internal regulatorsExternal regulators

(IR) Make sure chromosomes are duplicated

(IR)Programmed cell death Apoptosis

Development Parkinson’s

(ER) Growth Factors – due to injury

(ER) Growth Inhibitors so cells do not get too crowded

Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Growth Disorder where cells lose control

of growth Do not respond to normal signals Tumor – not all are cancerous

Malignant or Benign Defective genes (p53)

Treatments Local, radiation, chemotherapy

10.4 Cell Differentiation

From One Cell to ManyEmbryo – Developmental stage

Differentiation – cells specialized Can be mapped

Determines when a cell becomes specialized

Mammals have factors that give them flexibility as to when specialization occurs

Stem Cells and Development Types of cells in Development

Totipotent (all cells) Blastocyst forms

Inner cell mass Pluripotent (most cells)

Embryonic stem cells Multipotent (many types)

Adult stem cells Depends on where the come

from