10.1.1 of - p2 infohouse · 2018. 6. 13. · sspc-vis-2 standard test method for ... (sspc) to...

FIG. 1 Apparatus for Consistency (Viscosity) Test of Solutions Having Consistencies over 500 s

loss of solvent. Close the bottom of the tube with a stopper covered with tin foil. Push the aluminum guide cone slowly into the top of the tube and insert a stopper covered with tin foil into the top of the guide.

7.2 Bring the tube and its contents to a temperature of 25 f 0.1”C by placing in a suitable bath. Allow at least 30 min for the solution to reach temperature equilibrium. For accurate measurements keep the tube during the determination either in a thermostat or suspended within a consider- ably larger cylinder of water at the specified temperature.

7.3 Remove the upper’stopper only long enough to place the ball in the center of the tube; this can be done conveniently with crucible tongs. The principal value of the guide cone is to retard the ball sufficiently at the start of its fall so that the solution will close over the ball and not leave on the top of the ball a large “trailer bubble.” If the guide is not used a big trailer bubble usually accompanies the ball, retarding its fall and, if the bubble is off center on the ball, pulling the latter away from the center of the tube.

7.4 Measure the time of fall in seconds from the instant the bottom of the ball is level with the upper reference mark on the tube until it reaches the lower mark on the tube.

NONVOLATILE MATTER

8. Procedure 8.1 Determine the percent of nonvolatile matter in accor-

dance with the procedure described in the Nonvolatile Matter section of Test Methods D 333.

observations) in similar bottles for turbidity, hair, grain, and insoluble matter.

DEPTH OF COLOR

10. Apparatus 10.1 The apparatus used for the preparation of the color

standards and for the depth of color determinations shall consist of the following:

10.1.1 Light-Source of transmitted light. ~~ NOTE 2-Not absolutely necessary but will increase accuracy and be

more convenient.

square, glass. 10.1.2 Bottles, three dozen 2-oz (60 mL) screw-cap,

10.1.3 Flasks, several, 1-L, volumetric. 10.1.4 Burets, two, 50-mL. 10.1.5 Analytical Balance. 10.1.6 Colorimeter-Dubosq colorimeter (see Note 2). 10.1.7 Color Glass-Yellow glass about 25 mm square

and 10 mm thick.8

11. Reagents and Materials 1 1 . 1 Purity of Reagents-Reagent grade chemicals shall

be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chem- ical Society, where such specifications are a~ailable.~ Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.

1 1.2 Purity of Water-Unless otherwise indicated, refer- ences to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined by Type I11 of Specification D 1193.

1 1.3 Potassium Chloroplatinate, (K,PtCl,). NOTE 3: Warning-This material is hazardous. Carefully review

Material Safety Data Sheets supplied by manufacturers for handling and first aid instruction.

1 1.4 Cobalt Chloride (CoCl2.6H,O). (Warning-See Note 3.)

1 1.5 Hydrochloric Acid (sp gr I. 19)-Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). (Warning-See Note 3.)

1 1.6 Caramel (sugar coloring). 11.7 Phenol. (Warning-See Note 3.)

12. Preparation of Color Standards 12.1 Platinum-Cobalt Color Standards-Prepare the plat-

inum-cobalt color standards as follows: Weigh out on an analytical balance exactly 1.245 g of K,PtCl, and 1 .OOO g of crystallized cobalt chloride (CoCl, - 6H2O). Dissolve in distilled water, add 100 mL of HC1 (sp gr 1.19), and dilute to 1000 mL with distilled water. This solution is color standard No. lO.’O Prepare color standards Nos. 1 to 10, inclusive, by

APPEARANCE OF SOLUTION

9. Procedure 9.1 Compare the appearance of the soluble nitrocellulose

base solution with a reference standard agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller (both the reference standard and sample solutions shall be thoroughly agitated before making

scorning glass, signal yellow No. 330 has been found satisfactory and is available from the Coming Glass Works, Coming, NY.

“Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications,” Am. Chemical SOC., Washington, D.C. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by the American Chemical Society, see “Reagent Chemicals and Standards,” by Joseph Rosin, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, NY., and the “United States Pharmacopeia.”

This solution has an assigned value of 500 on the Hazen color scale (see American Chemical Journal, Vol XIV, p. 300).

11

TABLE 1 Platinum-Cobalt Color Standards Quantity of Quantity of

No. 10 Color Distilled Standard, mL Water, mL

Platinum-Cobalt Color Standards

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

accurately measuring from burets directly into the square 2-oz (60-mL) bottles the quantities shown in Table 1 of the No. 10 color standard and distilled water. After preparation of the color standards seal the bottles with corks and paraffin before putting on the screw caps. The platinum-cobalt color standards are permanent for approximately six months. Make the color standards from No. 12 to No. 500, inclusive, from a caramel solution, but the color is based on the platinum-cobalt color standard.

12.2 Caramel Color Standards-Prepare the caramel color standards as follows: Dilute caramel (sugar coloring) in the ratio of about 1 mL of caramel to 100 mL of distilled water in a glass vessel. Add 0.5 % phenol and agitate thoroughly. Adjust the concentration of this solution so that when it is diluted in the ratio of 1 mL of solution to 49 mL of distilled water, to which has been added 0.5 % phenol, the solution will match color No. 10 of the platinum-cobalt color standard. This caramel solution before dilution is color No. 500 (Note 4). Prepare color standards No. 12 to No. 500, inclusive, by accurately measuring from burets directly into the square 2-02 (60-mL) bottles the quantities shown in Table 2 of color No. 500 caramel standard and distilled water to which has been added 0.5 ?6 phenol. After preparation of the color standards, seal the bottles with corks and paraffin before putting on the screw caps. All of the caramel color standards are permanent for approximately one month but should be checked semi-monthly if frequently used.

TABLE 2 Caramel Color Standards Quantity of Quantity of

Standards Caramel Color Water plus Standard, mL Phenol, mL

Caramel Color No. 500 Distilled

No. 12 1.2 48.8 No. 15 1.5 48.5 No. 20 2.0 48.0 No. 25 2.5 47.5 No. 30 3.0 47.0 No. 35 3.5 46.5 No. 40 4.0 46.0 No. 45 4.5 45.5 No. 50 5.0 45.0 No. 60 6.0 44.0 No. 70 7.0 43.0 No. 75 7.5 42.5 No. 80 8.0 42.0 No. 90 9.0 41 .O No. 100 10.0 40.0 No. 125 12.5 37.5 No. 150 15.0 35.0 No. 175 17.5 32.5 No. 200 20.0 30.0 No. 250 25.0 25.0 No. 300 30.0 20.0 No. 350 35.0 15.0 No. 400 40.0 10.0 No. 450 45.0 5.0 No. 500 50.0 0.0

NOTE 4-It is more convenient to check the caramel color standard No. 500 against a colored glass that has been previously standardized against the platinum-cobalt color standard; a piece of signal yellow glass (see 10.1.7) about 25 mm square by 10 mm thick may be standardized and used as a check on the caramel solution. This must be done by use of a colorimeter.

13. Procedure 13.1 Fill a square 2-02 (60-mL) glass bottle with the

material to be tested and match this against one of the color standards using either direct daylight or indirect artificial transmitted light, the latter being preferred. The number of the color standard matched is the depth of color of the material.

14. Precision and Bias 14.1 The precision and bias of these test methods is as

described for each of the separate methods cited if available.

The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.

12

Designation: D 610 - 85 (Reapproved 1989)'' Steel Structures Painting Council SSPC-Vis-2

Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces'

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 610; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This method has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense to replace Method 6451 of Federal Test Method Standard No. 141A. Consult the DoD Index of Specifications and Standards for the specifc year of issue which has been adopted by the Department of Defense.

" NOTE-Editorial changes were made throughout, including the title, in October 1989.

1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the degree of

rusting on painted steel surfaces using visual standards. These visual standards2 were developed in cooperation with the Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC) to further standardization of methods.

1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, oper- ations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Document

2.1 Adjunct: D 6 10 Degree of rust (four photos)*

3. Significance and Use 3.1 The amount of rusting beneath OT through a paint

film is a significant factor in determining whether a coating system should be repaired or replaced. This test method provides a standardized means for quantifying the amount of rust present.

4. Interferences 4.1 The colored photographic reference standards and the

associated rust-grade scale cover only rusting not accompa- nied by blistering and evidenced by visible rust.

4.1.1 Rust blistering beneath paint may be graded using the same scale by assuming the rust was completely visible and noting that the rusting was rust blistering.

This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- mittee DO 1.46 on Industrial Protective Painting.

This test method has been jointly approved by ASTM and the Steel Structures Painting Council.

Current edition approved Oct. 25, 1985. Published December 1985. Originally published as D 610 - 41. Last previous edition D 610 - 68 (1981).

The cblored photographic reference standards are available at a nominal cost from ASTM Headquarters (request Adjunct No. 12-406100-00), and from the Steel Structures Painting Council, 4400 5th Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213.

4.2 The use of the photographic reference standards2 requires the following cautions:

4.2.1 Some finishes are stained by rust. This staining must not be confused with the actual rusting involved.

4.2.2 Accumulated dirt or other material may make accurate determination of the degree of rusting difficult.

4.2.3 Certain types of deposited dirt that contain iron or iron compounds may cause surface discoloration that should not be mistaken for corrosion.

4.2.4 It must be realized that failure may vary over a given area and discretion must therefore be used when selecting a single grade that is to be representative of a large area or structure.

4.2.5 In evaluating surfaces, consideration shall be given to the color of the finish coating, since failures will be more apparent on a finish that shows color contrast with rust, such as used in these reference standards, than on a similar color, such as an iron oxide finish.

5. Procedure 5.1 Visually compare the surface with the photographic

reference standards to determine the percentage of the area rusted. As a guide use Fig. 1 and the scale and verbal descriptions shown in Table 1.

NOTE I-The linear, numerical rust grade scale is an exponential function of the area of rust so that slight amounts of first rusting have the greatest effect on lowering the rust grade; the rust grade versus area of rust is a straight line plot on a semilogarithmic plot from rust grade 10 to rust grade 4. The slope of the curve was changed at 10 % of the area rusted to 100 % rusted to permit inclusion of complete rusting on the 0 to 10 rust scale.

NOTE 2-The pictorial representations illustrated in Fig. 1 show examples of area percentages that may be helpful in rust grading.

5.2 The photographic reference standards are not required for use of the rust-grade scale since the scale is based upon the percent of the area rusted and any method of assessing area rusted may be used to determine the rust grade.

5.3 This test method may be projected to include blistering beneath the paint by including the blistered area as if it were rust.

' Original source is Steel Structures Painting Manual, Vol 2, Steel Structures Painting Council, Pittsburgh, PA.

13

9 0 7

I $ 1 - 0.0% 0.1% 0.3%

6 5 4

3 2 1

3 3%

FIG. 1 Examples of Area Percentages

14

D610

TABLE 1 Scale and Description of Rust Grades

Rust GradesA Description ASTM-SSPC Colored

Photographic Standard

10 9 0 B 7 6c 5 40 3 E

2 1 OF

no rusting or less than 0.01 % of surface rusted minute rusting, less than 0.03 % of surface rusted few isolated rust spots, less than 0.1 % of surface rusted less than 0.3 % of surface rusted extensive rust spots but less than 1 % of surface rusted rusting to the extent of 3 % of surface rusted rusting to the extent of 10 % of surface rusted approximately one sixth of the surface rusted approximately one third of the surface rusted approximately one half of the surface rusted aDDroximately 100 % of surface rusted

unnecessary No. 9

none No. 6 none No. 4 none none none unnecessary

NO. a

A Correspond to Swedish Pictorial Standards for Rusting (1955) (black and white). Corresponds to SSPC Initial Surface Conditions E and British Iron and Steel Research Assn (BISRA) 0.1 I. Corresponds to SSPC Initial Surface Conditions F and BISRA 1 .O 36. Corresponds to SSPC Initial Surface Condition G.

Corresponds to SSPC Initial Surface Condition H. E Rust grades bqlow 4 are of no practical importance in grading performances of paints.



15

Designation: D 71 1 - 89 4Tb Standard Test Method for No-Pick-Up Time of Traffic Paint'

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7 11; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers a laboratory test for deter-

mining the no-pick-up time of a traffic paint by a rubber wheel.

1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, oper- ations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all ofthe safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the .. . applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


2. I ASTM Standard: D 2000 Classification System for Rubber Products

Automotive Applications2

3. Significance and Use

in

3.1 This test method serves as a control test and should be used only as such. There is no direct correlation between the results of this test and field applications.

4. Apparatus 4.1 The apparatus3 as shown in Fig. 1 shall consist of a

steel cylinder of the shape and dimensions as indicated, fitted with two replaceable O-rings and a ramp of shape and dimensions as shown.

4.2 The detailed dimensional requirements of the steel cylinder are given in Fig. 1. The total weight of the assembly complete with O-rings shall be 11 lb 14 oz k 1 oz (5386 f 28

4.3 The detailed dimensional requirements of the ramp are shown in Fig. 1.

4.4 The replaceable O-rings shall be made of synthetic rubber or rubber-like material meeting the requirements of HK 7 15 of Specification D 2000.

4.5 The dimensional requirements of the O-ring are as

g).

' This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-l on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- mittee DO 1.44 on Traffic Paints.

Current edition approved May 26, 1989. Published July 1989. Originally published as D 7 1 I - 43. Last previous edition D 7 11 - 84.

Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Vols 09.01 and 09.02. An apparatus meeting the requirements is available from Paul N. Gardner

Co., Station 9, P.O. Box 6633, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33316.

follows: Outside diameter Inside diameter Cross section

4% in. (104 mm) 3% in. (85 mm) Ys in. (9.5 mm)

5. Procedure 5.1 Prepare a test stripe at least 3 in. (75 mm) in width of

the paint to be tested by a mechanical spreader, or other suitable means on a clean plate glass panel at a wet film thickness of 15 & 0.5 mils. (Use a plate glass panel approximately 4 by 8 by Ys in. (100 by 200 by 3 mm).)

5.1.1 Record the time of application. Allow the panel to dry in a horizontal position under the laboratory conditions specified (73.5 f 3.5"F (23 k 2°C) and 50 f 5 % relative humidity).

5.1.2 Test the paints used with drop-in beads without beads unless otherwise specified or agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.

5.2 Butt the glass plate against the ramp. At regular intervals remove the wheel from its rest, hold against the rest as a starting point, then free roll the weighted wheel down the inclined ramp and over the paint film with each roll of the wheel over a new wheel path. Position the wheel properly so that a clean surface of the wheel will come into contact with the paint film. As many as three passes of the wheel can be made before the wheel needs to be cleaned. This can be done with a rag saturated with acetone. It is best to set aside the wheel after washing until all the solvent has evaporated.

5.3 Note the end point for no-pick-up time when no paint adheres to the rubber rings of the test wheel when it is rolled over the paint film. As the end point is approached, roll the weighted wheel over the paint film every 30 s.

6. Report 6.1 Report the time elapsed between application of the

paint and the end point as the drying time for no-pick-up of the traffic paint.

7. Precision and Bias 7.1 Precision-Because of the poor precision of this test

method, if it is used in a specification, the maximum deviation from the maximum no-pick-up time specified should be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.

8. Keywords

7.2 Bias-Bias cannot be determined.

8.1 auto no-track time; drying time; traffic paint

16

,I-6 Slope Ramp

E

FIG. 1 Traffic Paint Drying Time Wheel and Ramp-Dual Model


9 ”

b This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised. either repproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible techhlcal commlttee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.

1 I

17

Designation: D 713 - 90

Standard Practice for Conducting Road Service Tests on Fluid Traffic Marking Materials'

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7 13; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon ( e ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

NOTE-Paragraphs 9.4 and 9.5 were inadvertently deleted and were reinstated in February 1990.

1. Scope 1.1 This practice covers the determination of the relative

service life of fluid traffic marking materials such as paint, thermoplastic, epoxy, and polyester products under actual road conditions using transverse test lines. Materials under test are applied under prescribed conditions and periodic observations are made using prescribed performance criteria.

1.2 This practice may involve hazardous materials, opera- tions and equipment. This practice does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards: D 7 1 1 Test Method for No-Pick-Up Time of Traffic Paint2 D 9 13 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Resistance to

Wear of Traffic Paint2

3. Significance and Use 3.1 This practice is an accelerated evaluation of bead

retention and wear characteristics of fluid traffic marking materials. It is used to determine the useful life of such markings in the field. The same procedures are applicable to evaluating longitudinal lines to determine service life.

4. Type and Location of Pavement for Tests 4.1 Select sections where traffic is moderate and free-

rolling with no grades, curves, intersections, or access points near enough to cause excessive braking or turning move- ments, where wear is uniform with full exposure to the sun throughout daylight hours, and there is good drainage. Select surfaces that are representative of the pavements upon which the fluid traffic marking material will be used in practice. Such surfaces include portland cement concrete, sheet asphalt, bituminous concrete, rock asphalt, and bituminous surface treatment.

' This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D01.44 on Traffic Coatings.

Current edition approved Febwary 15, 1990. Published April 1990. Originally published as D 7 13 - 43 T. Last previous edition D 7 13 - 87.

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol06.02.

5. Conditions at Time of Application 5.1 Clean the test area thoroughly of all foreign material.

Do not apply traffic paint when the pavement surface is damp or wet nor when the pavement temperature is below 50°F (10°C). Application between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. is recommended. During application record air and pavement temperature hourly.

6. Measurement of Wet Film Thickness 6.1 To aid in obtaining the correct film thickness, a length

of roofing paper placed by the side of the road can be used. Place a rigid metal test panel on the roofing paper and in the path of the test line. A 12 by 12411. (300 by 300-mm) metal panel '/I6 in. (1.5 mm) in thickness is satisfactory. Immedi- ately after the test line is applied by the motorized striper, read the wet film thickness. If the wet film thickness is not satisfactory, adjust the spray pressure and repeat until the target wet film thickness is attained. It is important that no glass beads or other interfering materials be present that would give a false wet film reading. When the wet film thickness is correct, apply a test line across a tared metal panel and weigh immediately. A balance must be immediately available and be thoroughly shielded from wind as well as be of 1500-g capacity with 0.1 g or better sensitivity. As a basis for determination of glass bead application (7.1) the weight of a paint line 4 by 12 in. (without consideration for solvent loss) can be calculated as follows:

W = 0.0943 x t x g where: W = weight of paint line, g, t = mil thickness, and g = weight per gallon, lb. 7. Measwrement of Glass Beads

7.1 After the completion of 6.1, apply another test line to a tared panel with the motorized striper, this time also adding the glass beads, and weigh immediately. The weight difference between this measurement and that in 6.1 gives the amount of glass beads on the panel. The process can be repeated if an adjustment in the bead application rate is needed. The weight of applied glass beads can be calculated as follows:

where: W = weight of glass beads, g, and B = glass beads per gallon of paint, lb.

W = 1.418 x B

18

8. Application Procedure 8.1 Apply the test stripes 4 in. (100 mm) in width and

transversely on the road. At the option of the purchaser, the test stripes may be applied to the pavement at an angle of 45" to the direction of the traffic, or longitudinally in each wheel path, in order to increase the area of contact with traffic.

8.2 Apply test stripes (trained personnel under the super- vision of the purchaser) by using a pavement-marking machine similar to the production pavement marking equipment. Apply the test stripes to at least two sections of each road surface selected to ensure against undetected road surface problems. When more than one specimen is tested at more than one location, change the sequence of placement to minimize the effect of time of day and time period before the test deck is opened to traffic.

8.3 Apply at least two lines of each specimen in each section for better statistical reliability. A tared panel as used in the measurement of glass beads (see 7.1) should be placed between the wheel track of one line's application as a double check for material and glass bead application rates. Weights between this reading and that found in 7.1 should agree within 0.5 g. The purchaser may wish to place another smaller panel between the wheel tracks to retain for future reference.

8.4 The road surface test lines have a wet film thickness within k0.5 mil of that required by the purchaser.

NOTE I-If no wet film thickness is specified, 15.0 mil is recommended.

8.5 A fluid marking material with which the purchaser has had considerable production experience is included in the test series as a control.

8.6 Glass beads are placed in the paint film within k0.5 lb/gal of that required by the purchaser. All glass beads are supplied by the purchaser.

NOTE 2-If no bead application rate is specified, 6.0 Ib/gal of paint is recommended.

9. Performance Criteria 9.1 Auto-No- Track Time-The auto no-track time is

determined by passing over the freshly applied line in a simulated passing maneuver with a standard size passenger car with regular treads (no snow treads). A line showing no visual pick-up and redeposition of the materials onto the pavement surface when viewed from a distance of 50 ft in the highway direction is considered as showing no pick-up and conforming to the drying time requirements.

9.1.1 The test line is applied at the same temperature, the same wet film thickness, and the same rate of glass beads as will be specified by the purchaser in production application.

9.1.2 The no-track maximum time is measured when the pavement temperature is from 60 to 120°F ( 15 to 50°C) and under local humidity conditions, providing that the pavement is dry.

NOTE 3-A laboratory no-track test is described in Test Method D 71 1. This test is a laboratory control test and has little or no correlation with field results. Some paints have a tendency to skin over rapidly allowing the specimen to meet the maximum specified time for the laboratory test, but would be unsatisfactory at that time on a road surface.

9.2 Appearance-The impression of the observer of the

general condition of the test lines when viewed without any detailed inspection, from a distance of at least 10 ft. It is a measure of satisfactory or unsatisfactory appeal to the observer. It includes a comparison of the color of the surface under consideration with the original color, taking into account changes due to yellowing, bleeding, darkening, fading, dirt collection, mold growth, etc. This determination is made in each wheel track in an area extending 9 in. (229 mm) each side of the point of greatest wear. The appearance is rated either acceptable or unacceptable.

9.3 Durability-The durability is equal to one tenth of the percentages of material remaining on the pavement (when examined by the unaided eye). This determination is made in each wheel track in an area extending 9 in. (229 mm) each side of the point of greatest wear. The percent of paint remaining on the pavement is considered as the percent of the prescribed area of test stripe in which the substrate is not exposed. Make the evaluations in accordance with Test Method D 9 13.

NOTE 4-In the absence of a specification by the purchaser, failure shall be a rating less than 4 (less than 40 % material remaining on the pavement).

9.4 Night Visibility-Night visibility designates the apparent brightness when examined at night under tungsten illumination from the side of the road, with eye and light source separated by 1% in. (40 mm) that corresponds to an observation angle of approximately Y2". Night visibility determinations are made in the wheel track areas used for rating durability, and are based on a factor of 10 for an unexposed standard panel placed next to the test stripe and 0 for no apparent brightness.

NOTE 5-In the absence of a specification by the purchaser, failure shall be a rating less than 4.

NOTE 6-A new test method for night visibility using a retro- reflectometer is being developed which is expected to have much greater precision.

9.5 Length of Useful Life-The length of useful life is determined by the number of days of duration between the date the sample was applied to the road surface and the date any one of the designated measurements falls below the specified minimum rating.

10. Evaluation Procedure 10.1 Make periodic inspections of the test sections in

accordance with 9.2, 9.3, and 9.4. Record at each inspection the general daytime appearance (including color), film condition, and night visibility (retro-reflectance).

10.2 Inspect the test lines at regular monthly intervals. -4s the test lines approach failure, they should be evaluated every 2 weeks (weather permitting). The test lines must be evaluated until failure. Different types of traffic paint and markings do not wear out in a linear manner. Hence, it is not possible to extrapolate to failure some intermediate data. The winter season is also a must when evaluating test lines.

11. Calculation 1 1.1 Make cost calculations as follows:

where: C = cost per foot per day of useful life,

C = M / L X F

19

M = cost of paint per gallon, L = length of useful life in days as previously observed, and I; = feet per gallon actually applied.

optimum cost/performance may be at a different bead application rate than that “ m m d e d in 8.6.

11.2 To determine the relative performance of the different fluid traffic marking materials during the course of the test, the following weighted rating, R, can be used: NOTE 7-The cost of the glass beads is usually not included in the

calculation because it will be a constant when comparing the relative performance of a specified class of paint. Various types of paints and other fluid marking materials, however, can have different bead wetting characteristics, and beads with different wetting characteristics also are available, either of which could influence the useful life of the line. When testing more than one type of material or one type of bead, the

R = 0.30A + 0.300 + 0.40N where: A = appearance as defined in 9.2 and determined using a

rating from 0 to 10, = as defined in 9.39 and

N = night visibility as defined in 9.4.



20

41)) Designation: D 868 - 85 (Reapproved 1989)"

1. Scope

Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Bleeding of Traffic Paint'

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, In the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial Change since the last revision or reapproval.

NOTE-Editorial changes were made throughout, including the title, in October 1989.

1.1 The photographic reference standards that are part of this test method2 are representative of the degrees of bleeding of traffic or pavement marking paints. The standards are intended primarily for comparative evaluation in the laboratory.

1.2 Bleeding as defined is the only type of discoloration in this test method.



2.1 ASTM Standard: D969 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of

2.2 Adjunct: D 868 Bleeding resistance of paint (one photo)2

Degree of Bleeding of Traffic Paint3

3. Terminology 3.1 Description of Term Specific to This Standard: 3.1.1 bleeding characteristic-that condition of discolora-

tion manifested in traffic paint when applied to tar or asphaltic-type substrates. The number assigned to evaluate the degree of bleeding failure represents in these reference standards a measure of the contrast between the color of the

This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- mittee DO I .44 on Traffic Coatings.

Current edition approved Nov. 29, 1985. Published January 1986. Originally published as D 868 - 46 T. Last previous edition D 868 - 48 (1981)'l.

* Copies of the pictorial photographic reference standards are contained in the publication Pictorial Standards of Coating Defects, and may be obtained from ASTM Headquarters (request Adjunct PCN 12-408680-00) or the Federation of Societies for Coating Technology, 492 Nomstown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422. The original source of the photographic reference standards illustrated in Fig. 1 is the Federation.

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 06.02.

dry film on a nonbleeding surface and the color of the dry film on the test surface.

4. Significance and Use 4.1 Solvents in a traffic paint may cause bleeding of

pavement constituents into the traffic marking, thereby rendering the traffic marking less effective as a lane or directional indicator. This test method in conjunction with the method for panel preparation in Test Method D 969 is used to evaluate such bleeding properties. The evaluation is very subjective and raises questions as to the usefulness of the results for specification compliance.

5. Use of Photographic Reference Standards 5.1 The photographic reference standards that are part of

this test method2 are representative of the degrees of bleeding of traffic or pavement marking paints. The photograph in Fig. 1 is for illustration purposes only and should not be used for evaluation.

5.2 The use of the photographic reference standards shown in Fig. 1 should be as follows:

5.3 In preparing films to compare with the reference standards for evaluating the extent of bleeding, the paint shall be applied to:

5.3.1 A nonbleeding reference surface, and 5.3.2 The test surface. 5.4 The paint under test shall be applied at a film

thickness sufficient to ensure complete hiding. 5.5 The contrast in color between the films over the

nonbleeding reference surface and the test surface shall be compared with the reference standards in Fig. 1 for a numerical rating.

Nom-The degree of bleeding must necessarily be a function of both the bleeding surface agreed upon and the initial color of the paint. For instance, a yellow paint in general would be expected to show less bleeding than a white paint since its initial color is darker and as a consequence the discoloration effect of the bleeding surface upon this darker color will be minimized.

6. Precision and Bias 6.1 Precision-Due to the poor precision of this test

method, if it is used in a specification, the permissible deviation from the maximum specified value should be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.


21

4# D868

FIG. 1 Degrees of Bleeding



22

Designation: D 869 - 85 (Reapproved 1989)t1

Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Settling of Paint'

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 869; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon ( e ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This method has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense to replace Method 4208 of Federal Test Method Standard No. 141A. Consult the DoD Index of Specifications and Standards for the specific year of issue which has been adopted by the Department of Defense.

" NOTE-Editorial changes were made throughout, including the title, in October 1989.

1. Scope 1 . 1 This test method covers the determination of the

degree of pigment suspension and ease of remixing a shelf-aged sample of paint to a homogeneous condition suitable for the intended use.

1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, oper- ations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


2.1 ASTM Standard: D1309 Test Method for Settling Properties of TraMic

Paints During Storage2

3. Significance and Use 3.1 Paints, if not formulated or processed properly may

settle excessively. Paint that settles excessively is difficult to reincorporate into the paint system causing time delays or valuable pigment being left in the drum. This test method is an attempt to evaluate the degree of settling caused by the accelerated Test Method D 1309. This very subjective method of evaluation in conjunction with the variables of Test Method D 1309 raises questions as to the usefulness of the results for specification compliance.

4. Apparatus 4.1 Container, standard 1 -pt (500-mL) friction-top can

paint container, 33/a f '/I6 in. (85.5 f 1.5 mm) in diameter, and 3?4 _+ '/I6 in. (98.5 f 1.5 mm) in height.

4.2 Spatula, weighing 45 f 1 g with square-end blade 4'/4 in. (125 mm) in length and approximately 13/16 in. (20 mm) in width, shall be used to examine the paint for pigment settling and reincorporation characteristics.

' This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- mittee W1.44 on Traffic Coatings.

Current edition approved Sept. 27, 1985. Published November 1985. Originally published as D 869 - 46 T. Last previous edition D 869 - 78.

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.

5. Procedure 5.1 Place the specimen to be tested for pigment suspen-

sion in a 1-pt (500-mL) container, filling the can to within '/2 in. (13 mm) of the top. Close the can tightly and hold undisturbed for shelf aging for 6 months or for such other periods of time agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.

5.2 Open the can holding the shelf-aged sample without shaking or agitation, and examine the sample without removal of supernatant vehicle. Use the spatula to determine the extent and character of portions of the paint that may have separated during storage. Prepare a suitable spatula for this purpose by cutting the tip from an ordinary 5-in. (1 27-mm) flexible steel laboratory spatula to the specified length. Hold the spatula perpendicular to and in the center area of the paint at a height whereby the bottom edge of the spatula is level with the top of the can. Drop the spatula from that position. Rate the condition of the sample in accordance with 5.4.

5.3 After examination of the entire specimen as described in 5.2, if a portion of the pigment has separated out to form a firm cake at the bottom of the container pour the supernatant portion of the liquid off into a clean container and hold for subsequent use. Reincorporate the separate cake by hand stirring with the spatula, adding back the liquid in small amounts until the pigment has been reincorporated to form a homogeneous paint suitable for the intended use or until it is determined that the pigment cake cannot be reincorporated by hand stirring. Rate the condition of the specimen in accordance with 5.4.

5.4 Rate the sample for degree of settling on a scale from 10 to 0 in accordance with the following. Give intermediate conditions the appropriate odd number.

~

Rating Description of Paint Condition

10 8

6

Perfect suspension. No change from the original condition of the paint. A definite feel of settling and a slight deposit brought up on spatula. No

significant resistance to sidewise movement of spatula. Definite cake of settled pigment. Spatula drops through cake to bottom

of container under its own weight. Definite resistance to sidewise motion of spatula. Coherent portions of cake may be removed on spatula.

Spatula does not fall to bottom of container under its own weight. Difficult to move spatula through cake sidewise and slight edgewise resistance. Paint can be remixed readily to a homogeneous state.

When spatula has been forced through the settled layer it is very difficult to move spatula sidewise. Definite edgewise resistance to movement of spatula. Paint can be remixed to a homogeneous state.

4

2

23

Rating Description of Paint Condition

smooth paint by stimng manually.

method, if it is used in a specification, the maximum deviation from the settling limits specified should be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.


0 Very firm cake that cannot be reincorporated with the liquid to form a

6. Precision and Bias 6.1 Precision-Due to the poor precision of this test


This standard is sub/ect to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive carefui consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.

24

Designation: D 913 - 88 4Tb Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Resistance to Wear of Traffic Paint'


1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of degree of

resistance to wear that may occur with traffic paints in road tests (see Practice D 7 13) or in actual service, using photographic standards for comparative evaluation.

1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, oper- ations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safity problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


2.1 ASTM Standard: D713 Practice for Conducting Road Service Tests on

Fluid Traffic Marking Materials2

3. Description of Term Specific to This Standard 3.1 failure, described by these reference standards-that

condition manifested in traffic paint by actual detachment of entire sections of the film from its substrate or from paint previously applied. The degree of resistance to failure is judged by the amount of substrate that is covered.

4 Significance and Use 4.1 This test method is designed to evaluate the resistance

to wear of a traffic paint. It must be remembered that a high degree of performance of paint applied to a bare road surface may not guarantee similar results when the same paint is applied over old paint lines.

This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- mittee W1.44 on Traffic Coatings.

Current edition approved March 25, 1988. Published May 1988. Originally published as D 91 3 - 47 T. Last previous edition D 9 13 - 83.

Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Vol06.02.

5. Type of Failure 5.1 The failure as described in Section 3 does not presume

any specific mechanism, and all areas where the substrate is visible shall be considered a failure.

6. Use of Photographic Reference Standards 6.1 The photographic reference standards3 that are part of

this test method are representative of the degrees of resistance to wear of stripes of traffic paint. The examples shown in Fig. 1 are for illustration purposes only and should not be used for evaluation.

6.1.1 The degree of resistance to wear is likely to vary over any given area. It is therefore necessary to use one of the following grading methods:

6.1.1.1 Select an area as representative and base the rating of the stripe on this area or

6.1.1.2 Grade segments of the stripe and average these gradings.

6.1.2 The photographic reference standards (Note) repre- sent four degrees (97 %, 92 %, 77 %, 60 %) of resistance to wear. Substrate revealed by failure is readily discernible with the naked eye.

Nom-The reference standards are representative of stripes of traffic paints. The percentage of surface covered is shown on each reference standard.

7. Procedure 7.1 Compare the representative areas of the traffic paint

stripes with the photographic reference standards and esti- mate the percent of intact film.

8. Report

estimations, if appropriate. 8.1 Report the mean and range of the substrate coverage

3 Full-size (8 by IO-in. (203 by 254-mm)) glossy prints of the photographic reference standards showing degrees of chipping are available from ASTM Headquarters. Order PCN 12-409 130-00.


This standard is subject to revision ai any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 7976 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 79703.

25

(Film 97 % Intact)

(Film 77 W Intact) (Film 60 % Intact)

FIG. 1 Percent of Substrate Covered

(Film 92 % Intact)

26

([]b Designation: D 969 - 85 (Reapproved 1989)“ Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Degree of Bleeding of Traffic Paint’


NOTE-Editorial changes were made throughout, including the title, in October 1989.

1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers a laboratory test procedure

for determining the degree of bleeding of traffic or pavement marking paints.



2.1 ASTM Standards: D 476 Specification for Titanium Dioxide Pigments2 D 867 Specification for Pumice Pigment2 D868 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Bleeding of

D 1 199 Specification for Calcium Carbonate Pigments2 2.2 Adjunct: D 868 Bleeding resistance of paint (one photo)4

Traffic Paint3

3. Significance and Use 3.1 Solvents in a traffic paint may cause bleeding of

pavement constituents into the traffic marking, thereby rendering the traffic marking less effective as a lane or directional indicator. This test method describes how to prepare a panel for evaluation. The very subjective method of evaluating the degree of bleeding raises questions as to the usefulness of the result for specification compliance.

4. Apparatus 4.1 Film Applicator-A conventional type drawdown

This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- mittee DO I .44 on Traffc Coatings.

Current edition approved Nov. 29, 1985. Published January 1986. Originally published as D 969 - 48 T. Last previous edition D 969 - 54 (1981)f1.

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03. ’Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.

Copies of the pictorial photographic reference standards are contained in the publication Pictorial Standards of Coating Defects, and may be obtained from ASTM Headquarters (request Adjunct PCN 12-408680-00) or the Federation of Societies for Coating Technology, 492 Nomstown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422. The original source of the photographic reference standards illustrated in Fig. 1 is the Federation.

gage5 that casts a film having a minimum width of 2 in. (50 mm) and an approximate wet thickness of 15 mils (380 pm) (applicator clearance of approximately 30 mils (760 pm)).

4.2 Test Panel for Coal-Tar Substrate-A 5 by 10-in. (127 by 254-mm) piece cut from a standard roll of so-called “ 15-lb (6.8-kg) coal-tar saturated asbestos or rag felt” (Note).

4.3 Test Panel for Asphalt Substrate-A 5 by 10-in. (127 by 254-mm) piece cut from a standard roll of 15-lb (6.8-kg) asphalt-saturated felt.

Nom-The following paint composition, when used on 15-lb (6.8-kg) felts from various sources, gave the severe bleeding necessary for a rating of between 4 and 2 on the coal tar, and the lesser bleeding necessary for a rating between 9 and 7 on asphalt, when compared to the photographic reference standards of Test Method D 868.4 This control paint is suggested only for use in standardizing the test panels.

Titanium dioxide TiO,/(Specification D 476,

Calcium carhonate/CaCO,/ASTM Specifica-

Aluminum stearate (a 5% mixture in toluol

Pumice, No. 100 (Specification D 867) Alkyd resin solution, pure oxidizing 52 % soya

oil modified, 50 % solution in 38 K.B. mineral spirits

V.M. & P. naphtha Lead naphthenate, 24 % Cobalt naphthenate, 6 % Chemical ASA (anti-skin agent)

Type 11, Class 11) ,

tion D I199

shall gel below 120°F)

Totals

Pounds Gallons

219.3 6.25

525.7 23.29

2.1 0.23

87.8 4.48 425.7 55.98

53.9 8.78 5.1 0.59 1.3 0.16 1.8 0.24

1323.3 100.00 - -

A 1 Ib = 0.454 kg. 1 gal = 3.7854 L.

5. Preparation of Test Panel 5.1 Cut the 5 by 10-in. (125 by 255”) specimen panel

from that portion of the roll 5 in. in from the edges. 5.2 Provide a nonbleeding contrast surface by affixing a

3/4-in. (20-mm) cellophane tape, with firm pressure, to the entire length of the panel so that the outside edge of the tape is at least 1 in. (25 mm) from the edge of the panel and parallel to the edge of the panel.

6. Procedure 6.1 Place the test panel on a smooth flat surface (such as a

5 The “Bradley Blade,” also known as the “Bird Film Applicator,” available from any coating materials supply house, has been found satisfactory for this purpose.

21

glass panel), with the tape side up on the left, and hold in a flat position by weighting down the edges.

6.2 Draw the paint under test down over the specimen panel in such a manner that the entire width of the tape is covered, leaving the remainder of the film to the right of the tape in direct contact with the test panels.

6.3 Keep the coated panel in a flat position until the film is set (after which the weights may be removed) and allow the coated panel to dry for 48 h at 70 to 80°F (21 to 27°C).

6.4 Immediately after completion of 48-h drying, observe the contrast in color between the portion of the film over the tape and that portion that is in direct contact with the test panels. Rate the degree of bleeding numerically in accordance with the nearest photographic reference standard in Test Method D

7. Precision and Bias 7.1 Precision and bias cannot be determined.


This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If yowfeel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.

28

[ITb Designation: D 1014 - 83 (Reapproved 1988)E' Standard Test Method for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Paints on Steel'

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon ( E ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This test method has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense to replace Method 6160 of Fed. Test Method Std. No. 141 A and for listing in the DoD Index of Specijications and Standards.

NOTE-Editorial chanees were made throuehout in March 1988.

1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the

relative service of exterior paints and other materials of similar purpose when applied on steel surfaces exposed out-of-doors.

1.2 Experience indicates that the steel used as a test surface has a marked bearing upon the weathering results. It is the purpose of this test method to minimize the influence of variation in steel surfaces on any series of tests by providing for uniformity in the selection of the steel surface, particularly in cooperative work. This test method also outlines uniform procedures for conducting the exposure tests and for evaluating and recording results.



2.1 ASTM Standards: A 36 Specification for Structural Steel2 A 283 Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile

Strength Carbon Steel Plates2 D 609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels

for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related Coating Products3

D610 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces4

D659 Methods of Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paints5

D 660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of Exterior Paints3

D 66 1 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of Exterior Paints3

I This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- mittee D01.46 on Industrial Protective Painting.

Current edition approved Nov. 28, 1983. Published January 1984. Originally published as D 1014 - 49 T. Last previous edition D 1014 - 66 (1973).

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol01.04. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol06.0 I . Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol06.02. Discontinued; see 1989 Annual Book ofASTMStandards, Vol 06.01.

D 7 14 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of Paints3

D823 Test Methods for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels3

D 1 186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to a Ferrous Base3

D 12 12 Test Methods for Measurement of Wet Film Thickness of Organic Coatings4

D 2200 Pictorial Surface Preparation Standards for Paint- ing Steel Surfaces3

G 7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic Materials3

3. Significance and Use 3.1 The procedures described in this test method are

intended to aid in evaluating performance of coatings on either new or previously rusted steel.

3.2 Since the natural environment varies with respect to season and geographic location, test results may not correlate with in-service performance.

4. Base Materials for Test Specimens 4.1 A minimum of two and preferably four test specimens

shall be used to evaluate the performance of any paint system.

4.2 The surface preparation for the test panels should be that expected to be done in the field or in-service. The surface preparation shall be the same for all test panels in the test program unless surface preparation is one of the variables to be evaluated. Surface preparation must be essentially identical for all test panels, as the thoroughness of preparation may directly determine the performance life of the applied coating system.

4.3 The test panels should be fabricated from the same material over which the coating is expected to perform in-service. Any of the following surfaces may be used:

4.3.1 Abrasive Blasted Steel Plate-The steel plate shall conform to Specification A 36 or Specification A 283. The minimum thickness shall be '/I6 in. (1.6 mm). The minimum size shall be 4 by 6 in. (100 by 150 mm). Burrs and sharp projections shall be removed from the edges by filing. The test panels shall be freed of oil by suitable grease-removing solvents in accordance with Methods B, C, or D of Methods D 609. The surface shall be blasted to meet the requirements

29

of Standard D2200, Sa 2%, if another degree of surface preparation has not been agreed upon.

4.3.2 Rusted Surfaces-Hot rolled steel angle or plate, or both, are useful for determining the performance of paints applied to structures that cannot be thoroughly cleaned of rust and corrosion products. The steel angle and plate shall conform to Specification A 283. The steel angles shall be at least 4 by 4 by YE in. (100 by 100 by 3.2 mm) in cross section and 12 in. (305 mm) in length. The minimum size of the steel plate shall be 4 by 6 in. (100 by 150 mm) with a minimum thickness of '/I6 in. (1.6 mm). Burrs and sharp projections shall be removed from the edges by filing. The test pieces shall be freed from oil by the use of suitable grease-removing solvents in accordance with Methods B, C, or D of Methods D609. Those persons desiring to test coatings over rusty or slightly rusted surfaces (Note 1) should refer to Standard D 2200, select the degree of rusting desired from the rust grades given, and utilize the degree of surface preparation that can be accomplished in the field or on the job.

NOTE 1-When testing over rusty surfaces, the test specimens should preferably be pre-corroded (weathered) in the same environment in which they ultimately will be exposed. The environment in which the steel is rusted prior to painting has considerable influence on the performance of paint applied to such steel. Artificial rusting, however, is permitted but conditions must be stated in the test report.

4.3.3 Cold-Rolled Steel Strip-Cold-rolled steel strip has a slightly roughened surface free from mill scale and rust, and is useful for checking the relative performance of paints on a clean, uniform surface. The steel strip shall conform to one of the types described in Methods D 609. The panels shall be not less than 4 by 6 in. (102 by 152 mm) in size and all edges shall be smooth and uniformly rounded. The metal panels shall be prepared by the agreed upon method (A, B, C, or D) in Methods D 609.

4.4 After surface preparation, the panels shall be prime coated as soon as possible to prevent flash rusting or deposit of any foreign contaminant on the cleaned surface. After surface preparation, if the panels are stored prior to coating, precautions must be taken to preserve the clean surface.

5. Painting Test Specimens 5.1 Apply all coatings in strict accordance with the

coating manufacturer's written recommendations. The method of application expected for the production work on the job should also be used for test panel application.

5.2 If the method of application is unknown select one of the following (Note 2):

Method A-Automatic Spray Machine Method B-Automatic Dip Coater Method C-Manual Spray Application Method D-Motor Driven Blade Applicator Method E-Brush Application Method F-Roller Coating Method G-Curtain Coating

NOTE 2-Details for the application of paint by Methods A, B, or D are given in Test Methods D 823.

5.3 Measure and record the film thickness of each coat in accordance with the methods recommended in Test Methods D 1186. If the test panel is covered by rust and mill scale, these methods will be less accurate, as they are influenced by the surface characteristics of this base metal. In such cases, approximations can be made by wet film thickness measurements in accordance with Methods D 12 12, or the amount of paint applied to a known area can be weighed and the average dry film thickness computed. It should be noted that even though dry film thickness measurements in accordance with Test Methods D 1 186 are less accurate on surfaces with rust and mill scale than on smooth steel surfaces, they are still more accurate than those obtained by Methods D 12 12 or weighing.

5.4 Allow the proper drying time between coats for multiple paint systems and before exposure as required by the coatings manufacturer and include in the test record.

5.5 Paint the back and edges of all test specimens with the same systems as that being tested on the front of each panel. This painting provides considerable information on the behavior of the paint system on the reverse side.

5.6 The test specimens may be scribed to base metal prior to exposure. Rate any corrosion from this point of damage in accordance with Methods D 6 10. 6. Exposure

specimens may be selected from the following: 6.1 The type of exposure and the position of the painted

5", facing south 45", facing south 45', facing north Vertical, facing south Vertical, facing north Insulated (backed or black box) in accordance with Practice G 7.

6.2 Mount the specimens so they do not cast shadows on each other, or contact each other or any metallic material, or any material capable of acting as a wick. Also, mount the specimens so that the products of weathering and rain water drippings do not flow from one to another.

NOTE 3-A suitable material for the construction of racks and supports is painted wood. Metal, such as aluminum, is also suitable if the test specimens are properly insulated as by the use of porcelain or suitably selected plastic.

7. Test Period and Rating of Paints 7.1 The test period shall be sufficient to evaluate the

characteristics of the system under consideration. 7.2 Inspect at regular intervals. 7.3 Evaluate (resistance to or) degree of rusting, chalking,

checking, cracking, and blistering using the following ASTM photographic reference standards: Test Methods D 6 10, D 659, D 660, D 661, and D 714.


~

This standard is sublect to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.

30

Designation: D 1155 - 89 4Tb Standard Test Method for Roundness of Glass Spheres‘ This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1155; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A

revision or reapproval superscript epsilon ( e ) indicates an editorial change since the last

1. Scope 1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of the

percent of true spheres in glass spheres used for retroreflective marking purposes and industrial uses. 1.2 This test method includes two procedures as follows: 1.2.1 Procedure A, in which the selected specimen is split

into two size ranges or groups prior to separation into true spheres and irregular particles, and 1.2.2 Procedure B, in which the selected specimen is split

into five size ranges or groups prior to separation. 1.2.3 In determining compliance with specification re-

quirements, either Procedure A or Procedure B may be used. Where tests indicate failure to meet the specified percent of true spheres and irregular particles, the referee test shall be made in accordance with Procedure B.



2,l ASTM Standards: E 1 1 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing

~ u r p o s e s ~

3. Summary of Test Method 3.1 The glass particles are mechanically separated into

true spheres and irregular particles by controlled vibration on a glass plate fixed at a predetermined slope.

4. Significance and Use 4.1 The roundness of glass spheres is one measureable

aspect relating to their performance as a retroreflective media. The function of this test method is to measure the percent =f true sphercs as related tci cijmpliance with applicable specifications.

NOTE 1-This method has been used in other industrial areas outside the intended scope of this test method.

I This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-l on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- mittee DO 1.44 on Traflic Coatings.

Current edition approved May 26, 1989. Published July 1989. Originally published as D 1155 - 51 T. Last previous edition D 1155 - 53(1983)“.

For information on the development of this test method, reference may be made to the paper by Keeley, A. E., “Roundness Testing of Glass Spheres,” ASTM Bulletin, No. 174, May, 1951, p. 72.

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.

5. Apparatus (Fig. 1) 5.1 Electrical Feeder-Vibrator, upon which is mounted a

smooth glass panel, 6 in. (152.4 mm) wide and 15 in. (381 mm) long. 5.2 Hinged Base, supporting the vibrator and panel in

such a manner that the angle of slope of the glass panel with the horizontal may be varied and fixed in any predetermined position. 5.3 Vibrator-Means of varying the amplitude or strength

of the vibrations transmitted to the glass panel, at a fixed frequency of 60 impulses per second. 5.4 Feeding Device or Pan, affixed to the glass panel in

such a manner that the selected sample of glass may be evenly dropped at a uniform rate upon the glass panel, from various heights above the panel and at various points on the slope.

5.5 Collecting Pans or Containers, at either end of the sloping panel, in which to collect the spheres and irregular particles.

6. Selection of Specimen 6.1 Select a 50-g specimen of the glass spheres to be tested

for roundness in one of the following ways: 6.1.1 By mechanically splitting a bag or other container of

glass spheres, selected at random from the shipment to be tested, or 6.1.2 By grain or seed-rod selection from the container.

7. Procedure A 7.1 Sieve the selected specimen through a 300-pm (No.

50) sieve (Note 2). Run the spheres retained on the sieve as one group, and run the spheres passing the sieve as a second group.

NOTE 2-Detailed requirements for ASTM sieves are given in Specification E 1 1. 7.2 Level the glass panel; then raise one end from the

horizontal by the distance in inches indicated on the calibration curve in Fig. 2 for the average diameter of spheres in the group. Afix the feed hopper to the side of the panel at the upper one-third point of the slope, so that the spheres may be dropped in a uniform monolayer onto the glass panel from a height of approximately 112 in. (1 3 mm). 7.3 Place the size group to be tested in the feed pan, and

start the vibrator. Set the vibrator amplitude control at such a position that irregular particles on the upper half of the panel will move slowly up the slope, while the true spheres roll down. Feed slowly, at such a rate that no “bunching up” or flooding of spheres on the panel occurs. 7.4 When the glass panel is well covered with spheres, stop

feeding until separation of true spheres has occurred. Stop the vibrator and, after all true spheres have rolled down the

31

FIG. 1 Apparatus for Roundness Test of Glass Spheres

--.-r-r-

S ~ o l t ' Reuding, ti, in

FIG. 2 Calibration Curve for Roundness Tester

slope into the sphere pan, brush or scrape all particles remaining on the panel into the upper pan containing the irregular particles. For purpose of test, all particles not rolling freely down the slope are considered as irregular.

7.5 Repeat the procedure described in 7.3 and 7.4 until the selected size group has been completely separated, removing the true spheres and irregular particles from the collecting pans into appropriate containers.

7.6 Fill the feed pan with the true spheres collected in the primary separation, and repeat the procedure described in 7.3 and 7.4. Next, fill the feed pan with the irregular particles collected in the primary separation, and again repeat the

procedure described in 7.3 and 7.4. Examine the separated spheres and irregular particles under a 20-diameter magni- fying glass and repeat the reruns until satisfactory separation is obtained.

7.7 Determine the total weights of the true spheres and of the irregular particles obtained by the above separations, and record.

7.8 Using the second size group obtained in accordance with 7.1, repeat the procedure described in 7.2 to 7.7.

7.9 From the total weight of true spheres obtained from both size groups, calculate the percent of true spheres in the total specimen, using as 100 % the total weight of true spheres plus irregular particles collected in the test-thereby eliminating from the calculation any loss of spheres that may have occurred during handling and testing.

8. Procedure B

follows: 8.1 Divide the specimen into five size ranges or groups, as

Passing Sieve Retained on Sieve

600-pm (No. 30) 425-pm (No. 40) 300-pm (No. 50) 212-pm (No. 70)

425ym 3OOym 2 12-pm

8.2 Level the glass panel; then raise one end from the horizontal by the distance in inches indicated on the calibration curve in Fig. 2 for the minimum diameter of spheres in the group. Affix the feed hopper over the center line of the panel, at the upper one-third point of the slope, with the feed end up-slope and approximately 3/s in. (10 mm) from the glass panel.

8.3 Place the size group to be tested in the feed pan, and start the vibrator. Set the vibrator amplitude control at such a position that irregular particles on the upper half of the panel will move slowly up the slope, while the true spheres

32

roll down. Feed slowly, at such a rate that no “bunching up” or flooding of spheres on the panel occurs.

8.4 When the glass panel is well covered with spheres, stop feeding until separation of true spheres has occurred. Stop the vibrator and, after all true spheres have rolled down the slope into the sphere pan, brush or scrape all particles remaining on the panel into the upper pan containing the irregular particles. For purposes of this test, all particles not rolling freely down the slope are considered as irregular.

8.5 Repeat the procedure described in 8.3 and 8.4 until the selected size group has been completely separated, removing the true spheres and irregular particles from the collecting pans into appropriate containers.

8.6 Fill the feed pan with the true spheres collected in the primary separation, and repeat the procedure described in 8.3 and 8.4. Next, fill the feed pan with the irregular particles collected in the primary separation and again repeat the procedure described in 8.3 and 8.4. Examine the separated spheres and irregular particles under a 20-diameter magni- fying glass and repeat the reruns until satisfactory separation is obtained.

8.7 The procedure described in 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5 com- prises the primary separation and that in 8.6 is one complete rerun. Make a primary separation for each of the five size groups listed in 8.1 and then make the appropriate number of reruns for each size group, as follows:

Spheres Retained on Sieve

425-pm (No. 40) 300-pm (No. 50) 212-pm (No. 70)

Reruns

4 4 5

Spheres Passing Sieve

212ym (No. 70) 5

8.8 From the total weight of true spheres obtained from separations from all five size groups, calculate the percent of

weight of true spheres plus irregular particles collected in the complete test-thereby eliminating from the calculation any loss of spheres that may have occurred during handling and testing.

9. Report

true spheres in the total specimen, using as 100 % the total ~~~~

9.1 Report the following information: 9.1.1 The weight percent of true spheres in the total

9.1.2 Whether Procedure A or Procedure B was used. specimen and

10. Precision and Bias

to generate a precision statement.

11. Keywords

10.1 A round-robin study is currently underway in order

1 1.2 roundness; glass spheres



33

Designation: D 1211 - 87 m) Standard Test Method for Temperature-Change Resistance of Clear Nitrocellulose Lacquer Films Applied to Wood’

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 121 1; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers determination of the resis-

tance to checking and cracking of clear nitrocellulose lacquer films applied to wood or plywood substrates when subjected to sudden changes from high to low temperatures.



2.1 ASTM Standards: D 805 Testing Veneer, Plywood, and Other Glued Veneer

D 257 1 Guide for Testing Wood Furniture Lacquers3 Constructions*

3. Description of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.1 True cold-checks on solid wood show as one or more

straight cracks on the applied film. Cold-checks manifest themselves in either of two ways:

3.1.1 Long continuous wavy lines with the grain or at various directions at angles that can be perpendicular to the direction of the grain.

3.1.2 Innumerable fine lines erratic in direction and length forming a network over a portion or all of the panel. This effect may be likened to crazing of the lacquer film.

3.1.3 On plywood the direction of the cracks will often vary because of the stresses set up by other than the top stratum. Therefore, all checks may be considered as failures, and appropriate notations on the character of the cracks must be made to assist in the interpretation. While it is recognized that cracks in the substrate may occur (veneer checking), failures observed in the lacquer coating may be due to action of moisture (humidity) or of cold, or both. Checking caused by moisture appears along the grain and is characterized by short cracks (usually not more than V 2 in. (1 3 mm) in length) occurring either singly or in clusters. These lines or clusters may progress along the grain in a discontinuous fashion. Should either veneer checking or

This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- mittee D01.55 on Factory-Applied Coatings on Preformed Products.

Current edition approved May 29, 1987. Published July 1987. Originally published as D 121 1 - 52. Last previous edition D 12 1 1 - 74 (1980)“.

Discontinued; see 1976 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 22. Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.

moisture checking be observed, the test should be discontinued, and rerun.

3.2 The checks may be perceptible only by visual observation of the panels at an angle, under a strong light, or the cracks may be wide enough to be readily discernible in direct daylight.

4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 Lacquer-coated wood panels are subjected first to a

high temperature, followed by an exposure to low temperature, and then a return to room temperature for given periods of time, which constitutes one cycle. The method does not define the number of cycles which a lacquer must withstand, this condition being a requirement which must be agreed upon by the purchaser and the seller.

5. Significance and Use 5.1 A common type of failure of clear films applied to

wood is cracking or checking that may occur over a period of time either with the grain or at an angle. This cold check test is designed to accelerate the appearance of checks or cracks by cycling the temperature.

NOTE 1-Except when elaborate precautions are taken to control the moisture content of the wood before and after finishing and during the test, failures may quite often occur as a result of dimensional changes in the wood due to moisture change rather than temperature change.

6. Apparatus 6.1 Refrigerator (Dry Ice)-The refrigerator should be a

well-insulated box, cooled by air which has been circulated over solid carbon dioxide (dry ice). The air must strike the panels indirectly after passing over the solid carbon dioxid