10/22/14

• Objective: Students will be able to compare and contrast the philosophes of the Enlightenment.

• Do Now: What is a philosopher?• Agenda: Do Now• PowerPoint Presentation• Graphic Organizer• Essential Question: How did Enlightenment

thinkers influence the founding of the United States?

The Enlightenment and the Founding of America

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement inEurope during the 18th century in which people began tochange their views on the world and on society.

The Enlightenment

Enlightenment

• Emerged out of the Scientific Revolution and culminated in the French Revolution

• Philosophes=thinkers who believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of govt., law, and society.

• Starts in France and spreads throughout Europe.

• Thought thinking should be based on reasoning not religion and the church.

Scientific Revolution

• The Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries.

• The ConnectionThe Scientific Revolution showed that nature and the universe could be explained through reason, using mathematical precision.

Five concepts that formed the core beliefs of the Enlightenment:

• 1. Reason-Truth could be discovered through reason/logical thinking

• 2. Nature-Nature is good and reasonable• 3. Happiness- Urged people to seek well-

being on earth. • 4. Progress- Stressed that society and

humankind could improve.• 5. Liberty- Called for the rights and

liberties for people.

Enlightenment Thinkers

Thomas Hobbes - 1588- 1679

John Locke - 1632–1704

Voltaire - 1650 – 1722

Montesquieu 1689–1755

Rousseau - 1712 – 1778

Enlightenment Thinkers

Denis Diderot1713-1784

Adam Smith1723-1790

Mary Wollstonecraft1759-1797

Many Enlightenment thinkers were also mathematicians and scientists. They viewed changes in science as going hand in hand with changes in philosophy.

Hobbes

From England

Wrote Leviathan

-Thought people are generally bad

Life without strong government is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, & short.”

-Hypothesis: Absolute government is needed to control evil behavior

Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes

• People have a social contract in establishing a government.

• People get civil rights in return for having a government rule them.

John Locke 1632–1704

• English philosopher• New ideas about rights of

people and their relationship to rulerGovernment was created for the people

• If rules did not protect the rights, then people had right to get new government

• American Revolution resulted from this idea

John Locke Two Treaties of Government

• Government is formed to protect people’s natural rights and should have limited power. (**rejected absolute monarchy)

• The government should be accepted by all citizens and people have the right to overthrow it if it fails or takes away people’s natural rights.

Locke --- Natural Rights

• All people are free, equal and have “natural rights” of life, liberty, and property that rulers cannot take

• Power is in the people; not in rulers

• Influenced Thomas Jefferson—Declaration of Independence

Voltaire

• French philosopher• Wrote Candide

(1759);• Observation-Life is

better with liberty• “I do not agree with a

word you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Voltaire 1694-1778

• Believed in possibility of social change and reform (Progress is possible)

• Tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and speech

• Separation of church and stateinfluences our Bill of Rights

Denis Diderot

. • Created a 28 volume encyclopedia.

• Purpose to change the general way of thinking.

• Explained govt., philosophy, and religion through articles by leading thinkers.

• Govt. felt it was attack on public morals and Pope threatened excommunication to those who read it.

• Over 4,000 copies were printed between 1751-1789

French Philosopher

Mary Wollstonecraft• “Free and equal” not for women.

• Women had natural rights but

were limited to private sphere• Believed women’s first duty was

to be a good mother but should be able to decide what is in her own interest without her husband.

• Wrote 1792-A Vindication on the Rights of Women-called for equal education-which would give them to tools to participate equally with men in public life.

Adam Smith

• Wrote Wealth of Nations• Argued free market

should be allowed to regulate business activity.

• Supply and Demand. • Supporter of Laissez

faire-felt that govt. had a duty to protect society, administer justices, provide public works.

Montesquieu

• French philosopher• Wrote the book –

Spirit of the Laws -1748

• Stated monarchy was not best govt.

Separation of Power

• Montesquieu believed in idea of separation of powers and checks and balances to divide government into three branches

• Idea came from England—judicial, legislative, and executive powers

• Became the framework of the Constitution

Jean Jacques Rousseau

• Wrote the Social Contract

• “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.”

Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712 – 1778

• General will of people was the deciding factor---not the individual oneMajority Rule

• Social contract—between people and ruler

• If ruler ceases to protect the ruled, then they are free to choose new ruler

• Influenced Declaration of Independence

Enlightenment Shapes Independence

• “All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness”

• Governments derive their power and authority from “the consent of the governed”

• When any government infringes upon individual’s rights, “it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government”

Enlightenment Shapes Government

• Declaration of Independence -- sought to promise personal freedom to all citizens

• New form of government - based on the people’s right to have a say

• Shaped the making of the Constitution– Montesquieu -- the balance of power between three

branches of government– Rousseau-- the power of democracy and consent of

the people were in the formation of the new government.

“In order to live in society, human beings agree to an implicit social contract,

which gives them certain rights in return for giving up certain freedoms.”

“People in a state of nature give up their individual rights to a strong power

in return for his protection, so social contract evolved out of self-interest.”

John Hobbes

Social Contract

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Declaration of

IndependenceConstitution

Social Contract

How does the Enlightenment Influence the United States?

Separation Of

Power

Checks And

Balances

Montesquieu, in his 1748 Spirit of the Laws, expanded on Locke adding a judiciary

John Locke, in his 1690 Civil Government, second treatise, separated the powers into an executive and a legislature.

Bill of Rights

Freedom of Religion

Freedom of Speech

Civil Rights

"I do not agree with a word you so, but will defend to the death your right to say it. Voltaire

• Questions:• • 1. What was the Enlightenment?

• • 2. What is the purpose of checks and balances?

• • 3. How did the Enlightenment impact the shaping of America?

Name From Wrote Main Ideas

Hobbes

Locke

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Diderot

Smith

Montesquie

Rosseau

Name From Wrote Main Ideas

Hobbes

Locke

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Name From Wrote Main Ideas

Hobbes England Leviathan Life without gov’t is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, & short.”Believed in a monarchySocial Contract-People get civil rights in return for having a government rule them

Locke England Two Treatises on Gov’t

Govt. exists to preserve people’s natural rights-life, liberty and property.Govt. should be freely formed by the people-if it doesn’t preserve natural rights people can overthrow it.

Voltaire France Candide “I do not agree with a word you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.” Believed in freedom of speech and religion. Church and state should be separate. His ideas influenced the Bill of Rights.

Wollstone-craft

England A Vindication on the Rights of Women

Felt women’s 1st duty was to be a good mother. Also thought women should have the same rights as men especially in education. If given the same opportunity they could be equal with men.

Diderot France Encyclopedia Created a 28 volume encyclopedia which had articles on govt., philosophy, and religion. Opposed by govt. and church.

Smith England Wealth of Nations

Supported Laissez-Faire and felt business followed the Law of Supply and Demand.

Montesquie France The Spirit of Laws

Monarchy isn’t necessary-believed in separation of powers and checks and balances. Each branch of govt. should be a check to the other.

Rosseau France The Social Contract

Will of the people=Majority RuleSocial Contract govt. agrees to rule only so people’s rights, property and happiness are protected-if broken then governed are free to choose new rulers.