Chapter one

A View of Life

Bristlecone Pine World's oldest living trees (4,600 years old) which reside in

the Inyo National Forest in the California White Mountains.

Biology =The study of

living organisms

Many Branches…..

• Botony = study of plants• Zoology = study of animals• Ecology = study of organisms interactions

with environment & each other• Biochemistry = study of chemical reactions in

living things• Anatomy = study of body structure• Physiology = study of body function

“Life?”

5 Characteristics of “Life”

1. Organization

2. Acquisition of Materials & Energy

3. Response

4. Reproduction & Development

5. Adaptation

1st Characteristic of “Life”=Organization

Atom

Molecule

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Life

Begins

HERE!!!

Atom

Smallest unit of a molecule…

(made of elements)

Molecule

2 or more “atoms”

Cell

• Basic Unit of Life

• independent life

functions

• Comprised of

“nonliving”

Tissue

Different cells combine with common function

OrganTissues combine for specific task

Organ System

• Organs working together

Example:

respiration

digestion

Organism

• A single living individual

Largest organism may be a fungusArmillaria ostoyae (honey mushroom)Malheur National Forest (E. Oregon)

started from a single spore approx 2,400 yearskills trees as it grows.5 miles acrossextends avg 3 ft into the ground. covers an area as big as 1,665 football fieldsNo one has estimated its weight

single individual

Salmonella (bacteria)

Amoeba (Protist)

Single Cell

Individual

Tape Worm

(no organs)

Tissue Level

Individual

Organ Systems Level

Emergent Properties

“the sum is more than its parts”Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

2nd Characteristic of “Life”

Acquisition of Materials & Energy

Materials =

a. Provides nutrients

(molecules used

in metabolism)

FOOD ….

Materials = Food

b. Provides Energy

(capacity to do work)

C. “AUTOTROPHS”

Some “produce” their own food

Photosynthesis = Solar energy + CO2 food

Materials = Food

“Auto” = self, same“Troph” = nurture, feed

Energy required for:

METABOLISM =

all chemical

reactions

in a cell

Energy required for

HOMEOSTASIS =

maintenance of internal conditions

within certain limitations

ex:

human blood pH = 7.35-7.45

human body temperature

Homeostasis

Internal control mechanisms

Behavior

• To stimuli (temp or light)• Results = movement, behavior & learning• Helps organisms to survive

3rd Characteristic of “Life” = Response

Single Celled

organisms

simply

split in two…

“Binary Fission”

4th Characteristic of “Life”=

Reproduction & Development =ability to make another organism like itself

Reproduction & Development

Multicultural organisms – sexual reproductionunite sperm & egg

result = immature individual

Instructions for development

encoded in GENES (made of DNA)

Reproduction & Development

Genes passed from generation to generation in CHROMOSOMES

5th Characteristic of “Life” =

Adaptation

modification that makes organisms “better suited”

populations adapt by process of

Adaptations (modifications)

Diversity

lead to:

All Living things are Diverse (different)

basic organizational unit = cell

common genetic blueprint = DNA

common environment

= Earth

But… Unified

Other levels of Biological Organization..

• Individual…..

• Population: “individuals” of same species in an area

• Community: all populations in an area.

• Ecosystem: living community along with

nonliving

• Biosphere: anywhere living things exist.

Ecosystems:• Tropical Rain Forests

• Deserts

• Tundra

• Grasslands

• Aquatic

• Etc….

Biotic = all the living things organisms, vegetation

microscopic life, etc

Abiotic = all the non living water, sunlight, air, minerals,

Ecosystems performa vital function

1. Energy flows through ecosystems

(lost as heat)

2. Nutrients cycle within an ecosystem

(recycled)

Living Things are Classified

Classification =

grouping things based on some similarities

Taxonomy = branch of Biology

identifying and classifying living organisms according to certain rules.

Taxo = “put in order” nomy = “law or rule”

Classification

Carl Linnaeus = Father of Taxonomy

8 Levels of Classification

• Domain - most “inclusive”• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species – most “exclusive”

Domains - 3

1. Archaea – unicellular (bacteria)

survive in harsh environments

DO NOT have membrane bound nucleus

(Prokaryotic)

2. Bacteria (or Eubacteria) – unicellular (“true bacteria”)

most bacteria

DO NOT have membrane bound nucleus

(ProKaryotic)

3. Eukarya – unicellular/multicellular

have a membrane – bound nucleus

(Eukaryotic)

Cells – 2 types

1. With nucleus = eukaryotic 2. Without nucleus = prokaryotic

Nucleus = membrane bound compartment of cell containing genetic material

“Karyose” = greek “kernal” refers to nucleus of cell

“Pro” = “before” (Prokaryotic = before a nucleus)

“Eu” = “true” or “good” (Eukaryotic = prossessing a true nucleus)

DomainEucarya

KingdomProtista

KingdomFungi

KingdomPlantae

KingdomAnimalia

PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Hierarchical System of Classification

Levels of Classification

DomainArchaea

3 Kingdoms

DomainBacteria

Many Kingdoms

PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

DomainEucarya

KingdomProtista

Protozoans & Algae

Range from unicellular forms to multicellular ones

DomainEucarya

KingdomProtista

KingdomFungi

Mushrooms & Mold

DomainEucarya

KingdomProtista

KingdomFungi

KingdomPlantae

multicellular photosynthetic

DomainEucarya

KingdomProtista

KingdomFungi

KingdomPlantae

KingdomAnimalia

organisms that ingest and process their food

Living Things have

Scientific Names that are

UNIVERSAL

Species are named using

Binomial Nomenclature

Homo sapien

Rules - Binomial Nomenclature

1. 2 part name:– 1st word = genus – 2nd word = species

2. 1st letter 1st word uppercase

3. 1st letter 2nd word lower case

4. Both words underlined or italicized

5. latinized

Nature of science =

understand the

natural world through

observations & testing

Basis of Science ……

1. Is objective

2. Events can be explained by natural causes

3. Material universe –

observable & can be collaborated

4. no moral or ethical decisions

5. Not mythical, philosophical or theological

Scientists approach problems differently….

Scientific Method

sets apart “natural sciences” from fields based on opinion, faith, &

tradition

What is the Scientific Method?

Step by Step approach for gathering info:

1. Identify Problem or Question

2. Form a Hypothesis (educated guess)

3. Experimentation and Observation

(test the hypothesis/results in “data”)

4. Conclusion (is hypothesis supported or not?)

In Experimentation – always 2 Variables:

1. Independent – what is manipulated by the scientist

(experimental variable)

2. Dependent – result or change due to the independent

variable (responding variable)

Also very important…

Control Group: subject that does not experience the

“Independent Variable”

Scientific Method

Results must be able to be reproduced by other scientists.

Scientific Theory

Concept supported by broad range of

observations, experiments & data.

Unifying Theories of Biology

• Cell Theory: all organisms are made of cells

• Homeostasis: internal environment stays with range

• Evolution: living organisms share a common ancestor & adapt

• Gene: organisms contain coded info that determines their

form, function, and to some degree, behavior

• Ecosystem: organisms are members of populations, interacting

with each other & physical environment