10/30 announcements: -end of quarter10/30 pick up-cycles notes agenda-warm up #7/reading...

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-Cycles Notes

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-End of quarter:

11/7

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Warm Up #7/Reading Check

• 1) What are the 4 natural process that

drive biogeochemical cycles?

• 2) Give two examples of human

activities that can affect biogeochemical

cycles.

NUTRIENT

CYCLES

WaterCarbon Nitrogen

• Energy transfer through an ecosystem is ONE WAY

– All energy is eventually lost to outer space

• Nutrients such as nitrogen, water and carbon are able to CYCLE through an ecosystem and be reused.

NUTRIENT CYCLES

• The Law ofConservation of Matter states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed.

• Thus nutrients (which are matter) are recycled in ecosystems!

NUTRIENT CYCLES

Law of Conservation of

Matter

Evaporation:

Liquid water

converting to water

vapor

and rising to the

atmosphere.

Transpiration:

Release of water through

the leaves of plants

into the atmosphere

White Boards

1) Draw a picture

showing the steps of

the water cycle.

Include all relevant

labels.

2) Share!

(Evaporative) Transpiration

Step #1: Water is first

absorbed by the root

hairs of the plant


Step #2: From

the roots, water

moves to the

leaves by

means of the

xylem


Step #3: Water

exits the leaves

through openings

in the leaves

called stomata

stomata


Water molecules have a slight attraction to each

other and “stick together”.

Step #4: Water that

evaporates out of the

stomata, pull on water

molecules still in the leaf,

which in turn pull on water

molecules in the xylem all

the way down the roots.

1) Humidity 2)

TemperatureHumidity : Transpiration Temperature : Transpiration

Factors Affecting

Transpiration

Factors Affecting

Transpiration

3) Wind

• removes water vapor that is in

the area immediate to the

plant.

– Since water moves from higher

to lower concentration, the rate

of transpiration increases

White Boards

1) Draw a picture

showing the steps

transpiration. Include

all relevant labels.

2) Share!

THE CARBON CYCLE

Carbon: • The basic constituent of all organic compounds

• Photosynthesis and Respiration provide a linkbetween the atmosphere and biosphere.

Plants acquire CO2 thru stomatain their leaves and incorporate it into organic molecules of their own biomass. This is called photosynthesis

Link between Atmosphere and Biosphere:


→ Carbon is cycled quicklybecause of high demand from plants

→ Some of this organic material becomes a carbon source for consumers

• All organisms return CO2 to the atmospherethru respiration

• Decomposition recycles carbon to the soil and through the respiration of decomposers back to atmosphere

• Fires oxidize organic materialto CO2 (burning)


Just where exactly is carbon found?

Carbon is all over!

We call carbon sinks, places/objects that store carbon.

We call carbon sources, places/objects that release carbon.

Some things can do both. But technically a carbon sink absorbs more carbon than it releases.

Carbon Sink or Source?

Source!


SINK!


Both!


SINK!


SOURCE!


SINK!

Carbon can be found:

In the atmosphere.

The atmosphere is made up of:Nitrogen = 78%Oxygen = 21%Argon = 1%Carbon Dioxide = 0.04%

More on why this tiny

amount is causing so

much trouble coming

up!


On Land.•Carbon is accumulated in plants through photosynthesis and then passed on to consumers that eat the plants.•When living organisms die, the carbon in them is then transferred to the soil or to decomposers.


On Land.•Under intense pressure/temperature and after millions of years- dead organic matter may turn into carbon rich coal, oil or natural gas (fossil fuels).


In the Ocean.

Carbon dioxide can dissolve into water.

The ocean is the largest carbon sink on Earth (because there is just so much of it!).

Carbon can be found:In the Ocean.

When CO2 dissolves in water, it makes the water slightly acidic (more on this later), but it also transfers the carbon into bicarbonate ions.

Carbon can be found:In the Ocean.

Bicarbonate can be used by certain sea creatures (like plankton) to make calcium carbonate shells.Depending on what happens to these creatures, the carbon here can be stored for a LONG time!


In the Ocean.

When these creatures die they float to the bottom of the ocean. Over time, their shells will build up and with enough pressure are responsible for creating limestone, and large deposits of calcium carbonate.

The Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78% of our atmosphere

• Nitrogen is needed by living things to make proteins and DNA– It ranks fourth behind oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen as

the most common chemical element in living tissues.

• Most organisms CAN NOT obtain nitrogen from the atmosphere however!

The Nitrogen Cycle

The Nitrogen Cycle

• Animals get the nitrogen

they need by eating plants or

other animals.

The Nitrogen Cycle

• Certain plants can are

able to fix nitrogen

(pull it into

themselves) through

their roots through

special nodules called

rhizomes.

• These nodules

contain colonies of

nitrogen fixing

bacteria.

Rhizomes

The Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen fixing

bacteria turn

atmospheric nitrogen

(N2) into a form that is

usable by living things

called nitrate (NO3).

• Plants absorb the

nitrate from the roots

and animals get the

nitrate from plants or

other animals.

The Nitrogen Cycle

• This nitrate from the bacteria can also seep back

into the soil, providing a source of nitrogen for

plants that grow next.

• Denitrifying bacteria turn NO3 back into N2, thus

cycling it back into the atmosphere.

The Nitrogen Cycle

• Plants that exist in

nitrogen poor soils, have

adapted to these

environments by

becoming carnivorous.

• They still do

photosynthesis to make

glucose, but eat insects,

birds and small

mammals to get the

nitrogen they need.

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