106cfall14syllabus

James E. Allman Acts and the Pauline Epistles, BE 106 C, 3 hrsOffice: Todd 301D 214-887-5093 [email protected] Fall Semester, 2014Dallas Theological Seminary Fridays, 7:45 am to 10:25 am

ACTS AND THE PAULINE EPISTLES BE 106 CSYLLABUS

I. COURSE DESCRIPTIONAn exposition of Acts and 10 of the Pauline Epistles (all except Romans, Ephesians, and Philippians). 3 hours.

II. COURSE OBJECTIVESThe student who successfully completes this course will be able to do the following.A. Cognitive Objectives

1. State the general theme and purpose for each of the books, as well as their historical occasions and contexts.

2. Discuss the flow of thought for each of the books.3. Identify each book by distinctive motifs and theology.3. Identify and explain the major issues, problem passages and significant

contributions of each book.4. Show increased ability to identify and use the structure of a book’s

thought.5. Apply the message of each book to one’s own life and to ministry in

the contemporary church and world.B. Affective Objectives

1. Experience growing confidence in interpreting and applying the books of the Bible in accord with their nature and purpose.

2. Appreciate the Acts and the epistles as individual contributions to our understanding of Christian life and doctrine so that one will desire to study them further.

3. Experience a growing desire to know the Lord Jesus better and relate to Him as guided by these books, worshipping the Father in the person of Jesus Christ His Son.

III. COURSE TEXTBOOKSRequired

Polhill, John B. Paul and His Letters. Nashville: Broadman and Holman Publishers, 1999.

IV. COURSE REQUIREMENTS, ATTENDANCE POLICY AND GRADING1

A. Reading Assignments1. The student will read all of the biblical books scheduled for this course

during the term. As this is a graduate course, it is assumed that the students will be reading the biblical text. Therefore, no credit will be

1 Dallas Theological Seminary does not discriminate on the basis of disability in the operation of any of its programs and activities. The student has the responsibility of informing the course instructor of any disabling condition which will require modifications to avoid discrimination.

BE 106 C Acts and the Pauline EpistlesFall 2014

awarded for any reading. Any student who reads one or more of the books in Greek will receive extra course credit.

2. All students must read Polhill’s book. The goal for this reading is for the student to grasp the critical issues in each of the books and the flow of their thought.

B. ExaminationsOne exam will be the department Bible Literacy Exam, that will be given online after the course is completed. You will receive a email explaining the parameters for taking the final. No early exams are permitted. This syllabus contains a study guide for the final exam.

C. Written AssignmentsTwo or three written assignments will be required for this course

depending on the grade level desired as outline below.All papers must be submitted in proper (i.e., Turabian) form using a normal

12 point size font. The student handbook states, “Course papers must conform as nearly as possible to thesis style as presented in the latest edition of A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations by Kate L. Turabian and to any additional instructions authorized by the faculty.” The appropriate length for most papers will be 7 to 10 pages.

Please hand in your paper without a manila folder but with a proper title page attached which includes your address and box number. Any paper lacking this information will not be returned to the student.

All papers must have at least four sources in an attached bibliography.For research papers, state the problem or thesis clearly in your

introduction by including a one sentence thesis statement that depicts the direction of the paper. Be sure to defend any position you take. Write a good, brief conclusion. Always note the sources you use, not just those from whom you quote. Although content will be viewed as the primary component, clarity, neatness, accuracy, and spelling will affect the grade. Each paper should be approximately 7–10 pages in length.

No late assignments will be accepted except in case of emergency or unless prior arrangements have been made with the instructor. Please make these arrangements as soon as you realize there will be a problem in completing an assignment on time.

No work will be accepted in faxed or e-mail form. All assignments must be submitted in hard copy in class, or before class to the department secretary.

Written Assignments

All students must opt to write an argument of the book of 2 Timothy. The length of this paper will vary depending on the amount of detail the student includes. In no case should the length fall below 7 pages, nor exceed 15.

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The Bible Exposition department has set as a goal that students in BE 106 will be able to write an argument of a Bible book. To begin, you need to develop an outline (original or otherwise, as your professor will specify) for the Bible book that you (or the professor) select(s). The length of the book will determine the amount of detail that you should include in the outline. The longer the book, the less detail is required. It is not necessary to present the outline separately from the argument; the argument must incorporate the outline, as illustrated below.

Writing the argument itself is the crux of this assignment. Under each point of the outline you need to explain what the writer said and why he said it. (A synthesis, in contrast, only summarizes content, but an argument also explains why it is there.) An argument, therefore, is not a summary of the contents of a book, nor a detailed outline, nor a sermon, nor a list of assorted applications, but an explanation of how the contents of the book relate to its purpose. You will seek to trace the development of the author's thought through the book.

Therefore, you will also need to determine the purpose of the book. Ask yourself, "Why was this book written?" You can determine a book's purpose by noting such clues as the historical context, the occasion of the book, its emphases, the peculiarities of the book, etc. Sometimes a writer will state the purpose of his book openly (e.g., John 20:30-31), but usually you will have to discover the purpose.

Here is an illustration of how to incorporate your outline of the book into your argument.

The promotion of the project 1:1-15Give an overview of this section of the text and explain why the author wrote it.The rebuke 1:1-11Explain how the author challenges his readers, who he addressed, and why this paragraph was included.The response 1:12-15Etc.

You should also include at the beginning of your paper a brief statement or discussion of such introductory matters as authorship, date, recipients, occasion, etc., especially as these relate to the setting and purpose of the book.

Include also a statement of the message of the book. The message is a summary statement (usually one sentence) that should contain the main subject with which the book deals, and a complement (what the author said about the main subject). For example, one might conclude that the subject of John's Gospel is Jesus. The complement might be that He is the Son of God.

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Additional options for papers• Discuss suffering in the Christian life using the books covered in this course.

• Discuss the nature of the church including the goals that Paul has set for it.

• Discuss the extent to which Acts is a “transitional book” within the New Testament.

• Write a commentary (i.e., an exposition) on a significant passage from the books covered in this course: for example, Peter’s Sermon in Acts 2, Acts 15 (the Jerusalem council), or 2 Cor. 3.1-11. Other passages are acceptable when cleared with the instructor.

D. Attendance PolicyAttendance at each class session is expected. Your attendance is the bare minimum required for receiving a grade in this course. No grade will be issued for your attendance, but you may lose credit for non-attendance.

In a Bible class, we have a unique privilege, the promise of the Spirit’s blessing on His Word, and the promise of the Savior’s presence in our midst. Therefore, to absent oneself from class withholds the Spirit’s ministry to the class and from the class. Therefore, no more than four class sessions may be missed without grade penalty. Each class absence beyond the allowable will result in a reduction of one-half grade (i.e., A to A-) unless suitable arrangements have been made previously with the instructor (i.e., listening to tapes of the class or additional reading). The instructor will provide a roll sheet which must be marked for attendance after each break during the long sessions. This will be a record of the student’s attendance. Failure to mark the sheet will indicate to the instructor that the student is absent for the period left unmarked each day.

V. Course PoliciesA. Letter/Numerical Grade Scale

A+ 99-100

B+ 91-93 C+ 83-85 D+ 75-77 F 0-69

A 96-98 B 88-90 C 80-82 D 72-74A- 94-95 B- 86-87 C- 78-79 D- 70-71

B. Weighting of Course Requirements for GradingWritten Assignments 80%Examination 20%

All students must write an argument of 2 Timothy.

To make an A one must take the exam and write three study assignments, all of which average at the A level, according to the standards set by the seminary.

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To make a B, one must take the exam and write two study assignments, all of which average at the B level, according to the standards set by the seminary.

To make a C, one must take the exam and write one study assignment, all of which average at the C level, according to the standards set by the seminary.

C. Class Participation

Attendance at each class session is expected. Your attendance is the bare minimum required for receiving a grade in this course. No grade will be issued for your attendance, but you may lose credit for non-attendance. The attendance policy of the seminary, published in the student handbook will be followed in this course.

In a Bible class, we have a unique privilege, the promise of the Spirit’s blessing on His Word, and the promise of the Savior’s presence in our midst. Therefore, to absent oneself from class withholds the Spirit’s ministry to the class and from the class.

Each class period the instructor will pass around a role sheet for the students to sign. Generally it will be circulated at the beginning of class. If you fail to sign it when it is circulated, please be certain to sign it before the instructor leaves the classroom. Once he has left the classroom, the form of the attendance sheet for that day will be considered official and unchangeable. Please do not sign the sheet for another person. If you must miss more than fifteen minutes of a class, do not sign the sheet.

D. Late AssignmentsNo late assignments will be accepted.

F. AbsencesThe attendance policy of the seminary, published in the student handbook will be followed in this course. Each absence beyond the four given in the handbook will be penalized 4% on your final grade.

VI. COURSE SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATIONDTS does not discriminate on the basis of disability in the operation of any of its programs and activities. To avoid discrimination the student is responsible for informing the Coordinator of Services for Students with Disabilities and the course instructor of any disabling condition that will require modifications.

VII. COURSE SCHEDULE

Aug 29 Introduction to the Course and Philemon

Acts

Sept 5

Sept 12 1 Corinthians

Sept 26 2 Corinthians

Oct 3 First Study Assignment Due

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Oct 10

Oct 17 Galatians

Oct 24

Oct 31 Colossians

Nov 7

Nov 14 1 and 2 Thessalonians Second Study Assignment Due

Dec 5 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus

Dec 12 Third Study Assignment Due

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BE106 ACTS & PAULINE EPISTLESFinal Exam Study Guide

1. PEOPLE

Theophilus, Luke, Peter, Matthias, Ananias and Sapphira, Herod Agrippa I, Gamaliel, Stephen, Saul, Philip, Simon the Sorcerer, Ethiopian eunuch, Ananias of Damascus, Aeneas, Dorcas, Cornelius, Barnabas, John Mark, Bar-Jesus, Sergius Paulus, Silas, Lydia, Fortune-telling slave girl, Philippian jailer, Jason, Aquila, Priscilla, Crispus, Gallio, Sosthenes, Apollos, Eutychus, Philip the Evangelist, Agabus, Felix, Festus, Herod Agrippa II, Publius, Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Onesimus

2. EVENTS/IDEAS IN ACTS

Purpose/Message of Acts, Ascension of Jesus, Selection of Matthias, Coming of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost, Peter’s sermon in Acts 2, Healing of the lame man, Peter’s sermon in Acts 3, Death of James, Stephen’s speech to the Sanhedrin, Stoning of Stephen, Saul’s conversion, Peter’s vision of a sheet, Church in Antioch, Peter’s escape from prison, Death of Herod Agrippa I, Itineraries of Paul’s missionary journeys, First Missionary Journey (events on Cyprus, desertion of John Mark at Perga in Pamphylia, stoning at Lystra), Council at Jerusalem, Second Missionary Journey (feud between Barnabas and Paul, Paul’s vision of the Macedonian man, events at Philippi, riot in Thessalonica, events at Athens, events at Corinth), Third Missionary Journey (events at Ephesus, events at Miletus, events at Caesarea), Paul’s arrest in Jerusalem, Paul’s trials, Paul’s speech to Agrippa in Acts 26, Paul’s journey to Rome (storm, shipwreck, events at Malta), Paul in Rome

3. KEY IDEAS/CHAPTERS IN PAUL’S EPISTLES

Purpose/Message of each book, Date of each book, Paul’s communications with the Corinthians, 1 Corinthians 5 (immoral brother), 7 (instruction concerning marriage), 8–10 (food sacrificed to idols), 11 (proper worship), 12-14 (spiritual gifts), 15 (resurrection), 2 Corinthians 8-9 (principles of giving), Galatians 1-2 (defense of Paul’s authority), 3 (believer’s relationship to the law), 4 (the “allegory” about Abraham), 5:22-23 (fruit of the Spirit), Colossians 1:15-23 (supremacy of Christ), 2:8-23 (Colossian heresies), 3:18-4:1 (Christian relationships), 1 Thessalonians 4:13-5:11 (coming of Christ), 2 Thessalonians 2:1-12 (events connected with the Day of the Lord), 1 Timothy 2 (proper worship in the church), 3 (church leadership), 5 (treatment of widows and elders), 2 Timothy 2 (instructions for Timothy), 3:1-9 (godlessness in the last days), 3:16-17 (value of Scripture), 4:1-8 (Paul’s final charge to Timothy), Titus 1:5-9 (qualifications of elders), Philemon, basic outline of each book

Adapted by the B.E. departmentNovember 11, 2003

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A Method for “Grasping” a Book of the Bible

The process of Bible study properly begins with getting a grasp of the whole book one wishes to study, since one’s perception of the whole will inevitably influence one’s understanding of all the parts. The goal of this study is twofold: first, to produce a conception of the major theme (or possibly, themes) and purpose (or purposes) of the book, and second, to secure an understanding of the structure of the book’s thought. These goals require several steps for accomplishment.

Step one: Read the book several (the more times, the better; forty or fifty times, if possible) times, preferably in different translations, and preferably, each time in one sitting. This step will provide you with your preliminary understanding of the whole, and it will begin to give you a sense of the parts and their relationship to one another.

Step two: Determine the literary genre. Obvious issues will already be settled by your reading. You will already know whether the book is poetry or prose, prophet or gospel. However, determining the genre will be crucial to interpretation of the book, since the patterns of communication it follows will be determined by its genre.2 Additionally, though, you will want to review major commentaries on the book you are working with. Frequently, genre discussions are included in the introductions to commentaries. It is worthwhile to review more than one of these, since different authors will have different perspectives on this issue. By reviewing different perspectives, you will be protected from one-sided and eccentric views. You will be able to test these hypotheses about genre by the data of the text accumulated in your mind as you have read the book several times. In the prophets, one book that should be consulted is Westermann’s, Basic Forms of Prophetic Speech. It will guide you in thinking about different forms of prophetic speech as identified by modern Old Testament scholarship.

Step three: Determine the historical background of the book, to the extent that it is possible. It is important to determine as nearly as possible who the author and the original readers of the book were. In studying this, it is important to determine what the situation of each was. That situation may bear significantly upon the purpose for which the book was written. Do not forget to derive statements from the book itself concerning either the author or the readers; but you will also find other resources helpful. For the Old Testament, historical surveys, such as Merrill’s Historical Survey of the Old Testament, or his book, A Kingdom of Priests, both published by Baker, will often give significant information for understanding the historical background of a book. The Old Testament introductions will deal in detail with problems of authorship, and sometimes with date and readers. Frequently, there are fine surveys of a body of literature, as, for example, Leon Wood, The

2 On these issues, you may wish to consult the following: Gordon D. Fee and Douglas Stuart, How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth: A Guide to Understanding the Bible, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1993); Leland Ryken, How to Read the Bible as Literature… And Get More Out of It (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1984); Robert H. Stein, Playing by the Rules: A Basic Guide to Interpreting the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1994). There are other fine books on these issues, but these will furnish a beginning point.

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Prophets of Israel, or Willem van Gemeren’s book Interpreting the Prophetic Word. There are also other books in this format that cover other bodies of biblical literature (for example, John Polhill, Paul and His Letters or Victor Hamilton, The Old Testament Historical Books). Additionally, any good commentary will give the author’s survey of the historical background of the book. Be sure to read more than one of these, however, since authors may take eccentric views, or views that violate the data of the book that you are studying. From this material, formulate your own understanding of the author and readers, their dates, and situations that bear significantly on the interpretation and meaning of the book you are studying.3

Step four: Determine the structure of the book. For a preliminary study of a book, there are different ways of determining its structure. The process of repeated readings should begin to provide indications concerning the book’s structure. Where there are significant shifts in subject matter, shifts in literary genre (as from proclamation of judgment to apocalyptic, or from oracles against the nations to oracles of salvation). You should note these shifts as you recognize them, so that you can identify them in your work on the structure of the book. You should also consult some of the major commentaries on your book. Some (as, for example, Westermann on Isaiah 40-66) will take an almost completely atomistic approach to the book, dealing with each unit of thought as a discrete unit unrelated to the surrounding context. Others, however, will attempt to show how the thought flows through the book, especially in light of the author’s purpose in writing. These, especially, will be of help in clarifying the structure and argument of a book.

Step five: Trace the argument through the book. The argument of a book is the arrangement of the ideas by which the author presents the message he wrote his book to convey. Thus, to trace the argument through a book, you will first need to grasp the author’s message. Attempt to state that message in one or two sentences. Brevity is important here, but not the final goal. Express as clearly as you can the message of the book. Then work through each section of the book that you have identified, showing how the message works through the book. Polhill’s book, mentioned above, gives a good example of how to summarize a book this way.

Step six: Identify major interpretational difficulties in the book. You will find these difficulties in two ways. First, in your reading of the text, you will become aware of differences in translation or interpretation among the various translations that you use. Mark these for future reference. Second, as you survey commentaries, you will see large sections of text given to the exposition of passages. Make note of these, as well. Additionally, you will realize, as you read, that there are difficult passages that need explanation (as, Ezekiel 18, for example). When you come to the point of actually dealing with these, do a brief study to discover some of the variety of solutions that have been proposed for them. Define each problem. Record several of the possible solutions that have been suggested. If possible, propose your own solution.

3 See also William J. Dumbrell, The Faith of Israel: Its Expression in the Books of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1988; a second edition of this has recently been printed and is available for purchase).

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Step seven: Write a paragraph or two summarizing the application of the book as you have come to understand it. Consider this application as a kind of overall application of which others, in particular passages, will be particularizations.

Step eight: Record your results. When you record your work, start with a brief recap of the introductory problems related to the book. Then record your statement of the book’s message. Include an outline of the book. Then, expound the book section by section in light of the message you have proposed. Next, include a discussion (perhaps within the proper sections) of the interpretational problems you have encountered. Finally, include your overall application. Add a bibliography of the sources you used for your work.

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Bible Exposition Papers—A grading system by Dr. Stephen Bramer

Exce

llent

(9

4-

10

0

Good (

89-9

3)

Acc

epta

ble

(7

8-

88

)

Poor

(70-7

7)

Unacc

epta

ble

(0-6

9)

Content (85% of Grade)5% Introduction 5 4.65 4.25 3.85 3.45

Statement of Issue

Preview

10% Use of sources 10 9.3 8.5 7.7 6.9

Sufficient/Applicable Sources

Appropriate Use and Interaction

10% Logical Structure/Organization 10 9.3 8.5 7.7 6.9

Logical Structure/Organization

Coherent Flow of Thought

20% Coverage of Subject Matter 20 18.6 17 15.4 13.8

20% Exposition of Relevant Texts 20 18.6 17 15.4 13.8

15% Argumentation 15 13.95 12.75 11.55 10.35

Presentation and Defense of Student’s own position

Awareness of Differing Opinions

Clarity of Expression

5% Conclusion/Summary 5 4.65 4.25 3.85 3.45

Format (15% of Grade)5% Adherence to Turabian Style: any of these items

missing will automatically reduce the paper grade by one letter grade

5 4.65 4.25 3.85 3.45

Title Page

Footnotes (not endnotes)

Page Numbering

Quotations/Citations

Bibliography

5% Spelling/Proofreading 5 4.65 4.25 3.85 3.45

5% Appropriate Use of English Grammar and Syntax

5 4.65 4.25 3.85 3.45

Total Score and Grade

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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

Blomberg, Craig L. From Pentecost to Patmos: An Introduction to Acts through Revelation. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, Publishers, 2006.

deSilva, David A. An Introduction to the New Testament: Contexts, Methods, and Ministry Formation. Downer’s Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004.

Gromacki, Robert G. New Testament Survey. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1974.

Hawthorne, Gerald F., and Ralph P. Martin, eds. Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. Downer’s Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1993.

Polhill, John B. Paul and His Letters. Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman, Publishers, 1999.

Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome. Paul the Letter Writer: His World, His Options, His Skills. Good News Studies, vol. 41. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1995.

Seifrid, Mark A., and Randall K. J. Tan. The Pauline Writings: An Annotated Bibliography. Vol. 9 IBR Bibliographies, ed. Craig A. Evans. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Press, 2002.

Stirewalt, M. Luther, Jr. Paul the Letter Writer. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2003.

Zuck, Roy B., ed. A Biblical Theology of the New Testament. Chicago: The Moody Press, 1994.

New Perspective IssuesSupporters of the New Perspective

Boyarin, Daniel. A Radical Jew: Paul and the Politics of Identity. Berkeley: University of California, 1994.

Campbell, Douglas A. The Deliverance of God: An Apocalyptic Rereading of Justification in Paul. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2009.

Donfried, Karl P., ed. The Romans Debate. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 1991.

Dunn, James D. G. Jesus, Paul, and the Law: Studies in Mark and Galatians. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1990.

Dunn, James D. G. Paul and the Mosaic Law: Durham-Tübingen Research Symposium on Earliest Christianity and Judaism. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2001.

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Dunn, James D. G. Romans 1–8. Vol. 38A Word Biblical Commentary, ed. Bruce M. Metzger. Dallas: Word Books, 1988.

Dunn, James D. G. Romans 9–16. Vol. 38B Word Biblical Commentary, ed. Bruce M. Metzger. Dallas: Word Books, 1988.

Dunn, James D. G. “The New Perspective on Paul,” Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 65 (1983): 95–122. Also found in The Romans Debate(see Donfried) and Jesus, Paul, and the Law: Studies in Mark and Galatians.

Dunn, James D. G. The Theology of Paul the Apostle. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1998.

Räisänen, Heikki. Paul and the Law. Philadelphia: The Fortress Press, 1983.

Sanders, E. P. Jesus and Judaism. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985.

Sanders, E. P. Jewish and Christian Self-Definition. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1981.

Sanders, E. P. Judaism: Practice and Belief 63 BCE to 66 CE. London: SCM Press, 1992.

Sanders, E. P. Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977.

Sanders, E. P. Paul Past Masters. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Sanders, E. P. Paul, the Law, and the Jewish People. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1983.

Stendahl, Krister. “The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West.” In Paul Among Jews and Gentiles and Other Essays, 78-96. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1976.

Wright, N. T. The Climax of the Covenant: Christ and the Law in Pauline Theology. Minneapolis: The Fortress Press, 1992.

Wright, N. T. Justification: God’s Plan and Paul’s Vision. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2009.

Wright, N. T. “New Exodus, New Inheritance: The Narrative Substructure of Romans 3–8.” In Romans and the People of God: Essays in Honor of Gordon D. Fee on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, ed. Sven K. Soderlund and N. T. Wright, 26-35. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999.

Wright, N. T. “The Law in Romans 2.” In Paul and the Mosaic Law: The Third Durham–Tübingen Research Symposium on Earliest Christianity and Judaism. Ed. J. D. G. Dunn, 130–50. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2001.

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Wright, N. T. “The Letter to the Romans: Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections.” In The New Interpreter’s Bible, ed. Leander Keck, 10, 395-770. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2002.

Wright, N. T. The New Testament and the People of God: Christian Origins and the Question of God. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1996.

Wright, N. T. Paul in Fresh Perspective. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005.

Wright, N. T. What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity? Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1997.

Critique of the New Perspective

Carson, D. A., Peter T. O’Brien, and Mark A. Seifrid, eds. Justification and Variegated Nomism: Vol. 1: The Complexities of Second Temple Judaism: A Fresh Appraisal of Paul and Second Temple Judaism. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Press, 2001.

Carson, D. A., Peter T. O’Brien, and Mark A. Seifrid, eds. Justification and Variegated Nomism: Volume 2—The Paradoxes of Paul. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Press, 2004.

Chae, Daniel Jong-Sang. Paul as Apostle to the Gentiles: His Apostolic Self-Awareness and Its Influence on the Soteriological Argument in Romans Paternoster Biblical and Theological Monographs. Carlisle, England: Paternoster Press, 1997.

Cranfield, C. E. B. “‘The Works of the Law’ in the Epistle to the Romans.” In On Romans and Other New Testament Essays, 1-14. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, Ltd., 1998.

Cranfield, C. E. B. “A Note on Romans 5.20-21.” In On Romans and Other New Testament Essays, 15-21. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, Ltd., 1998.

Cranfield, C. E. B. “Sanctification as Freedom: Paul’s Teaching on Sanctification with Special Reference to the Epistle to the Romans.” In On Romans and Other New Testament Essays, 33-49. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, Ltd., 1998.

Cranfield, C. E. B. “Has the Old Testament Law a Place in the Christian Life? A Response to Professor Westerholm.” In On Romans and Other New Testament Essays, 109-124. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, Ltd., 1998.

Cranfield, C. E. B. “Romans 6.1-14 Revisited.” In On Romans and Other New Testament Essays, 23-31. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, Ltd., 1998.

Das, A. Andrew. Paul, the Law, and the Covenant. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2001.

Duncan, J. Ligon. Misunderstanding Paul: Responding to the New Perspectives. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 2005.

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Gaffin, Richard B. “Paul the Theologian,” Westminster Theological Journal 62 (2000): 121–41.

Gathercole, Simon J. Where Is Boasting? Early Jewish Soteriology and Paul’s Response in Romans 1–5. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2002.

Gundry, Robert H. “Grace, Works, and Staying Saved in Paul,” Biblica 66(1985): 1–38.

Kim, Seyoon. The Origin of Paul’s Gospel. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1981.

Kim, Seyoon. Paul and the New Perspective: Second Thoughts on the Origin of Paul’s Gospel. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2002.

Kruse, Colin G. Paul, the Law, and Justification. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 1996.

Moo, D. J. “‘Law,’ ‘Works of the Law,’ and Legalism in Paul,” Westminster Theological Journal 45 (1983): 90–100

Nanos, Mark D., ed. The Galatians Debate. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002.

Neusner, Jacob. “Review of E. P. Sanders, Judaism: Practice and Belief,” Journal of Studies on Judaism 24 (1993): 317–23.

Neusner, Jacob. “Review of E. P. Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism,” History of Religions 18 (1978): 177–91.

Neusner, Jacob. Judaism in the Beginning of Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 2003.

Neusner, Jacob. Judaism When Christianity Began: A Survey of Belief and Practice. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2002.

Schreiner, Thomas R. “Is Perfect Obedience to the Law Possible? A Re-Examination of Gal. 3:10,” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 27(1984): 151–60.

Schreiner, Thomas R. “Paul and Perfect Obedience to the Law: An Evaluation of the View of E. P. Sanders,” Westminster Theological Journal 28(1985): 245–78.

Seifrid, Mark A. “Blind Alleys in the Controversy over the Paul of History,” Tyndale Bulletin 45(1994): 73–95.

Seifrid, Mark A. Christ, Our Righteousness: Paul’s Theology of Justification New Studies in Biblical Theology, ed. D. A. Carson. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000.

Seifrid, Mark A. “The New Perspective on Paul and Its Problems,” Themelios 25 (2000): 4–18.

Silva, Moisés. “The Law and Christianity: Dunn’s New Synthesis,” Westminster Theological Journal 53(1991): 339–53.

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Smiles, Vincent M. The Gospel and the Law in Galatia: Paul’s Response to Jewish-Christian Separatism and the Threat of Galatian Apostasy. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1998.

Smith, Robert A. “A Critique of the ‘New Perspective’ on Justification,” Reformed Theological Review 58 (1999): 98–113.

Stuhlmacher, Peter, and Donald A. Hagner. Revisiting Paul’s Doctrine of Justification: A Challenge to the New Perspective. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2001.

Thielman, Frank. From Plight to Solution: A Jewish Framework to Understanding Paul’s View of the Law in Galatians and Romans Supplements to Novum Testamentum. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1989.

Thielman, Frank. Paul and the Law: A Contextual Approach. Downers Grove, IL: The InterVarsity Press, 1994.

Tobin, Thomas H. Paul’s Rhetoric in Its Contexts: The Argument of Romans. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2004.

Walters, James C. Ethnic Issues in Paul’s Letter to the Romans: Changing Self-Definitions in Earliest Roman Christianity. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International, 1993.

Waters, Guy Prentiss. Justification and the New Perspectives on Paul: A Review and Response. Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing, 2004.

Wenham, David. Paul: Founder of Christianity or Follower of Jesus? Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1995.

Westerholm, Stephen. Israel’s Law and the Church’s Faith: Paul and His Recent Interpreters. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1988.

Westerholm, Stephen. Preface to the Study of Paul. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1997.

Westerholm, Stephen. Perspectives Old and New on Paul: The “Lutheran” Paul and His Critics. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2004.

Westerholm, Stephen. Understanding Paul: The Early Christian Worldview of the Letter to the Romans. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Press, 2004.

Yinger, Kent, and John Court. Paul, Judaism, and Judgment According to Deeds Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

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COMMENTARIES

Acts

Barrett, C. K. The Acts of the Apostles: A Critical and Exegetical Commentary. 2 vols. The International Critical Commentary, ed. J. A. Emerton, C. E. B. Cranfield and G. N. Stanton. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, Ltd., 1994, 1998.

Baukham, Richard, ed. Palestinian Setting. Edited by Bruce W. Winter. Vol. 4, The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1995.

Baukham, Richard, ed. The Book of Acts in Its Palestinian Setting. Edited by Bruce W. Winter. Vol. 4, The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1995.

Bayes, Jonathan F. The Weakness of the Law: God’s Law and the Christian in New Testament Perspective: A Timely Defense of the Third Use of the Law Paternoster Biblical and Theological Monographs. Carlisle, England: Paternoster Press, 2000.

Bruce, F. F. The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1951.

Bruce, F. F. Commentary on the Book of Acts: The English Text with Introduction, Exposition, and Notes New International Commentary on the New Testament, ed. F. F. Bruce. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1971.

Fitzmyer, Joseph A. The Acts of the Apostles: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Vol. 31 The Anchor Bible, ed. William F. Albright and David Noel Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1998.

Gangel, Kenneth O. Acts Holman New Testament Commentary, ed. Max Anders. Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman, Publishers, 1998.

Gill, David W. J., and Conrad Gempf, eds. Graeco-Roman Setting. Vol. 2, The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1994.

Jervell, Jacob. The Theology of the Acts of the Apostles New Testament Theology, ed. James D. G. Dunn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Johnson, Luke Timothy. The Acts of the Apostles. Vol. 5 Sacra Pagina, ed. Daniel J. Harrington. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1992.

Larkin, William J. Acts The IVP New Testament Commentary Series, ed. Grant R. Osborne. Downers Grove, IL: The InterVarsity Press, 1995.

Levinskaya, Irina. The Book of Acts in Its Diaspora Setting. Vol. 5 The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting, ed. Bruce W. Winter. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing

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Co., 1996.

Marshall, I. Howard. The Acts of the Apostles: An Introduction and Commentary Tyndale New Testament Commentaries, ed. R. V. G. Tasker. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1980.

Neyrey, Jerome H., ed. The Social World of Luke-Acts. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1991.

• Polhill, John B. Acts. Vol. 26 New American Commentary, ed. Ray Clendenen. Nashville, TN: Broadman Press, 1992.

Rackham, Richard B. The Acts of the Apostles: An Exposition Twin Brooks Series. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1978.

Ramsay, William M. St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1897. Reprint, 1952.

Rapske, Brian. The Book of Acts and Paul in Roman Custody. Vol. 3 The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting, ed. Bruce W. Winter. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1994.

Wall, Robert W. “The Acts of the Apostles: Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections”” In The New Interpreter’s Bible, ed. Leander Keck, 10, 3-368. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2002.

• Witherington, N. Ben, III. The Acts of the Apostles: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1998.

Corinthians

• Barnett, Paul. Second Corinthians New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1997.

Barrett, C. K. A Commentary on the Second Epistle to the Corinthians Harper’s New Testament Commentaries, ed. Henry Chadwick. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1973.

Blomberg, Craig. 1 Corinthians New International Version Application Commentary, ed. Terry Muck. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995.

• Fee, Gordon D. The First Epistle to the Corinthians The New International Commentary on the New Testament, ed. Ned B. Stonehouse, F. F. Bruce and Gordon D. Fee. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1987.

Furnish, Victor Paul. 2 Corinthians Anchor Bible. New York: Doubleday, 1984.

Garland, David E. 2 Corinthians New American Commentary, E. Ray Clendenen. Nashville:

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Broadman and Holman Publishers, 1999.

Hafeman, Scott J. 2 Corinthians The NIV Application Commentary, ed. Terry Muck. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing Co., 2000.

Hughes, Philip Edgcumbe. Paul’s Second Epistle to the Corinthians: The English Text with Introduction, Exposition and Notes The New International Commentary on the New Testament, ed. F. F. Bruce. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1962.

Martin, Ralph P. 2 Corinthians Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1986.

Morris, Leon. The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians Tyndale New Testament Commentary, ed. R. V. G. Tasker. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1958.

Poythress, Vern S. “The Nature of Corinthian Glossolalia: Possible Options.” Westminster Theological Journal 40 (1977): 130-135.

Poythress, Vern S. “Linguistic and Sociological Analyses of Modern Tongues-Speaking: Their Contributions and Limitations.” Westminster Theological Journal 42 (1980): 367-388.

Robertson, Archibald, and Alfred Plummer. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians. 2 ed. The International Critical Commentary, ed. Samuel Rolles Driver, Alfred Plummer and Charles Augustus Briggs. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1914.

Sampley, J. Paul. “The First Letter to the Corinthians: Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections.” In The New Interpreter’s Bible, ed. Leander Keck, 10, 773-1003. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2002.

Spencer, Aida Besançon. Paul’s Literary Style: A Stylistic and Historical Comparison of II Corinthians 11:16–12:13, Romans 8:9–39, and Philippians 3:2–4:13 Evangelical Theological Society Monograph Series. Jackson, MS: Evangelical Theological Society, 1984.

Thiselton, Anthony C. First Corinthians New International Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2000.

• Witherington, N. Ben. Conflict & Community in Corinth: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary on 1 and 2 Corinthians. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1995.

Galatians

Barrett, C. K. Freedom & Obligation: A Study of the Epistle to the Galatians. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1985.

Bassler, Jouette M., ed. Pauline Theology: Volume I: Thessalonians, Philippians, Galatians,

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Philemon. Minneapolis: The Fortress Press, 1991.

Bayes, Jonathan F. The Weakness of the Law: God’s Law and the Christian in New Testament Perspective: A Timely Defense of the Third Use of the Law Paternoster Biblical and Theological Monographs. Carlisle, England: Paternoster Press, 2000.

Betz, Hans Dieter. Galatians: A Commentary on Paul’s Letter to the Churches in Galatia Hermeneia—A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible, ed. Helmut Koester. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979.

Bruce, F. F. The Epistle to the Galatians: A Commentary on the Greek Text The New International Greek Testament Commentary, ed. I. Howard Marshall and W. Ward Gasque. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1992.

Burton, Ernest De Witt. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians The International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, Ltd., 1921.

• Dunn, James D. G. The Epistle to the Galatians Black's New Testament Commentary. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993.

Dunn, James D. G. The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Galatians New Testament Theology. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1993.

Dunn, James D. G. Jesus, Paul, and the Law: Studies in Mark and Galatians. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1990.

Fung, Ronald Y. K. The Epistle to the Galatians The New International Commentary on the New Testament, ed. F. F. Bruce. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1988.

• George, Timothy. Galatians. Vol. 30 The New American Commentary, ed. E. Ray Clendenen. Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman, Publishers, 1994.

Longenecker, Richard N. Galatians Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas, TX: Word Books, Publisher, 1990.

Lührmann, Dieter. Galatians: A Continental Commentary. Translated by Jr. O. C. Dean Continental Commentaries. Minneapolis: The Fortress Press, 1992.

Luther, Martin. Commentary on Galatians. Translated by Erasmus Middleton Kregel Reprint Library Series. Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 1978.

Nanos, Mark D., ed. The Galatians Debate. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002.

Ridderbos, Herman N. The Epistle of Paul to the Churches of Galatia: The English Text with Introduction, Exposition and Notes The New International Commentary on the New Testament, ed. F. F. Bruce. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1953.

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Schreiner, Thomas R. The Law and Its Fulfillment: A Pauline Theology of Law. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1993.

Smiles, Vincent M. The Gospel and the Law in Galatia: Paul’s Response to Jewish-Christian Separatism and the Threat of Galatian Apostasy. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1998.

Thielman, Frank. Paul and the Law: A Contextual Approach. Downers Grove, IL: The InterVarsity Press, 1994.

• Witherington, N. Ben, III. Grace in Galatia: A Commentary on St. Paul’s Letter to the Galatians. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, Ltd., 1998.

Colossians and Philemon

Abbott, T. K. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles to the Ephesians and to the Colossians The International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1897.

Bruce, F. F. “Colossian Problems—Part 1: Jews and Christians in the Lycus Valley.” Bibliotheca Sacra 141, no. 561 (1984): 3-13.

Bruce, F. F. “Colossian Problems—Part 2: The “Christ Hymn” of Colossians 1:15–20.” Bibliotheca Sacra 141, no. 562 (1984): 99-110.

Bruce, F. F. “Colossian Problem—Part 3: The Colossian Heresy.” Bibliotheca Sacra 141, no. 563 (1984): 195-206.

Dunn, James D. G. Colossians and Philemon New International Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1996.

Garland, David E. Colossians, Philemon New International Version Application Commentary, ed. Terry Muck. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1998.

House, H. Wayne. “Doctrinal Issues in Colossians—Part 1: Heresies in the Colossian Church.” Bibliotheca Sacra 149, no. 593 (1992): 45-59.

Lightfoot, J. B. St. Paul’s Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: A Revised Text with Introductions, Notes, and Dissertations. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1879. Reprint, 1959.

Melick, Richard R. Philippians, Colossians, Philemon. Vol. 32 The New American Commentary, ed. E. Ray Clendenen. Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers, 1991.

• Moo, Douglas J. The Letters to the Colossians and to Philemon. Pillar New Testament Commentary, ed. D. A. Carson. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2008.

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Moule, C. F. D. The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon. The Cambridge Greek Testament Commentary, ed. C. F. D. Moule. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1962.

O’Brien, Peter T. Colossians, Philemon. Vol. 44 Word Biblical Commentary, ed. David A. Hubbard. Waco, TX: Word Books, Publisher, 1982.

Shogren, Gary S. “Presently Entering The Kingdom of Christ: The Background and Purpose of Col 1:12-14.” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 31 (1988): 173-180.

Witherington, N. Ben, III. The Letters to Philemon, the Colossians, and the Ephesians: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary on the Captivity Epistles. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2007.

• Wright, N. T. Colossians Tyndale New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1987.

Yamauchi, Edwin M. “Sectarian Parallels—Qumran and Colosse.” Bibliotheca Sacra 121, no. 482 (1964): 141-152.

Thessalonians

Bassler, Jouette M., ed. Pauline Theology: Volume I: Thessalonians, Philippians, Galatians, Philemon. Minneapolis: The Fortress Press, 1991.

Beale, G. K. 1–2 Thessalonians The IVP New Testament Commentary Series, ed. Grant R. Osborne. Downer's Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press, 2003.

Bruce, F. F. 1 & 2 Thessalonians Word Biblical Commentary, ed. David A. Hubbard. Waco, TX: Word Books, Publisher, 1982.

Donfried, Karl P., and I. Howard Marshall. The Theology of the Shorter Pauline Letters New Testament Theology, ed. James D. G. Dunn. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Ellicott, Charles John. Commentary on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Thessalonians: A Critical and Exegetical Commentary with Revised Translation Classic Commentary Library. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1861. Reprint, 1957.

Ellingworth, Paul, and Eugene A. Nida. A Translator’s Handbook on Paul’s Letters to the Thessalonians Helps for Translators Series. New York: United Bible Societies, 1976.

Furnish, Victor Paul. 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians Abingdon New Testament Commentaries, ed. Victor Paul Furnish. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2007.

• Green, Gene L. The Letters to the Thessalonians The Pillar New Testament Commentary, ed. D. A. Carson. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2002.

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Hogg, C. F., and W. E. Vine. The Epistles to the Thessalonians with Notes Exegetical and Expository. Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications, 1914. Reprint, 1959.

Malherbe, Abraham. The Epistles of Paul to the Thessalonians Anchor Bible. New York: Doubleday, 2000.

Marshall, I. Howard. 1 and 2 Thessalonians New Century Bible Commentary, ed. Matthew Black. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1983.

Wanamaker, Charles A. The Epistles to the Thessalonians: A Commentary on the Greek Text New International Greek Testament Commentary, ed. I. Howard Marshall. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1990.

Witherington, N. Ben, III. 1 and 2 Thessalonians: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2006.

The Pastoral Epistles

Anderson, J. N. D. The Pastoral Epistles Black’s New Testament Commentary, ed. Henry Chadwick. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 1960.

Barclay, William. The Letters to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. Revised edition ed. The Daily Study Bible Series. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1975.

• Fee, Gordon D. 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus. Vol. 13 New International Biblical Commentary, ed. W. Ward Gasque. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1988.

Guthrie, Donald. The Pastoral Epistles: An Introduction and Commentary Tyndale New Testament Commentaries, ed. R. V. G. Tasker. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1957.

Hendriksen, William. Exposition of The Pastoral Epistles New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1957.

Johnson, Luke Timothy. The First and Second Letters to Timothy The Anchor Bible. New York: Doubleday, 2001.

• Knight, George W. The Pastoral Epistles: A Commentary on the Greek Text The New International Greek Testament Commentary, ed. I. Howard Marshall. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1992.

Marshall, I. Howard. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles to Timothy and Titus International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, Ltd., 2000.

Mounce, William. 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus Word Biblical Commentary. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2000.

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Quinn, Jerome D. The Letter to Titus: A New Translation with Notes and Commentary and an Introduction to Titus, I and II Timothy, The Pastoral Epistles The Anchor Bible, ed. William F. Albright and David Noel Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1990.

Towner, Philip H. The Letters to Timothy and Titus The New International Commentary on the New Testament, ed. Gordon D. Fee. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2006.

Verner, David C. The Household of God: The Social World of the Pastoral Epistles. Vol. 71 Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series, ed. William Baird. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1983.

Witherington, N. Ben, III. Letters and Homilies for Hellenized Christians: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary on Titus, 1–2 Timothy and 1–3 John. Downer's Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press, 2006.

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