11 April 1975Volume 188, No. 4184

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LETTERS The Ethics of Experimentation: A. R. Jon.tsen; P. Lowinger; InefficientMedical Care: S. Raymtiond; Honeybee Controversy: R. Rosin;Political Decision: A. Shapiro ........................................

EDITORIAL Coercive Power of the Federal Purse: K. Brewster ........................

ARTICLES Evolution at Two Levels in Humans and Chimpanzees: M.-C. King and A. C. Wilson. .

Stratospheric Ozone Dest,ruction by Aircraft-Induced Nitrogen Oxides:F. N. Alyea, D. M. Cunnold, R. G. Prinn ...........................

Technology Observed: Attitudes of a Wary Public: T. R. La Porte andD. Metlay ................................................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

Iran: Trying to Buy Academic Parity with the West .......................Beyond Vladivostok: The Feasibility and the Politics of Arms Reductions ........Intensive Care for Newborns: Are There Times to Pull the Plug? ...............Offshore Oil: Supreme Court Ruling Intensifies Debate .......................

Energy: Washington Gets a New Proposal for Using H-Bombs ...............Hepatitis B: A New Vaccine Ready for Human Testing....................

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Sex and Evolution, reviewed by E. 0. Wilson: DNA Synthesis, R. D. Wells;Gene Expression, G. Wilcox; Topics in Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy,J. A. Magnuison; Amorphous and Liquid Semiconductors, D. Adler;Water and Aqueous Solutions, D. Eisenberg; The Major TernaryStructural Families, A. Wold; Books Received ............................... 139

BOARD OF DIRECTORS ROGER REVELLE MARGARET MEAD WILLIAM D. MC ELROY RICHARD H. BOLT EMILIO Q. DADIARIORetiring President. Chairman President President-Elect KENNETH B. CLARK EDWARD E. DAVID, JR

CHAIRMEN AND MATHEMATICS (A) PHYSICS (B) CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY (D)SECRETARIES OF Victor L. Klee Victor F. Weisskopf William E. Hanford Carl SaganTruman A. Botts Rolf M. Sinclair Leo Schubert Arlo U. Landolt

AAA$ SECTIONSPSYCHOLOGY (J) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (K) HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE (L) ENGINEERINGRichard C. Atkinson Seymour M. Lipset Roger C. B:uck Edward Wenk, JrEdwin P. Hollander Daniel Rich George Basalla Paul H. Robbins

EDUCATION (Q) DENTISTRY (R) PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (S) INFORMATION, COMPUTING, AND COMMUNICATF. James Rutherford Clifton 0. Dummett James T. Doluisio Martin GreenbergerPhillip R. Fordyce Sholom Pearlman Raymond Jang Joseph Becker

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AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCXEMNT Or SCIENCE

REPORTS Vaporization of Solids: Evidence for a Zipper Mechanism in the RetardedVaporization of Arsenic: C. A. Hiiltma(n and G. M. Rosenblatt .................145

Laurentide Ice Sheet Meltwater Recorded in Gulf of Mexico Deep-Sea Cores:J. P. Ken1nett and N. J. Shackletoni .. ...................................... 147

Submarine Barite-Opal Rocks of Hydrothermal Origin: K. K. Bertine andJ. B. Keene .............................................. 150

Electron Spin Resonance for Detecting Polyadenylate Tracts in RNA's:A. M. Bobst, 7. K. Sinha, Y.-C. E. Pan ...................................153

Light-Induced Changes in the Structure of Pigmented Granules in AplysiaNeurons: M. Henkart ......................................... 155

PhototransduCtion in Aplvsia Neurons: Calcium Release from PigmentedGranules Is Essential: A. M. Brown, P. S. Bair, Jr., F. H. Tiley, Jr.............157

Partial Amino Acid Sequence of the Precursor of Immunoglobulin Light ChainProgrammed by Messenger RNA in vitro: 1. Schechier et al ............... 160

Solar Nitrogen: Evidence for a Secular Increase in the Ratio of Nitrogen-15to Nitrogen-14: J. F. Kerridge ............................................ 162

Yeast Chromatin SuLbullit Structure: D. Lohr and K. E. Vani Holde ................... 165

Fever and Survival: M. J. Kliuger, D. H. Rinigler, M. R. Aner ..................... 166

Techniiccal Co0mminen1ts: HeLa Cells and RT4 Cells: L. M. Franks and C. Rigby;W. A. Nelson-Ree.s ........................................... 168

Trace Metals Analyzer; Dilutor-Dispenser: Spectrophotometer Calibration;Electronic Balance; Universal Test Stand; Colorimeter; Nuclear MagneticResonance Spectrometer; Still; Recorder-Logger; Fraction Collector;Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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COVER

Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglo-dytes). Although chimpanzees differsubstantially from humans in anatomyand way of life, the proteins and DNAof the two species differ no more thando those of sibling species. See page107 [Part la of plate It by PierreDandelot, Paris Museum of NaturalHistory; from A Field Guide to theLarger Manmmals of Africa by JeanDorst, Houghton Mifflin Company,19701

PRODUCTS ANDMATERIALS

11 April 1975, Volume 188, Number 418

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Science serves its readers as a forum for thepresentation and discussion of important issuesrelated to the advancement of science, includingthe presentation of minority or conflicting pointsof view, rather than by publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted bythe AAAS or the institutions with which the authorsare affiliated.

Editorial Board1975

H. S. GUTrowsKYN. BRUCE HANNAYDONALD KENNEDYDANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR.

DONALD LINDSLEYRUTH PATRICKRAYMOND H. THOMPSON

1976ALFRED E. BROWN FRANK PRESSJAMES F. CROW FRANK W. PUTNAMHANS LANDSBERG MAXINE SINGEREDWARD NEY ARTHUR M. SQUIRES

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Research News: ALLEN L. HAMMOND, WILLIAMD. METZ, THOMAS H. MAUGH II, JEAN L. MARX,ARTHUR L. ROBINSON, GINA BARI KOLATA, FANNIEGROOM

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4 SCIE:NCECoercive Power of the Federal Purse

Use of the leverage of the government dollar to accomplish objectiveswhich have nothing to do with the purposes for which the dollar is givenhas become dangerously fashionable, and there is no obvious constitu-tional basis on which to resist this encroachment.The difficulty of obtaining review of a denial of a grant or a contract

makes the allocation or withholding of funds easy to manipulate forvindictive or political purposes. This was precisely what was proposed inorder to get back at Jerome Wiesner for his opposition to the antiballisticmissile program.

There have been other less flagrant, but equally pernicious, efforts touse the leverage of the spending power to "discipline" educational insti-tutions. The most notorious was Congressman Hebert's persistent effortto deny all Department of Defense grants to any institution which dis-continued its Reserve Officers Training program.

Another example of use of the leverage of the government dollar isthe proposed health manpower legislation. With laudable motive andseeming plausibility, this legislation seeks to remedy the shortage ofprimary care physicians and the obvious uneven availability of medicalcare throughout the country. It does not use the device of special assist-ance for the training of primary physicians, or special bounties forgraduates who commit themselves to practice where they are most needed.It proceeds, rather, by telling the medical schools that all general supportfor medical education, the so-called capitation grants, will be withdrawnunless a school increases its general practice training and requires someproportion of its graduates to enter practice where there is a shortage ofdoctors. Were it not for the federal financial support it would be hard tofind warrant in the Constitution for federal regulation of medical schoolcurricula or for drafting graduates to serve in places not of their choice.

This same leverage is carried to far greater extremes in other federallegislation already on the books. It might be called the "now that I havebought the button, I have a right to design the coat" approach. Thus ifwe are to receive support for physics, let's say, we must conform tofederal policies in the admission of women to the art school, in theprovision of women's athletic facilities, and in the recruitment of womenand minorities, not just in the federally supported field, but throughoutthe university. Even in the name of a good cause such as "affirmativeaction," this is constitutionally objectionable.

The farthest outreach of federal regulation under the banner of thespending power is the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, theso-called Buckley Amendment to the Education Act. Again, the purposeis laudable. Schools should not be able to build up prejudicial files onstudents against which the student has no redress if he has no way ofknowing what is in them. But the end does not justify the means in thiscase either.We all remember the warning of former President Eisenhower against

the dangers of the military-industrial complex, but hardly anyone remem-bers that he went on to say, "The prospect of domiffation of the nation'sscholars by federal government, project allocation, and the power ofmoney, is ever present, and is gravely to be regarded."High on the agenda of the legal profession, especially its scholarly

branch, should be to see to it that, in terms of both limits on authorityand redress against its abuse, the coercive power of the federal purse ismade subject to a rule of law.

It is high time that we learn once again to ask not only "Is yourobjective worthy?" but also "Are the means you would use consistentwith the values of the Constitution?"-KINGMAN BREWSTER, President,Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520

Excerpted from a speech delivered to the Fellows of the American Bar Foundation on22 February 1975.