11 environmental science

8/3/2019 11 Environmental Science

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Syllabi for Pre PhD/Pre M.Phil/Pre MS W.e.f. 2005-2006 Batch

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE[SPECIALISATION CODE: 11]

PAPER-I

(Common Paper)

S.NO SUBJECT NAME SUBJECT CODE

1 PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERINGR 51101


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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE[SPECIALISATION CODE: 11]

PAPER-II

(Choose Any ONE Subject)

S.NO SUBJECT NAME SUBJECT CODE

1 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES R 511512 ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY R 511523 ECOLOGY AND ECOTOXICOLOGY R 511534 EIA AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING R 511545 ENERGY RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT ASSESMENTR 51155

6 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY R 51156

7 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY R 511578 ENVIRONMENTAL ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT R 511589 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY R 51159

10 GEODESY AND GPS R 5116011 GROUNDWATER POLLUTION MODELLING R 5116112 INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS R 5116213 PRIMARY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES,

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION, HEALTH AND

LEGAL ASPECTSR 51163

14 REMOTE SENSING AND GIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENTR 51164

15 SOLID WASTE AND HAZAEDOUS WASTE

MANAGEMENTR 51165

16 WASTE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES R 51166


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Subject Code:R51101

PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

1. Ecology, Environment and Energy Resources

Principles of ecology; ecosystem-structure and functions; biomes and biodiversity; biogeochemical

cycles; environment-management and pollution; sustainable development; energy resources-

renewable and non-renewable.

2. Environmental chemistry, Environmental health and ToxicologyEnvironmental segments-atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere; Chemical interactions; Toxic

chemicals in environment; Environmental health hazards; Biochemical effects- arsenic, lead,

mercury, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ozone and PAN, cyanide, pesticides;

Measuring toxicity and Risk assessment.

3. Water resources Pollution and Treatment processes

Water resources-availability and use; Water management and conservation; Water pollution-types,

sources and Impacts; Water pollutants-types and measurement/analysis; Water and wastewater

treatment processes-primary, secondary and tertiary treatment; Sludge treatment and disposal.

4. Air pollution and Control Technologies

Air pollution-types and sources; Air pollutants-classification and properties; Meteorological aspects

of air pollution; Air pollution-sampling and measurement; Control methods-particulate and gaseous

emissions; Automobile pollution.

5. EIA, Environmental Law and Policy

Concept of EIA; EIA methodologies; Impact prediction and assessment-air, water, biological,

socio-economic; Concepts of Environmental Audit; Environmental education; Environmental

Policy; Environmental Law and regulations; Citizen participation.

6. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Waste-definition and types; Generation; Collection; Segregation; Transport; Treatment; Disposal

methods; Waste processing and management; Creation of TSDF; Impacts of waste; Legal andadministrative regulations.

7. Fundamentals of Remote sensing and GIS

Maps and map reading; Basic concepts of Remote sensing; Physics of Remote sensing; Image

Interpretation-Fundamentals and Techniques; GIS-Definition, components and fundamental

operations; Data-collection, input and management; Data quality; Applications to Environmental

management.

8. Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology

Microorganisms-Diversity, growth and nutritional requirements; Control of microorganisms-

Physical and Chemical agents; Microorganisms in industry and agriculture.

SUGGESTED BOOKS:

1. Ecology - E.P. Odum, 1983, Holt-Saunders International Edition

2. Environmental Chemistry - A.K. De, New Age Intt. Pub. Co., New Delhi, 1990

3. A Text Book of Environmental - C.S. Rao, Wiley Eastern Limited., 1993 Pollution and

Control

4. Water Supply and Sanitary Engg. - G.S> Birdie & J.S. Birdie, Dhanpath Raj & Sons

Publishers, 6th

Edition, 1993

5. Waste Water Treatment - Metcalf & Eddy

6. Remote Sensing and GIS - M. Anji Reddy

7. Environmental Remote Sensing - F. Mark Danson

8. Principles of GIS for Land - Burrough P.A. Resources Assessment

9. Microbiology Pelczar Reid & Chan, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., 1996


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Subject Code:R51151

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

A. AIR POLLUTION :

I. Classification and properties of air pollutants - emission sources - major emissions from Global

sources - importance of anthropogenic sources - behaviour and fate of air pollutants -

photochemical smog - effects of air pollution - health, vegetation and materials damage in India.

II. Air pollution laws and standards. Global climatic and air pollution problems - greenhouse gases- acid rain - stratospheric ozone depletion.

III. Meteorological aspects of air pollution dispersions - Temperature laps Rates and Stability -

wind velocity and turbulence - Plume behavior dispersion of air pollutants - solutions to the

atmospheric dispersion equation - the Gaussian Plume Model.

IV. Air pollution sampling and measurement - types of pollutant sampling and measurement -

Ambient air sampling - collection of gaseous air pollutants - collection of particulate pollutants -

stock sampling, analysis of air pollutants - sulfur dioxide - nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide,

oxidants and ozone - hydrocarbons - particulate matter.

B. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL METHODS:

V. Control of sulphur dioxide emission - desulphurization of flue gases - dry methods - wet

scrubbing methods - control of nitrogen oxides - modification of operating conditions -

modification of design conditions - effluent gas treatment methods - carbon monoxide control -

control of hydrocarbons - mobile sources.

C. AIR POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOBILES:

VI. Genesis of Vehicular emissions - Natural Pollution - Gasification of Vehicles - Point sources

of Air Pollution from automobiles - Fuel tank, carburettor, crank case - Exhaust emissions -

Mechanism of Origin of air pollution from automobiles - Automobile air pollution - Indian

Scenario - Population and pollution loads of vehicles - Automobile Pollution Control - Control at

sources - Exhaust gas treatment devices - Alternate fuels comparison - Thermal Reactor - Catalytic

Converter - Automobile Emission Control - Legal measures.

D. NOISE POLLUTION:VII. Nature of Noise & Introduction - Effects of Noise on people - sources of Noise - Comparison

of Noise and Air Pollutants - Assessment and measurement of sound - Basic Principles of Noise

Control.

E. AIR QUALITY MODELLING AND MANAGEMENT:

VIII. Air quality assessment-conceptual frame work for air quality management-preparation of

airshed discharge standards-background air quality and materiological conditions-determination of

air pollution dispersion potential-air quality modeling-data requirements for air quality modeling-

modeling procedures

TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS:1. Text book of Air pollution and Control Technologies, Y. Anjaneyulu, Allied Publishers, 2002

2. Environmental Pollution Control, C.S.Rao, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,19933. Air Pollution, M.N.Rao McGraw Hill 1993.

4. Air Pollution Control and Engineering, De Nevers, Mc Graw? Hills, 1993

5. Fundamentals of Air Pollution, Samuel, J.W., 1971, Addison Wesley Publishing

6. Fundamentals of Environmental Pollution, Krishnan Khannan S.Chand & Company Ltd.,1994.

7. Environmental Air Analysis, Trivedi & Kudesia, Akashdeep Pub.1992

8. Noise Pollution,Vandana Pandey, Meerut Publishers,1995

9. Air Pollution by T.Shivaji Rao,Lavanya lata Pub. 1988.

Subject Code:R51152

ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY


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A. ECOLOGY

1. Scope of ecology in environmental management. Physical, chemical, environmental factors and

their relation to organisms. Climatic Factors: Interaction of ecological factors light temperature.

Precipitation- Humidity -Wind - Atmospheric gases -Fire factor.

2. Topographic (Physiographic) factors . Edaphic Factors (Soil Science) Composition of

soil-formation of soil-Factors affecting soil formation-soil profile Soil classification- Soil

complex-components and properties-Soil erosion - soil conservation.

3. Structure and Function of Ecosystem Energy flow producers herbivores - carnivores

decomposers food webs biogeochemical cycles resource regeneration. Population ecology:

Relation within species, population growth, population dynamics positive and negative growth, bio-

potential, agricultural structure, equilibrium position, oscillation and fluctuation. Major

Ecosystems: Pond , Marine, Grassland, Forest, Desert and Cropland ecosystems - Productivity of

different ecosystems. Ecosystem Modelling

B. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

4. Unique properties of water characteristics of water, waste and soil water pollution, oxygendemanding wastes - Significance of various parameters qualifying the quality of water and wastes.

5. Methods of analyses for important pollution parameters various instrumental methods used in

analysis.

6. Estimation and Significance of acidity- alkalinity hardness- turbidity-suspended and dissolved

solids- B.O.D. and C.O.D. and significance chlorides fluorides ammonia nitrite nitrate total

nitrogen phosphates sodium potassium calcium magnesium iron manganese heavy

metals pesticides carbon monoxide carbon dioxide methane.

TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Concepts of Ecology. E.J.Kormondey, 1984. Indian reprint 1991 Prentice-Hall of India.

2.. Ecology & Environment, P.D.Sharma, Ashish publications,1994.

3. Environmental Chemistry by B.K.Sharma S.H.Kaur Goel Publishing House, Meerut,

1992.

4. Environmental Chemistry, A.K.De.,New Age Intl. pub Co,New Delhi, 1990

5. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering,C.N.Sawyer and P L Mc Carty, Mc Graw Hill

Kogakusha ltd., 1990

6. Introduction to Ecology, Paul Colinvaux, 1973. Wiley International Edition.

7 Fundamentals of Ecology, E.P. Odum, 1971. W.B.Saunders & Co.

Subject Code:R51153

ECOLOGY AND ECOTOXICOLOGY

1. Definition and scope of ecology:

Physical, chemical, environmental factors and their relation to organisms. I

ntroduction of Ecotoxicology, framework and legislation.

2. Ecosystem Ecology:

Structure and function of an Ecosystem- Ecological energetic-Energy flow in ecosystem

food chain, role of producers and consumers, methods of calculating energies in theecosystems. Ecological adaptation- Autecology of species.


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3. Major Ecosystems:

Pond ecosystem-Marine ecosystem-Grassland ecosystem-Forest ecosystem-Desert

ecosystem-Cropland ecosystem-productivity of different ecosystems-primary production in

terrestrial ecosystems- secondary production.

4. Biodiversity and its conservation:

Current levels of biodiversity; alpha and beta biodiversity; extinction and endangered

species; steps to preserve biodiversity; insitu and ex-situ conservation gene banks; species

conservation.

5. Environmental Pollutants:

Pollutant types, Routes of uptake and modes of action, Environmental factors modifying the

activity of toxicants, Inorganic gaseous pollutants, Heavy metals and Pesticides.

6. Ecological effects of Toxicants:

Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, biomagnification and detoxification, Molecular and

physiological indicators of chemical stress - biomarkers, Enzymatic and biochemical

processes, Physiological and histological indicators, Sentinel species.

7. Toxicity Testing Methods:

Toxicity evaluation methods: LC50

and LD50

, Static, renewal and flow-through bioassay

techniques, Short-term and long term exposure studies.

8. Industrial Toxicology, Epidemology and Occupational Health:

a) Industrial Toxicology: Introduction, Industrial Hygiene, Health Hazards of Industrial

Pollutants Neurotoxicity, Reproductive Toxicity and Chemical Carcinogenesis;

b) Epidemology: Aim, approach, mortality, natality, morbidity, rates, ratios and

measurements, epidemiological types and methods;

c) Occupational Health: occupational environment, occupational hazards (physical,

chemical, biological, mechanical and psychological) occupational diseases physical,

chemical and biological agents, Pneumoconiosis, Silicosis, Anthracosis, Byrinossis,

Bagassosis, Asbestosis, Farmers lung.


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1. Concepts of Ecology. E.J.Kormondey, 1984, Indian reprint 1991 Prentice Hall of India.

2. Basic Ecology, E.P. Odum, 1983, Holt-Saunders International Edition.

3. Ecology & Environment, P.D.Sharma, Ashish publications, 1994.

4. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology Wayne G.Landi Ming-Ho Yu.

5. Methods of Toxicology Paget G.E.

6. Pattys Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Ed.by Lewis J.Cralley, Lester V. Cralley, JamesS.Bus.

7. Textbook of preventive and soil Medicine K.Park.

8. Introduction to Ecology, Paul Colinvaux, 1973. Wiley International Edition.


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Subject Code:R51154

EIA AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

UNIT I: FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT: Basic Concept of EIA, Introduction, Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

and Environmental Impact Assessment, Important Steps in EIA, Preparation of Environmental

Base Map, Identification of Study Area, Classification of Environmental Parameters, Impact

Analysis, Comparative Evaluation Alternatives from EIA Studies

UNIT II: EIA METHODOLOGIES: Introduction, EIA methods, List of Environmental EIAMethods, Ad-hoc Methods, Check List Methodologies, Matrix Methods, Network Methods,

Environmental Media Quality Index Method, Overlay methods, Cost/Benefit Analysis, Simulation

Modeling Workshops

UNIT III: ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES AND

LAND USE: Introduction, Methodology for the Assessment of Soil and Groundwater, Delineation

of study area, Identification of Activities, Description of Existing Soil /Ground water Resources

Soil characteristics, Procurement of Relevant Soil Quantity, Impact prediction, Assessment of

Impact Significance, Identification and Incorporation of mitigation Measures

UNIT IV: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON SURFACE WATER

ENVIRONMENT AND AIR ENVIRIONMENT: General Methodology for the Assessment of

Impacts on Surface Water Environment, Projects which Create Impact Concerns for the Surface

Water Environment, and Systematic methods. Basic Information on Air Pollution, Air Pollution

sources A Generalized Approach for Assessment of Air Pollution Impact.

UNIT V: NOISE IMPACTS AND ASSESSMENT: Importance of noise impact on environment

and assessment; sources of noise; sound pressure levels (SPL) and decibels (dB); weighted sound

levels; standards; noise exposure forecast; noise levels and land uses; temporary and permanent

impacts on humans, their activity; on materials, bio-tissues etc;on communication systems; scaling

of different noise levels; mitigation techniques.

UNIT VI: PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT: Prediction and Assessment of Impacts on the

Socio-Economic Environment, Preparation of EIA for some Typical Development Activity,

Preparation of EIA for Industrial Projects, Environmental Impacts of Industrial Development,

Management Requirement for the Preparation of EIA for Industrial Projects, Preparation of EIA forLand Clearing Projects, Environmental Impacts of Land Clearing in Upland Forests, Preparation of

EIA for Gas Based Power Stations, Preparation of EIA for Highways and Road Projects.

UNIT VII: MITIGATION METHODS: Considering alternatives that cause only lower impacts;

phasing the operations that cause impacts during the production; installation of newly designed

anti-pollution machinery; incorporating absorbers for gases, noise etc.and shock& vibration proof

mountings; enforcing strict laws governing emissions and noise generation; adoption of

comprehensive Environment Management Plan (EMP).

UNIT VIII: ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT: Objectives of Environmental Audit, Advantages of

Environmental Audit, Types of Environmental Audit including energy audit, Important aspects of

Effective Environmental Auditing, Audit protocol, Stags of Environmental Audit, On-Site

Activities.

TEXT BOOKS:

Y.Anjaneyulu: Environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies, BS Pub. 2002.


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Subject Code:R51155

ENERGY RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

A. ENERGY

1. Energy theoretical treatment of energy the first and second laws of thermodynamics

energy population and free energy converting heat into work reversible processes converting

heat to work carnot efficiency conversion of matter into more useful forms storage,distribution and conversion of energy synthetic chemical fuels the electrochemical energy

conversion net energy conservation of free energy the energy balance of the earth.

ENERGY RESOURCES

2. Non renewable energy resources: Fossil fuels origin and development of coal coal

fired power plants cleaner coal combusion origin and reserves of petroleum and natural gas

composition and classification of petroleum petroleum refining environmental problems

associated with petroleum.

3. Renewable energy resources: New developing renewable energy sources nuclear fission

reactors fission power and the environment solar energy collection and storage -, present

scenario in India, wind energy and management, tidal energy and management geothermal energy,bio-gas plants and energy, management.

4. Direct energy conservation: need for DEC thermo-electric generators, Seeback, Peltier and

Joule-Thomson effects, materials, applications, MHD generators, principles, dissociation and

ionization, Hall effect, magnetic flux, MHD accelerator, engine, power generation systems,

electron-gas dynamic conversion, economic aspects.

Fuel cells, principal, Faradays laws, selection of fuels and operation and applications.

5. Energy conservation and audit:

Economic considerations; principles of energy conservation; types of energy audit; waste heat

utilization, combined cycle power generation, energy saving devices and machinery in domestic

use, space heating-cooling; heat exchangers; replacement of high energy drawing devices with lowenergy substitutes eg. CFLs.

B. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

6. Conceptual of Environmental Impact Assessment - framework of environmental assessment

description of environmental setting simple methods for impact identification matrices,

networks, and checklists background information interaction matrix methodologies network

methodologies checklist methodologies.

7. Prediction and assessment of impact of air, water (surface and ground), biological, socio

economic environment - Basic information and issues regulations conceptual approach

identification of the types and quantities of pollutants existing quality conditions procurement of

relevant quality standards and regulations - impact

prediction assessment of impact significance identification and incorporation of mitigation

measures.

8. Concepts of environmental audit objectives of audit - Types of Audits - Features of Effective

auditing - Programme Planning - Definition - Organisation of Auditing Programme - pre visti data

collection Audit Protocol - Onsite Audit - Data Sampling - Inspections - Evaluation and presentation

Exit Interview - Audit Report - Action Plan - Other types of Audits - Management of Audits - Waste

Management Contractor Audits - Related Audits.



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1. Renewable Energy Environment and Development, Maheswar Dayal Konark Publishers

Pvt.Ltd.

2. Environmental Impact Assessment, Canter, L.W., 1977, McGraw Hills New York.

3. Energy Resources by J.J. McMullan, R. Morgan and R.B. Murray 1983.

4. Energy sources, resources and options M.N. Sastri Himalaya Publishing House, 1992.

5. Energy for a sustainable world, J. Goldenbery, T.B. Johanson, Amulya K. Reddy & Robert

Williams, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1983

6. Cahill L.B. Environmental Audits, Govt. Industries.

7. Handbook of variables of environmental impact assessment Ann Arbor Science 1979.

8. Energy Education, Beena Shah 1990.


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Subject Code:R51156

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

I. Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology: Scope and importance

II. Microorganisms and energy requirements of mankind: production of non-conventionalfuels methane (biogas), hydrogen and alcohol. Use of microorganisms in petroleum augmentation

and recovery.

III. Mining and Metal Biotechnology: Microbial transformation, accumulation and

concentration of metals, metal leaching, extraction and future prospects.

IV. Microorganisms as Food: Microbial production of food (SCP), essential prerequisites for

organisms to be used as SCP & as food and feed supplements. Microbial production of flavors and

food colorants.

V. Biological Control: Microbial control of plants, plant pests, pathogens and insects. Micro-organisms and Microbial Products. Biological treatment of waste waters: Aerobic and anaerobic

treatment: relative advantages and disadvantages, Activated sludge process, trickling filters, RBC,

Oxidation pond, UASB, etc.

VI. Exploitation of Microorganisms for soil fertility: Biological nitrogen fixation and

biofertiliser phosphate solubilization, VAM fungi and crop productivity.

VII. Bioremediation: What is bioremediation? Bioattenuation, engineered bioremediation.

Biostimulation and bioaugmentation. In situ, exsitu bioremediation. Specific bioremediation

technologies: bioventing, biosparging, land farming, prepared beds, soil biopiles, biofilters,

composting. Use of bioreactors for bioremediation.

VIII. Biotechnology and Intellectual Properties: Intellectual property rights (IPR) and

protection (IPP), patents, trade secrets, copyrights, trade marks, GATT and TRIPS. National

biodiversity act.


1. Elements of biotechnology,1995.P.K.GUPTA RASTOGI CO

2. Industrial microbiology-casida,wiley Eastern punlishers,1994.

3. Industrial microbiology-prescott and dunn.

4. Biochemical Engineering Fundamental 2nd

ed .By J.E. Bailey and D.F.Ollis, Mc Graw

Hill (1986).

5. Biotechnology A new industrial revolution Prentis S.Orbis Publishing Ltd., London.6. Introduction to biotechnology K.S.Bilgram and Pandey A.K. 1992 CBS Publ. &

Distributors, Delhi.


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Subject Code:R51157

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

1. Basic Chemical Concepts for Environmental Studies: Stoichiometry- Chemical

Equilibrium - Acid Base Reactions - Solubility product - Solubility of gases in water - The

Carbonate System.

2. Atmosphere: Structure and composition of atmosphere, temperature inversion- Climatic

factors, Topographic factors, Atmosphere photo-chemistry, ozone depletion, Green House

Effect , CFC 's SMOG, Acid Rain.

3. Hydrosphere: Water resources, hydrological cycle, unique physical and chemical properties

of water, complexation in natural and waste water, role of microorganisms in aquatic chemical

reactions, redox reactions, nitrogen transformation (Nitrification , Nitrate reduction,

Denitrification)-cyano bacteria, Eutrophication, Fe & Mn Bacteria.

4. Lithosphere: Composition of lithosphere, soil, inorganic and organic compounds in soil,

micro and macro nutrients, ion exchange in soils, soil pH, Trace Elements in Soil, Organic

matter in soil, Macro-nutrients in soil, Nitrogen pathways and NPK in soil .

5. Introduction-Cyclic pathways in Environment-N,P & CO2 cycles.

6. Environmental Toxicology: Introduction, toxicology evaluation methods-LD50, LC50

pesticide, Toxic chemicals in the environment - Impact of toxic chemicals on Enzymes -

Biochemical effects of arsenic Biochemical effects of lead - biochemical effects of

mercury - biochemical effects of carbon monoxide - biochemical effects of Nitrogen oxides -

Biochemical effects of sulphur dioxide Biochemical effects of ozone and pan - Biochemical

effects of cyanide - Biochemical effects of pesticides - Carcinogens.

TEXT BOOKS REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Environmental Chemistry, Moore, W.A. and Moore E.A.

2. Environmental Chemistry by B.K.Sharma S.H.Kaur Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 1992.

3. Environmental Chemistry, A.K.De.,New Age Intl. pub Co,NewDelhi, 1990. .Introduction to

Environmental Engineering and Science- Gilbert M.Masters, Prentice Hall of India,1992

4. Chemistry and the Environment, Johnson, D.O:, Netterville, J.T.,Wood, J.C., and James,

M.,1973, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.

5. Toxic Chemicals, health and the Environment, Lave, L.B and Upton, A.C. 1987. The Hopkins

Press Ltd., London.

6. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering,C.N.Sawyer and P L Mc Carty, Mc Graw Hill

Kogakusha ltd., 1990


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Subject Code:R51158

ENVIRONMENTAL ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

1. Definition and scope of ecology: Physical,chemical, environmental factors and their relation

to organisms.

2. Climatic Factors: Environmental complex-Interaction of ecological factors-Lightfactor-Temperature factor- Precipitation (rain fall)-Humidity of Air-Atmosphere-Gases and

Wind-Atmospheric gases- Wind factor-Fire factor.

3. Topographic (Physiographic) Factors: Height of mountain chains-Direction of mountains

and valleys-Steepness of slope- Exposure of slope.

4. Edaphic Factors (Soil Science): Importance of soil- Definition and composition of

soil-Formation (origin) of soil-Factors affecting soil formation-soil profile-Some processes in

soil formation-Characteristic to the climate type-Soil classification- Soil complex-components

and properties-Soil erosion- Soil conservation.

5. Ecological adaptations-Autecology of species-Environmental Monitoring (Role ofBioindicators)

6. Population ecology: Relation within species, population growth, population dynamics positive

and negative growth, bio potential, agricultural structure, equilibrium position, oscillation and

fluctuation.

7. Ecosystem Ecology - Structure and functions of an Ecosystem- Ecological energetic-Energy

flow in ecosystem Food chain, role of producers and consumers, Methods of calculating

energies in the ecosystems-Nutrient cycles in ecosystem- Atmospheric cycles- Edaphic cycles.

8. Major Ecosystems: Pond ecosystem-Marine ecosystem-Grassland ecosystem-Forest

ecosystem-Desert ecosystem-Cropland ecosystem-Productivity of different

ecosystems-Primary production in terrestrial ecosystems-Secondary ecosystem.

9. Ecosystem modeling - Environmental Resources Utilisation and Management, Sustainable

Development-Gandhian Development model


1. Concepts of Ecology. E.J.Kormondey, 1984. Indian reprint 1991 Prentice-Hall of India.

2. Basic Ecology, E.P. Odum, 1983, Holt-Saunders International Edition.

3. Ecology & Environment, P.D.Sharma, Ashish publications,1994.

4. Introduction to Ecology, Paul Colinvaux, 1973. Wiley International Edition.5. Fundamentals of Ecology, E.P. Odum, 1971. W.B.Saunders & Co

Subject Code:R51159

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

I. Introduction to Environmental Microbiology: What is environmental microbiology?

Origin, scope and importance. Diversity of microorganisms: Prokaryotes versus eukayotes-

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell structure, three domains of life. General characters, important

uses and harmful effects of protozoa, a) algae, b) fungi, c) bacteria, d) virus.


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II. Nutrition of Microbes: Microbial nutrition, macronutrients, micronutrients, trace elements

and growth factorrs. Nutrient media (selective, differential, enriched and enrichment) and growth

conditions, Nutritional types.

III. Growth of Microorganisms: Isolation, cultivation (aerobic & anaerobic) and preservation

of Physiology of growth, bacterial growth curve, methods for determining bacterial numbers, mass

and cell constituents. Exponential growth and generation time. Bacterial growth in batch and

continuous culture (chemostat and turbidostat) microbes; Synchronisation of growth.

IV. Microorganisms and their Environment: Effect of environment and adaptation strategies.Temperature, oxygen, desiccation, extreme cold, ionic effect, electricity, osmotic pressures, radiant

energy, hydrostatic pressures, mechanical impact, vibration and surface forces.

V. Control of Microorganisms: General concepts: Inhibition of growth and killing,

sterilization and disinfection. Characteristics of an antimicrobial agent; mode of action and factors

affecting antimicrobial agent.

VI. Physical and Chemical agents: Physical agents: moist and dry heat, radiation and

filteration. Chemical agents: Phenol and Phenolics alcohol, halogens (Cl2, Chloramines, Br2, I2,

tinctures of iodine, iodophores), surfactants (soaps and detergents) alkalating agents

(formald3hyde, glutaradehyde, -propiolactone and ethylene oxide) Heavy metals (Hg, Silver and

copper containing compounds). Factors affecting sterilization and disinfection (moisture, organic

matter, temperature pH). Evaluation of disinfectants.

VII. Bioindicators: Evaluation of microbial quality of potable and recreational waters,

coliforms and E.coli, fecal Streptococci, Clostridia. Plankton community as indicators of water

pollution; use of diversity index in evaluation of water quality.

VIII. Biosensors: Microbial biosensors, what is a biosensor? Advantages and limitations,

immobilisation and membranes - the key to biosensor construction; transducer combinations;

electrochemical sensors photomicrobial sensors, enzyme-immuno assay microbial biosensors -

glucose, acetic acid, assimilable sugar, ammonia gas, alcohol, BOD, methane and mutagen sensor.


1. The Microbial World 1990, Stanier, P.R., Ingraham., Wheelis, M.L and Painter, P.R.Prentice-

Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.2. Microbiology Pelzar, Reid and Chan. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing company Limited,

1996.

3. Microbial Physiology Metabolism Caldwell, D.R.1995, Wm.C.Brown Publishers, Inc.

4. Microbiology, Davis, B.D., Bulbecco, R., Eisen, H.N and Ginsberg, H.S., Harper and Row

Publishers, Singapore, 1992.

5. Environmental Microbiology, Maier, R.M., Pepper, I.L., and Gerba, C.P., Academic Press,

2000.


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Subject Code:R51160

GEODESY AND GPS

I. Geodesy

1. Definition of Geodesy, classification, geometric geodesy, physical geodesy

2. Problem of geodesy, physical surface of the earth, the geoid, the ellipsoid

3. The ellipsoid of revolution, mathematical properties of ellipsoid of revolution, the eelipse,

basic properties of ellipse.4. Co-ordinate system of rotational ellipsoid, ellipsoid geographic co-ordinates, spatial

ellipsoid co-ordinate system

5. Computations on the ellipsoid, need for a mathematical surface, reduction of baseline to

reference ellipsoid, convergence of meridians, plane curves and geodetic line, calculation of

co-ordinates.

6. Gravity, expression for gravity and potential, geoid undulations and deflections of vertical,

measurement of gravity on earth, reduction of gravity values to mean sea level.

7. satellite geodesy: introduction, artificial satellites, satellite orbit, celestial co-ordinate

system, geodetic position from known orbit, co-ordinate transformation in equatorial plane,

range observations on three satellite points.

II. Map Projections

1. Geometry of map projections, evolution of map projection, explanations of reference lines

on earth, developable projection surfaces- cylindrical, conical, azimuthal.

2. Characteristics of map projections, standard lines, equidistant, azimuthal, equal area,

conformal.

3. Equidistant projection with one standard parallel, Equidistant projection with two standard

parallel, cylindrical, conical, azimuthal.

4. Equal area projections with straight meridians, cylindrical, conical and polar azimuthal.

5. Projections with one parallel, standard, sinusoidal, bonne, polyconic, orthographic.

6. Conformal projections with straight meridians, mercator, lambert conformal, conic, polar

stereographic.

7. Gnomonic projection, cylindrical, conic, azimuthal, polar, equatorial.

III. Global Positioning System (GPS)2. Introduction, GPS system considerations, technological advances.

3. GPS system components- space segment, control segment, user segment.

4. GPS positioning principles, 2-D case and 3-D case.

5. GPS signal components- L1carrier, L2 carrier, C/A code, P code, navigation message.

6. GPS positioning- single point positioning, differential global positioning system, measuring

one-way range, computation of satellite ephemeries, satellite geometry.

7. GPS Mathematical model pseudo range mathematical model, baseline data computation,

co-ordinate change and satellite positions.

8. GPS Instrumentation- components of GPS receiver,- Antenna and preamplifier, radio

frequency section and computer processor, control unit interface, recording device, power

supply.

9. GPS applications- application of GPS techniques- surveying and mapping, alignment

surveys, vehicle navigation (air, land and sea).


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1. Torge, W.Geodesy, De Gruyter, Berlin, 1991.

2. Bomford, G, Geodesy, Oxford Science Pub. 1980

3. Peter Vanicek and Edward J Krakiwsky. Geodesy: The Concepts, Elesevier Science Pub.

4. Hand book of Topography, Survey of India. 1989.5. Seeber, G. Satellite Geodesy, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1993.

6. Hofmann wellenhof, B. Lichtenegger, H. and Collins, J. Global positioning system,

Springer - Verlag, New york, 1994.


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Subject Code:R51161

GROUNDWATER POLLUTION MODELLING

1. Hydrologic cycle concepts of evaporation, transpiration evapotransipiraion infiltration

precipitation, percolation and groundwater recharge, runoff and overland flow, inteflow.

2. Groundwater flow, porosity and specific yields, vertical distribution of soil. Transimissivity

and storagecoefficient and their physical significance, tracer techniques in ground water,

types of aquifers confined and unconfined, Ddarcys law, groundwater flow contours and

their applications.

3. Basic differential equation and its physical significance Determination of T&S in confined

and unconfined aquifers artificial recharge of ground water, salt water intrusion into the

coastal aquifers and its remediation.

4. Sorption and other chemical reactions: introduction, the concept of sorption, factor

influencing sorption, sorption Isotherm, Hydrophobic theory for organic contaminants.

sorption effects on fate and transport of pollutants.

5. Contaminant transport mechanisms and modeling: Introduction, advection processes,

diffusion and dispersion processes, Mass transport equations, one dimensional models,

governing flow and transport equation in two dimensions, semi-analytical methods, test for

dispersitivity Natural gradient field teat for dispersion, ground water flow model and solute

transport modeling techniques.

6. Urban water management: Introduction Estimation of urban water quality Elements

governing urban run-off-Drainage of urban areas- storm sewer layout and design.

Computation of strum water run-off, storage, treatment and overflows Estimating urban

storm water pollutant loads- floods and urban water pollution problems pollutant

settleability. Urban road drainage. Air port drainage.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Ground water Hydrology by D.K.Todd John Wiley & sons

2. Ground water contamination (Transport and remediation) by Philp bedient, Hanadi. S.Rifai

& Charles. Publishers: Prentice Hall.

3. Environmental Hydrology by Andy. D. Ward and William J.Elliot, Lewis Publishers.


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Subject Code:R51162

INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

1. Introduction: Type of Analytical Methods - Instruments for Analysis - Uncertainties in

instrumental Measurements - Sensitivity and detection limit for instruments.

2. UV - Visible and Infra Red Spectroscopy: Absorptivity - Apparent deviations from Beer'slaw - double beam spectrophotometer operation - Sources of radiation - Detectors - Photo

Meteric Accuracy - Instrumentation - Chemical applications - Qualitative analysis -

determination of ligand / metal ratio in a complex - Quantitative analysis - Additivity of

absorbents - Photometric titrations.

3. Emission Spectroscopy: Atomization - Flame Atomization - Graphite furnace atomizers -

Application of atomic absorption spectroscopy.

4. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomic emission spectroscopy; Instrumentation -

quantitative analysis - direct reading spectrometers - plasma excitation - flame excitation -

laser excitation - chemical interferences - concentration range.

5. Magnetic Resonance: Scanning spectrometer - High resolution NMR - Chemical shift -

Spin - Spin coupling Frequency lock - Double resonance - applications of proton NMR -

quantitative analysis - qualitative analysis.

6. Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: ESR Instrumentation - applications of ESR

7. Chromatography: Column, TLC, GC, HPLC and GPC - Principles and applications,

Capillary columns, the stationary liquid phase - bonded phase.

8. Sample Injection in Chromatography: Solid samples - detectors - first family detectors -

second family detectors - detector scavenging - dual detection - temperature programming -

commercial gas chromatographs - qualitative analysis - simulated distillation, qualitative

analysis. Solvent extraction and ion - exchange techniques.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. R.A.Day & A.L.Underwood, Quantitative analysis, Prentice - Hall of India Pvt., Ltd., 1995

2. Skoog & West, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 1982.

3. Hobert H.Willard D.L. Merrit & J.R.J.A.Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, C.B.S.

Publishers and Distributors, 1992.

4. Vogal, Text Book of quantitative inorganic analysis, 1990.

5. Ewing. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 1992.


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Subject Code: R51163

PRIMARY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES, ENVIRONMENTAL

SANITATION, HEALTH AND LEGAL ASPECTS

1. Water Treatment Processes: Introduction characteristics of water - Treatment of Water

for different requirements Water Treatment Processes - Layout of Treatment Plant.

2. Plain Sedimentation: Principles of Sedimentation Settling velocities Design

consideration - Types of edimentation Tanks problems.

3. Co-agulation And Flocculation: Chemical Coagulation Alum, Iron Salts and other

coagulants for use as CoagulantsCoagulant aids secondary sedimentation tanks design.

4. Filtration: Gravity Sand Filters - types of sand filters slow sand filter construction and

theory of operation of Slow Sand Filters maintenance efficiency - Rapid Sand Filter

construction and operation of filter back wash - The Under Drainage System efficiency

of Rapid Gravity Sand Filters - Comparison between Slow and Rapid Gravity Filters

Pressure Filter - Designs of Filters, Examples.

5. Sanitation: Definition of environmental sanitation by W H O Communicable disease,

epidemic-endemic-pandemic - sporadic diseases. Methods of infection transmission -Diseases of intestinal origin, vector-borne/arthropod-borne diseases.

Domestic waste disposal - without water carriage and with water carriage systems. General

liquid waste treatment system- household and community waste disposals.

Insect vectors - flies and mosquitoes - life histories - Diseases transmitted by vectors -

Eradication methods - biological control versus chemical control - rural and urban remedial

measures - rats and rodent control - fumigation - disinfection - Insecticides - use and

abuse.

Microorganisms, contamination and spoilage of food, water and air contamination, spread

of infectious diseases and control measures. Food sanitation, storage - milk sanitation.

Refuse collection-transportation-methods of solid waste disposal - sanitary wastes.

6. Environmental Law: Environmental protection and laws-Environmental (Protection) Act,

1986 - The Water (Prevention and Control) Act, 1974, The Air (Prevention and Control)

Act, 1981, Laws relating to Hazardous Substances and Factories Act, 1948 - Hazardous

Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989.


1. Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering G.S.Bridie & J.S.Brides, Dhanpat Rai & Sons

1993.

2. A treatise on Rural, Municipal, and industrial water management KVSG Murali Krishna

Environmental sanitation (Social and Preventive medicine) Dr.P.V. Rama Raju & KVSG

Murali Krishna.

3. Municipal and Rural Sanitation - Ehlers, V.M. and Steel, E.W.Mc.GRAW-HILL Book

Company, Inc. V. edition. 1987.

4. Environmental Sanitation, Ehlers, V.M., add Steel, E.W., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.

Environmental Protection and Laws, Jadhav and Bhosale, V.M.Himalaya publishing House.

Subject Code:R51164

REMOTE SENSING AND GIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

1. Basics and fundamental concepts of remote sensing; History and Scope of Remote Sensing;

Physics of remote sensing; Electromagnetic radiation and its properties Nature and

sources of Electromagnetic radiation, Electromagnetic spectrum, Interactions with the


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Earth's atmosphere, Interaction with Earth-surface materials, Spectral reflectance of Earth

surface materials; Fundamentals of Map Projections.

2. Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors; Characteristics of imaging remote sensing

instruments- spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal resolutions; Optical, near-infrared

and thermal imaging sensors- Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR), Advanced Very

High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging

Spectrometer), Ocean observing instruments, IRS-1 LISS, Landsat Instruments, SPOT

sensors, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER),High-resolution commercial and micro-satellite systems; Microwave imaging sensors, ERS

SAR, RADARSAT; Fundamentals of satellite image interpretation; Techniques of image

interpretation visual and digital.

3. Image processing methods; Properties of digital remote sensing data; Pre-processing of

Remotely Sensed Data- Cosmetic operations, Geometric correction and registration,

Atmospheric correction, Illumination and view angle effects, Sensor calibration and Terrain

effects; Image Enhancement Techniques - Contrast enhancement, Pseudocolour

enhancement; Image Transforms - Arithmetic operations, Empirically based image

transforms, Principal Components Analysis, Hue, Saturation and Intensity (HIS) transform,

The Discrete Fourier Transform; Filtering Techniques- Spatial domain low-pass

(smoothing) filters, Spatial domain high-pass (sharpening) filters, Spatial domain edge

detectors; Image Classification Unsupervised and supervised.

4. Basic concepts of GIS- definition, terminology, components of GIS, GIS categories,

Fundamental operations of GIS, Theoretical framework of GIS; Data collection- digitizing

maps, scanning, aerial photographs and photo interpretation, remote sensing, surveying,

GPS, photogrammetric mapping; Data storage- vector data storage, attribute data storage,

raster data storage; Basic data models- Raster models, vector models, raster versus vector

models, linking digital map and attribute information, advanced data models.

5. Basic spatial analysis in GIS- Computational analysis methods, Visual analysis methods-

Logic operations, general arithmetic operations, general statistical operations, classification

and reclassification, overlays, buffer analysis, connectivity and proximity operations, fuzzy

analysis and visualization analysis; Data quality components of data quality, sources of

error, measuring accuracy and precision; GPS - Introduction & components of GPS.6. Applications of Remote sensing and GIS Land resources applications, agriculture and soil

sciences, mineral and oil exploration, water quality mapping, modeling and management,

application in botany, ecology and forestry, RS & GIS in rural development, Risk

assessment studies, urban land use assessment, aquatic resources evaluation, solid and

hazardous waste disposal site selection, industrial site investigation, environmental

geomorphological processes, oceanography and fisheries and wetland mapping; RS & GIS

software- ARC/INFO, ArcView, SPANS, ARC GIS, ERDAS, EASIPACE and ENVI.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Remote sensing and image interpretation T.M. Lillesand and R.W. Keifer2. Remote sensing in Hydrology E.T. Engman and R.J. Curney

3. Geographic Information Systems A management perspective by Stan Arnoff

4. Geographic Information Systems David Martin

5. Principles and applications of photogeology Shiv Pandey

6. Elements of Photogrammetry Paul Wolf

7. Elements of Photogrammetry K. K. Rampal


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Subject Code:R51165

SOLID WASTE AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. Soil composition organic soil constituents, inorganic soil constituents, soil reactions, soil

pollution and soil degradation

2. Solid waste-definition, types, characteristics (Physical & Chemical), composition and impacts;

Waste collection, segregation, storage and transportation; Disposal methods-Landfill,

incineration, composting; Site selection; Waste processing and energy recovery; Legal aspects

and policy guidelines for solid waste management.

3. Hazardous substances and hazardous wastes- sources, composition, physical form, quantity and

quality, and control of hazardous waste; Physical and biological routes of transport of

hazardous waste; special hazardous wastes; Global and Indian scenario.

4. Hazardous waste sampling and characterization; analysis of hazardous waste- proximate

analysis, survey analysis, directed analysis; analytical methods; hazardous material

management- emergency planning and incident management, hazard communication, and

workplace safety.

5. Waste collection; Segregation at source, on and off-site collection, pre-transport requirements;

Safety in handling, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal technologies; Waste

minimization-physical, chemical, biological and thermal treatment technologies.

6. Creation of treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDF); TSDF-cradle to grave concept;

site selection for creating TSDF landfill; standards and guidelines for waste disposal; leachate

management; monitoring and inspection; closure requirements and post-closure monitoring.

7. Waste disposal on land-landfills; underground disposal; sea disposal; incinerators and their

applicability for hazardous waste management; reclamation and remediation of hazardous

wastes; Legal and administrative requirements for waste management; ISO 14000

environmental standard elements and environmental management plan.

SUGGESTED TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Principles of Soil Chemistry - Kim H. Tan, 2nd

Edition, 19932. Hazardous waste management - Charles A. Wentz, 2

ndEdition,

1995, Mc Graw Hill International

3. Integrated Solid waste management - George Tchobanoglous, Hilary &

Samuel A. Vigil

4. Standard handbook of hazardous waste - Harry M. Freeman, Mc Graw Hill

1997. treatment and disposal

5. Hazardous waste chemistry, toxicology - Stanley E. Manahan, 1990, Lewis

Publishers and treatment

6. Hazardous waste management - Lecture notes, Centre for

Environment, IST, JNT

University

7. Management of solid wastes in - Frank Flintoff, WHO RegionalPublications,1976.deve. countries


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Subject Code:R51166

WASTE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

1. Water Characterization And Treatment:

Characterization of degree of treatment of waste water - primary treatment - sedimentation -

flotation - secondary (biological) treatment - design principles in biological treatment facilities -activated sludge process - Trickling Filters - Sludge Treatment and Disposal - Low cost waste

Treatment systems and their design - Experimental Studies in Biological Waste treatment Design

New concepts in Biological Waste Treatment - Advanced Wastewater Treatment - Removal of

suspended solids - Removal of Dissolved solids - nitrogen removal - Phosphorus Removal -

advanced Biological Systems - Chemical Oxidation - Recovery of Materials from process effluents.

2. Wastewater Treatment For Specific Industries

Sources, characteristics and methodology for the treatment of industrial wastes of sugar industry

Beverage Industry - Tannery industry - Textile mill waste industry - Fertilizer plant - Steel plant -

Oil refinery - Pharmaceutical plant - Paper and pulp mills.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Industrial wastewater treatment, M.N.Rao and A.K.Dutta

2. Waste water treatment and Disposal by Metcalf Eddy & Co.

3. A text book of Environmental Pollution and Control Engineering by C.S.Rao

4. Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering J.S. Bridie & G.S. Bridie.

5. Environmental Engineering by Peavy, Rowe and Tchobanoglous

6. Sewage disposal and Air Pollution Engineering by S.K.Garg

11 environmental science

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