11/06/2015 ¦ · oregano survey uk/ireland a internet/other b samples tested 54 24 samples...
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11/06/2015 www.qub.ac.uk/igfs 1
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Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS)
The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life”. The driver for IGFS research is to support national and international efforts to provide sufficient, safe, nutritious food. .
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Global Food Security
The Institute
Scale of the Institute ~40 full time academics ~60 Post Doctoral Researchers ~100 PhD students
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The Grand Challenges
Farms of the Future
• Supporting sustainable intensification (land and marine based) • Improving animal health and welfare • Developing strategies to cope with climate change • Protecting biodiversity • Supporting artisan food production
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Integrity of Global Food Supply
The Grand Challenges
Understanding and preventing feed and food contamination (chemical, microbiological) Developing strategies to detect and deter food fraud Developing innovations in food traceability systems
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Nutritional challenges of the twenty-first century
The Grand Challenges
• Examining determinants of eating behaviour • The identification of new links (positive and negative) between diet and health • Understanding the impacts of human exposure through diet to a wide range of
low level toxic agents • Developing innovative food products to prevent disease
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Food Integrity Food Integrity means that food is produced in a safe, sustainable and authentic manner which respects the well being of farm animals, farm workers and all others involved in the supply chain.
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Food fraud is thought to affect up to 10% of all the foods we eat in the Developed World and up to 20% in the developing world.
The costs of food fraud globally has been estimated to be $11b each year
Food fraud has immense negative impacts on food safety, human nutrition and consumer trust
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www.qub.ac.uk/igfs 13
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Crop production
Transportation and storage
Incorporation into processed feeds
Transportation and storage
Livestock
Transportation and storage
Purchased by consumer
storage
Consumption
Transportation and storage
Processing
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Multiple actors…… Multiple points of vulnerability to fraud…….
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1. Substitution of one species for another (horse, kangaroo, rat)
2. Substitution of one breed for another (Aberdeen Angus)
3. Substitution of one geographic origin for another (Brazilian for UK)
4. Part substitution of meat with offal (Ox heart)
5. Re-introduction of condemned meat back into the supply chain
6. Use of growth promoters (steroids/beta-agonists) to enhance growth rates
7. Addition of chemicals to extend shelf life
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Eight pillars of food integrity
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Pillar Four
Laboratory Testing
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Detecting Food Fraud
• Substitution Fraud
• Addition Fraud
• Geographic Fraud
• False claim fraud (organic, fair trade, sustainable)
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Herbs and Spices Fraud
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Oregano Fraud by Adulteration
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Oregano Cistus
Olive Myrtle
Oregano Fraud
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Metabolomics- The Global analysis of metabolites
Determining phenotype/ finding biomarkers
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oregano pool
Time0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50
%
0
150407_OPC_033 1: TOF MS ES+ BPI
4.73e5
11.13361.0958
8.86447.0936
6.92595.1661
4.72188.0716
1.23262.1302
0.96136.0627
0.61258.1098
0.51223.9913
1.62465.2090
2.00332.1371 3.62
120.0815
2.84276.1453
3.17152.0570
4.04310.1310
4.54424.1756
6.50611.16165.40
775.2648
6.11440.2321
8.21463.0900
7.28639.1223
8.13319.0460
8.28449.1108
8.77163.0411
10.48331.0833
9.15477.1047
9.16477.1047
10.42461.1074
10.36301.0691
10.03593.1523
9.87390.1532
10.49331.0833
10.98331.0833
11.14361.0920
17.35338.3412
11.87345.1001
11.78315.0880
11.31345.0963
16.90310.3111
12.61375.1096
12.47345.1001
11.96375.1096
16.74338.344913.02
319.2287
16.36282.2822
13.22267.2102
16.24338.344914.57
277.216813.73
299.2021
17.39338.3449
17.44338.3449
17.47338.3449
17.50338.3449
17.83338.3449
Oregano
Adulterated Samples
Untargeted Analysis
Full Profile of extracted sample
Mass Spec Method
Data Mining & Chemometric Analysis
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Oregano Survey UK/Irelanda Internet/Otherb
Samples Tested 54 24
Samples Adulterated 14 6
Samples Adulterated % 26% 25%
Level of Adulterationc ~30 to >70% ~30 to >70%
Most Common Adulterants 1. Olive leaves 1. Olive leaves
2. Myrtle leaves 2. Myrtle leaves
MS/Chemometric analysis Yes Yes
a Includes Retail and Service Sector
b Includes Amazon, Ebay and Purchases made abroad
c Based on scores from chemometric analysis
Oregano Survey
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1. Species substitution
Huge amount of fraud globally in switching species Cod Tuna…… Red Snapper……
http://www.seafoodsource.com/en/news/foodservice-retail/16134-oceana-releases-report-on-cost-of-seafood-fraud#sthash.65f7QAri.dpuf
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2. Fisheries substitution This is be substituting a product from a fishery with a “bad” reputation to a “good” reputation e.g. substituting North Sea cod for Icelandic cod, as Icelandic cod has a better reputation for sustainability, so may be easier to sell.
Detection: No current methods available
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3. Illegal Unregulated Unreported fishery substitution
This includes fish caught over quota, under-sized fish or by un-licensed
vessels. The trade is worth about 1m euro trade per year (in Europe).
Very difficult to know what has been caught legally or illegally once
processing has begun.
Detection: No current methods available
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4. Species adulteration
- Putting some Pacific cod in a fish block with Atlantic cod, or wrong
types of prawns to adulterate and extend scampi core. With
scampi, doesn’t even have to be fish – could be non-fish protein.
Detection: Extremely difficult
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5. Chain of custody abuse – e.g. selling provenance type
labels e.g. MSC, when they are not legitimate.
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6. Catch method fraud
- This is substitution of line-caught fish with trawler caught
fish, or farmed fish for wild fish.
Detection: No laboratory tests to check this
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7. Undeclared product extension
- This is making the same amount of fish appear like more through water
retention e.g. soaking fish in a brine solution can increase its ability to
hold water, injection technologies – using fish by-products (minced up
and blended) and injected back into the fillet to bring the weight up.
Detection: Measurement of dry weight, measurement of phosphates etc
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• Molecular techniques to identify adulteration
• Physiochemical to identify addition fraud
• Isotope ratio mass spec to detect geographic origin
• Organic, Fair Trade, Sustainable, Welfare Standards……. Very little means of detection
• Different methodologies, different complexities, different speeds, different costs
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A paradigm shift in food fraud detection
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Investigate the potential role of Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry to Deliver multi-food authenticity testing capabilities
Develop fingerprints of foods to identity species, breed, geographic origin, from sustainable production, capture methods
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Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry (REIMS)
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Test for species, breed, geographic origin, presence of illegal additives etc
Compare with databases for species, breed, geographic origin etc
Conformity vs non-conformity
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Question
Which species of fish are present?
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Whiting (M. merlangus)
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Monk fish
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Identify differences Cod vs. Whiting
Cod
Whiting
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PCA fish speciation model
PCA model
Pangasidae
Gadidae
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PCA fish speciation model
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Progenesis QI - S Plot
Specific biomarkers for Whiting
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Real Time Recognizer
Results generated in near real time for point-of-control analysis with colour code classification & % confidence score
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• 11/06/2015 • www.qub.ac.uk/igfs • 59
• Food fraud is a massive global issue and threatens the integrity of our food supply
• Complexities of food chains and economic pressures will increase opportunities to commit food fraud
• Huge increase in interest in techniques to detect fraud
• The potential for REIMS technology to play an important future role in ensuring the Integrity of Global Food Supply Networks.
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Verification that systems work is important……..